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He preached to the northern kingdom of Israel, warning against injustice to the poor and empty worship. 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AD 330-379) was bishop of Caesarea in what is now Turkey and one of the great leaders of the early Church. He defended the Nicene teaching about the Trinity and wrote rules for monks that are still used in the East. 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He became famous for long poems such as Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He traveled widely in Europe and died in Greece while supporting the Greek fight for independence. 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While searching for his lost sister, he killed a dragon and sowed its teeth, and armed warriors sprang up from the ground. He then founded the city of Thebes. The Greeks also said he brought them the alphabet. 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AD 742-814), also called Charles the Great, was king of the Franks. On Christmas Day in AD 800 the pope crowned him emperor. He united much of western Europe, supported the Church, and encouraged schools and the copying of books. 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or from Crete, a large Greek island in the 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He led the Parliament side to victory in the English Civil War against King Charles I. After the king was executed, Cromwell ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death.","links":[],"forms":["cromwell"],"url":"/glossary/#cromwell","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","beyond-good-and-evil","billy-budd-and-other-stories","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","elegy-written-in-a-country-churchyard","emerson-essays","jefferson-selected-writings","latimer-selected-sermons","letters-from-a-farmer-in-pennsylvania","leviathan","life-on-the-mississippi","madison-selected-writings","mansfield-park","pensees","plutarch-essays","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-art-of-war","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-federalist-papers","the-gay-science","the-metaphysical-poets","the-portrait-of-a-lady","the-republic","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-wealth-of-nations","walden"]},{"id":"crotchets","term":"crotchets","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"odd or stubborn ideas; strange whims","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["crotchets"],"url":"/glossary/#crotchets","works":["effi-briest","essays-montaigne","jefferson-selected-writings","moby-dick","much-ado-about-nothing","on-friendship","on-war","romeo-and-juliet","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-republic","walden"]},{"id":"crudities","term":"crudities","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"undigested matter in the stomach; crude or unrefined things","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["crudities"],"url":"/glossary/#crudities","works":["confessions","essays-bacon","hippocratic-writings","natural-history-a-selection","on-medicine","plutarch-essays","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-history-of-the-church","the-metaphysical-poets","the-twelve-caesars","twilight-of-the-idols"]},{"id":"crupper","term":"crupper","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a harness strap looping under a horse's tail; also a horse's rump","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["crupper"],"url":"/glossary/#crupper","works":["black-beauty","essays-montaigne","le-morte-darthur","maupassant-selected-short-stories","on-friendship","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","the-canterbury-tales","the-comedy-of-errors","the-gay-science","the-jungle-book","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-song-of-roland","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","the-taming-of-the-shrew","the-underdogs","the-voyage-of-the-beagle"]},{"id":"crusoe","term":"Crusoe","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Robinson Crusoe: shipwrecked hero of Daniel Defoe's novel who survives alone on an island","note":"literature","category":"proper","kind":"fictional","bio":"In Daniel Defoe's 1719 novel, Robinson Crusoe is an English sailor who is shipwrecked and lives for many years on a lonely island. 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He is usually shown as a winged boy with a bow, and in the stories anyone struck by his arrows falls in love. Poets and playwrights, including Shakespeare, often mention him when writing about love.","links":[],"forms":["cupid"],"url":"/glossary/#cupid","works":["a-midsummer-nights-dream","a-tale-of-two-cities","adams-selected-writings","as-you-like-it","billy-budd-and-other-stories","cyrano-de-bergerac","don-quixote","essays-montaigne","great-expectations","ivanhoe","king-lear","leviathan","little-women","mental-maladies","metamorphoses","much-ado-about-nothing","on-friendship","othello","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","psychopathia-sexualis","romeo-and-juliet","rousseaus-confessions","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-canterbury-tales","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-history-of-the-church","the-jungle-book","the-meek-one","the-merchant-of-venice","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-scarlet-pimpernel","the-sketch-book","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-twelve-caesars","thus-spoke-zarathustra","till-we-have-faces","twelve-years-a-slave","white-nights"]},{"id":"cupidity","term":"cupidity","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"greed, especially a strong desire for money or possessions","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["cupidity"],"url":"/glossary/#cupidity","works":["adams-selected-writings","beyond-good-and-evil","compromise-of-1850-speeches","confessions","david-copperfield","democracy-in-america","don-quixote","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","ethics","great-expectations","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jefferson-selected-writings","laws-of-thought","maupassant-selected-short-stories","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","plutarch-lives","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","silas-marner","the-age-of-alexander","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-federalist-papers","the-history-of-the-church","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-principles-of-psychology","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-turn-of-the-screw-and-the-aspern-papers","the-varieties-of-religious-experience"]},{"id":"curs","term":"curs","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"mean, worthless dogs; also scoundrels","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["curs"],"url":"/glossary/#curs","works":["a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","as-you-like-it","essays-montaigne","henry-v","ivanhoe","king-lear","life-on-the-mississippi","macbeth","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","meditations","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","psychopathia-sexualis","shermans-memoirs","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-descent-of-man","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-oresteia","the-persian-expedition","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-social-contract","the-underdogs","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"cursorily","term":"cursorily","partOfSpeech":"adverb","definition":"quickly and briefly, without much detail","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["cursorily"],"url":"/glossary/#cursorily","works":["adams-selected-writings","city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","hippocratic-writings","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jane-eyre","latimer-selected-sermons","letters-from-a-stoic","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","metamorphoses","moby-dick","novum-organum","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-brothers-karamazov","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-twelve-caesars","the-world-as-will-and-representation"]},{"id":"curst","term":"curst","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"cursed; also bad-tempered and quarrelsome","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["curst"],"url":"/glossary/#curst","works":["a-midsummer-nights-dream","don-quixote","henry-iv-part-1","ivanhoe","king-lear","much-ado-about-nothing","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","plutarch-essays","richard-iii","rousseaus-confessions","the-aeneid","the-faerie-queene","the-lais-of-marie-de-france","the-metaphysical-poets","the-oresteia","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-taming-of-the-shrew","twelfth-night"]},{"id":"curtsies","term":"curtsies","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"respectful bows made by bending the knees","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["curtsies"],"url":"/glossary/#curtsies","works":["julius-caesar","little-lord-fauntleroy","little-women","maupassant-selected-short-stories","much-ado-about-nothing","northanger-abbey","romeo-and-juliet","silas-marner","the-scarlet-pimpernel","the-secret-garden","twelfth-night"]},{"id":"curule","term":"curule","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"relating to the highest Roman officials, who sat on a special ivory chair","note":"history","category":"uncommon","forms":["curule"],"url":"/glossary/#curule","works":["commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","letters-from-a-stoic","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-social-contract","the-twelve-caesars"]},{"id":"cyclops","term":"Cyclops","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"a one-eyed giant in Greek mythology","note":"Greek mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Greek mythology, the Cyclopes are a race of huge giants who each have a single eye in the middle of the forehead. The best known is Polyphemus, who traps Odysseus and his men in a cave in Homer's Odyssey until Odysseus blinds him and escapes. Later writers, including Ovid in the Metamorphoses, often mention the Cyclops as a picture of brute strength.","links":[],"forms":["cyclops"],"url":"/glossary/#cyclops","works":["beyond-good-and-evil","hamlet","jefferson-selected-writings","letters-from-a-stoic","little-women","maupassant-selected-short-stories","medea-and-other-plays","metamorphoses","on-the-making-of-man","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","tanglewood-tales","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-arabian-nights","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-major-symptoms-of-hysteria","the-odyssey","the-principles-of-psychology","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-silver-chair","the-social-contract"]},{"id":"cyprian","term":"Cyprian","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Saint Cyprian, third-century bishop of Carthage; also, of Cyprus, island sacred to Aphrodite","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Cyprian of Carthage (died AD 258) was a bishop of Carthage in North Africa and an important early Christian writer. 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Later Christian writers such as Augustine honored him as a faithful teacher and saint.","links":[],"forms":["cyprian"],"url":"/glossary/#cyprian","works":["billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","confessions","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","leipzig-disputation","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","maupassant-selected-short-stories","medea-and-other-plays","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-medicine","pensees","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","politics","st-vitus-and-dancing-mania","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-iliad","the-sketch-book","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-theban-plays","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"cyprus","term":"Cyprus","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"a large island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, famous in ancient times for its wine","note":"place","category":"proper","forms":["cyprus"],"url":"/glossary/#cyprus","works":["billy-budd-and-other-stories","candide","crime-and-punishment","de-regno","don-quixote","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","galen-selected-works","ivanhoe","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","le-morte-darthur","lepanto","letters-from-a-stoic","lysistrata-and-other-plays","medea-and-other-plays","meditations","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-medicine","othello","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","tales-from-shakespeare","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-arthashastra","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-iliad","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-odyssey","the-river-war","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-warden","the-wealth-of-nations","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"cyrus","term":"Cyrus","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Cyrus the Great: founder of the Persian Empire, who allowed the Jews to return from exile","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Cyrus the Great (died 530 BC) founded the Persian Empire, one of the largest empires of the ancient world. After he conquered Babylon in 539 BC, he allowed the Jewish exiles to return home and rebuild the temple in Jerusalem, as the books of Ezra and Isaiah record. Ancient historians and later writers often held him up as a model ruler.","links":[],"forms":["cyrus"],"url":"/glossary/#cyrus","works":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","crime-and-punishment","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","east-of-eden","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","hippocratic-writings","ivanhoe","jewish-antiquities","latimer-selected-sermons","letters-from-a-stoic","madison-selected-writings","metamorphoses","moody-selected-sermons","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","pensees","persian-letters","personal-memoirs","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","politics","rush-essays-on-education-in-a-republic","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-metaphysical-poets","the-persian-expedition","the-prince","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters"]},{"id":"dactylic","term":"dactylic","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"using a poetic foot of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed","note":"literary term","category":"literary","forms":["dactylic"],"url":"/glossary/#dactylic","works":["metamorphoses","plutarch-essays","the-iliad","the-odyssey","the-republic"]},{"id":"dainties","term":"dainties","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"delicious, fancy foods or treats","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["dainties"],"url":"/glossary/#dainties","works":["a-christmas-carol","a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","aesops-fables","alices-adventures-in-wonderland","city-of-god","don-quixote","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","essays-montaigne","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","jewish-antiquities","latimer-selected-sermons","le-morte-darthur","letters-from-a-stoic","life-on-the-mississippi","lysistrata-and-other-plays","maupassant-selected-short-stories","mental-maladies","metamorphoses","my-antonia","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","robinson-crusoe","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","spurgeon-selected-sermons","tales-from-shakespeare","tanglewood-tales","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-comedy-of-errors","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-gay-science","the-history-of-the-church","the-lais-of-marie-de-france","the-metaphysical-poets","the-pilgrims-progress","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-taming-of-the-shrew","the-thirty-nine-steps","the-world-as-will-and-representation","thus-spoke-zarathustra","twelve-years-a-slave","whitefield-selected-sermons","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"daintiness","term":"daintiness","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"delicacy; a refined, fussy taste for fine things","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["daintiness"],"url":"/glossary/#daintiness","works":["early-christian-lives","letters-from-a-stoic","maupassant-selected-short-stories","moby-dick","plutarch-essays","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-metaphysical-poets","the-scarlet-pimpernel","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"damascus","term":"Damascus","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"ancient city in Syria, famous for its fine steel swords","note":"place","category":"proper","forms":["damascus"],"url":"/glossary/#damascus","works":["a-christmas-carol","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","jewish-antiquities","le-morte-darthur","leviathan","metamorphoses","moody-selected-sermons","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","seven-pillars-of-wisdom","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-antichrist","the-arabian-nights","the-bible","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-koran","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-wise-woman","twilight-of-the-idols","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"dante","term":"Dante","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy, a journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise","note":"literature","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) was an Italian poet from Florence. His great poem, the Divine Comedy, describes an imagined journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, guided first by the Roman poet Virgil and then by Beatrice. Many later writers quote it or refer to it.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Dante%20Alighieri/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"The Divine Comedy","year":"c. 1308-1321","url":"/works/the-divine-comedy/"},{"title":"La Vita Nuova","year":"c. 1294","url":null},{"title":"Convivio","year":"c. 1304-1307","url":null},{"title":"De Vulgari Eloquentia","year":"c. 1302-1305","url":null},{"title":"De Monarchia","year":"c. 1312-1313","url":null}],"forms":["dante"],"url":"/glossary/#dante","works":["beyond-good-and-evil","billy-budd-and-other-stories","early-christian-creeds","ecce-homo","effi-briest","emerson-essays","essays-montaigne","frankenstein","galen-selected-works","life-on-the-mississippi","metamorphoses","moby-dick","my-antonia","novum-organum","on-friendship","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","paradise-lost","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","tennyson-ulysses","the-aeneid","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-brothers-karamazov","the-canterbury-tales","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-gay-science","the-history-of-the-church","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god","the-lais-of-marie-de-france","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-metaphysical-poets","the-prince","the-principles-of-psychology","the-republic","the-scarlet-pimpernel","the-screwtape-letters","the-symposium","the-underdogs","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-world-as-will-and-representation","travels-with-my-aunt","twilight-of-the-idols","two-lives-of-charlemagne","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"danube","term":"Danube","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"major river of central and eastern Europe, flowing into the Black Sea","note":"place","category":"proper","forms":["danube"],"url":"/glossary/#danube","works":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","candide","chess","dracula","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","jefferson-selected-writings","meditations","metamorphoses","napoleons-maxims-of-war","natural-history-a-selection","on-the-making-of-man","on-war","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-art-of-war","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-nibelungenlied","the-river-war","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","the-wealth-of-nations","two-lives-of-charlemagne","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"darest","term":"darest","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"dare (used with thou)","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["darest"],"url":"/glossary/#darest","works":["beowulf","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","henry-iv-part-1","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","latimer-selected-sermons","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-age-of-alexander","the-brothers-karamazov","the-canterbury-tales","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","the-taming-of-the-shrew","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"darius","term":"Darius","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"name of several ancient Persian kings, especially Darius the Great","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Darius I, called Darius the Great (c. 550-486 BC), was a king of the Persian Empire. 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bout of heavy drinking or wild 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His stories are still widely read and performed.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Charles%20Dickens/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"A Christmas Carol","year":"1843","url":"/works/a-christmas-carol/"},{"title":"Great Expectations","year":"1860-1861","url":"/works/great-expectations/"},{"title":"A Tale of Two Cities","year":"1859","url":"/works/a-tale-of-two-cities/"},{"title":"David Copperfield","year":"1849-1850","url":"/works/david-copperfield/"},{"title":"Oliver Twist","year":"1837-1839","url":"/works/oliver-twist/"},{"title":"Bleak House","year":"1852-1853","url":"/works/bleak-house/"},{"title":"The Pickwick Papers","year":"1836-1837","url":null},{"title":"Hard Times","year":"1854","url":"/works/hard-times/"}],"forms":["dickens"],"url":"/glossary/#dickens","works":["a-christmas-carol","a-tale-of-two-cities","anne-of-green-gables","burke-paine-debate","david-copperfield","early-black-church-sermons","early-franciscan-sources","effi-briest","golden-legend-popular-saints","great-expectations","life-on-the-mississippi","little-women","mental-maladies","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","ruth","silas-marner","the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes","the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-portrait-of-a-lady","the-principles-of-psychology","the-raven","the-scarlet-pimpernel","the-secret-garden","the-sketch-book","the-warden","the-wealth-of-nations","utilitarianism"]},{"id":"diction","term":"diction","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"the choice and style of words used in speaking or writing","note":"literary term","category":"literary","forms":["diction"],"url":"/glossary/#diction","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","city-of-god","compromise-of-1850-speeches","democracy-in-america","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","gettysburg-address","hamlet","jefferson-selected-writings","kennedy-inaugural-address","laws-of-thought","lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system","letters-from-a-stoic","madison-selected-writings","medea-and-other-plays","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","metamorphoses","my-antonia","natural-history-a-selection","northanger-abbey","novum-organum","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","peter-pan","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","poems-hopkins","psychopathia-sexualis","rousseaus-confessions","sense-and-sensibility","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","summa-theologica","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-art-of-war","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-iliad","the-koran","the-metaphysical-poets","the-nibelungenlied","the-odyssey","the-real-mother-goose","the-road-not-taken","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-twelve-caesars","the-warden","thus-spoke-zarathustra"]},{"id":"dido","term":"Dido","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"queen of Carthage who loved Aeneas in Virgil's Aeneid","note":"Roman mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Virgil's Aeneid, Dido is the queen who founded the city of Carthage in North Africa. She welcomes the Trojan hero Aeneas and falls in love with him. When he leaves to fulfill his destiny in Italy, she takes her own life in grief. Augustine writes in his Confessions that he wept over her story as a boy.","links":[],"forms":["dido"],"url":"/glossary/#dido","works":["adams-selected-writings","city-of-god","confessions","don-quixote","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","hamlet","letters-from-a-stoic","metamorphoses","northanger-abbey","on-friendship","persian-letters","romeo-and-juliet","the-aeneid","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-canterbury-tales","the-divine-comedy","the-merchant-of-venice","the-metaphysical-poets","the-prince","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-tempest","the-twelve-caesars"]},{"id":"diest","term":"diest","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"die (old form used with \"thou\")","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["diest"],"url":"/glossary/#diest","works":["as-you-like-it","don-quixote","early-black-church-sermons","essays-montaigne","hamlet","henry-v","ivanhoe","julius-caesar","king-lear","latimer-selected-sermons","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","medea-and-other-plays","meditations","on-friendship","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","othello","paradise-lost","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-bible","the-divine-comedy","the-merchant-of-venice","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-metaphysical-poets"]},{"id":"dieth","term":"dieth","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"dies","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["dieth"],"url":"/glossary/#dieth","works":["city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","confessions","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","ivanhoe","latimer-selected-sermons","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","meditations","moody-selected-sermons","on-the-making-of-man","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","sinners-and-the-surprising-work-of-god","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-antichrist","the-bible","the-black-arrow","the-canterbury-tales","the-divine-comedy","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-koran","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-nibelungenlied","the-oresteia","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","thus-spoke-zarathustra","twilight-of-the-idols","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"diffidence","term":"diffidence","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"shyness; modest lack of self-confidence","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["diffidence"],"url":"/glossary/#diffidence","works":["a-tale-of-two-cities","a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","beyond-good-and-evil","billy-budd-and-other-stories","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","david-copperfield","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","fathers-and-sons","frankenstein","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","great-expectations","hamiltons-reports-and-opinion-on-the-bank","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jane-eyre","jefferson-selected-writings","latimer-selected-sermons","laws-of-thought","letters-from-a-farmer-in-pennsylvania","leviathan","life-on-the-mississippi","mansfield-park","meditations","mental-maladies","monroe-doctrine","narrative-and-fourth-of-july","natural-history-a-selection","northanger-abbey","on-friendship","on-war","pensees","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","pride-and-prejudice","psychopathia-sexualis","rush-essays-on-education-in-a-republic","ruth","silas-marner","the-age-of-alexander","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-black-arrow","the-brothers-karamazov","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-metaphysical-poets","the-odyssey","the-pilgrims-progress","the-principles-of-psychology","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","the-warden","the-wealth-of-nations","uncle-toms-cabin","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","washington-square","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"diffident","term":"diffident","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"shy and lacking in self-confidence; hesitant","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["diffident"],"url":"/glossary/#diffident","works":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","beyond-good-and-evil","billy-budd-and-other-stories","crime-and-punishment","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-lives","fathers-and-sons","frankenstein","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","great-expectations","jane-eyre","life-on-the-mississippi","little-women","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","novum-organum","paradise-lost","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","persian-letters","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","pride-and-prejudice","psychopathia-sexualis","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","sense-and-sensibility","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-meek-one","the-portrait-of-a-lady","the-principles-of-psychology","the-red-badge-of-courage","the-turn-of-the-screw-and-the-aspern-papers","the-wind-in-the-willows","washington-square","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","white-nights"]},{"id":"digression","term":"digression","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a temporary turn away from the main subject in speaking or writing","note":"literary term","category":"literary","forms":["digression"],"url":"/glossary/#digression","works":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","body-and-mind","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","david-copperfield","description-of-the-retreat","discourse-on-method","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","dracula","early-christian-lives","effi-briest","fragments","gullivers-travels","hans-brinker","homilies-on-the-statues","in-patagonia","jane-eyre","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","latimer-selected-sermons","natural-history-a-selection","northanger-abbey","novum-organum","on-medicine","on-the-making-of-man","on-the-origin-of-species","personal-memoirs","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","politics","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-descent-of-man","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-federalist-papers","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-meek-one","the-metaphysical-poets","the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-principles-of-psychology","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-wealth-of-nations","the-world-as-will-and-representation","timaeus","two-lives-of-charlemagne","utopia","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","white-nights","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"digressions","term":"digressions","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"passages that turn aside from the main story or subject for a while","note":"literary term","category":"literary","forms":["digressions"],"url":"/glossary/#digressions","works":["beowulf","critique-of-pure-reason","don-quixote","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","heart-of-darkness","homilies-on-the-statues","in-patagonia","jewish-antiquities","lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry","leviathan","life-on-the-mississippi","metamorphoses","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","paradise-lost","pensees","persian-letters","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","pride-and-prejudice","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-principles-of-psychology","the-republic","the-warden","the-world-as-will-and-representation"]},{"id":"digressive","term":"digressive","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"tending to wander away from the main subject","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["digressive"],"url":"/glossary/#digressive","works":["city-of-god","essays-montaigne","lord-jim","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-sword-in-the-stone","travels-with-my-aunt"]},{"id":"dilatory","term":"dilatory","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"slow to act; tending to delay","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["dilatory"],"url":"/glossary/#dilatory","works":["adams-selected-writings","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-lives","effi-briest","frankenstein","jewish-antiquities","lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system","letters-from-a-stoic","lord-jim","madison-selected-writings","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","othello","personal-memoirs","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","pride-and-prejudice","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-art-of-war","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-federalist-papers","the-great-gatsby","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-river-war","the-twelve-caesars","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitman-complete-poems","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"diogenes","term":"Diogenes","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"name of several Greek thinkers, most famously Diogenes the Cynic, who chose a life of poverty","note":"philosophy","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Diogenes the Cynic (died c. 323 BC) was a Greek philosopher who lived mostly in Athens and Corinth. He taught that people should live simply and by nature, so he owned almost nothing and was said to sleep in a large storage jar. Many stories are told about him, including a famous meeting with Alexander the Great.","links":[],"forms":["diogenes"],"url":"/glossary/#diogenes","works":["body-and-mind","characters","city-of-god","critique-of-pure-reason","cyrano-de-bergerac","early-christian-lives","ecce-homo","emerson-essays","essays-montaigne","fragments","hippocratic-writings","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","laws-of-thought","letters-from-a-stoic","meditations","metamorphoses","novum-organum","on-friendship","on-medicine","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-brothers-karamazov","the-canterbury-tales","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-twelve-caesars","the-wealth-of-nations","the-world-as-will-and-representation"]},{"id":"dionysus","term":"Dionysus","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Greek god of wine, festivity, and theater, called Bacchus by the Romans","note":"Greek mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Greek mythology, Dionysus is the god of wine, festivals, and theater, and the Romans called him Bacchus. He is the son of Zeus and a mortal woman, Semele. 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He wrote De Materia Medica, a large book describing hundreds of plants and other substances used as medicines. For more than fifteen hundred years, doctors in Europe and the Middle East used it as a main guide to medicinal herbs.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Dioscorides/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"De Materia Medica","year":null,"url":"/works/de-materia-medica/"}],"forms":["dioscorides"],"url":"/glossary/#dioscorides","works":["candide","city-of-god","de-materia-medica","don-quixote","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-medicine","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-twelve-caesars","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"dipt","term":"dipt","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"dipped (old form)","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["dipt"],"url":"/glossary/#dipt","works":["donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","leviathan","metamorphoses","narrative-of-yellow-fever-1793","on-medicine","paradise-lost","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"direst","term":"direst","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"most terrible or most urgent (superlative of 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His books, including Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov, explore guilt, suffering, faith, and the struggle between good and evil in the human heart. He spent several years in a Siberian prison camp. 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exhausted","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["fagged"],"url":"/glossary/#fagged","works":["a-tale-of-two-cities","adventures-of-huckleberry-finn","beowulf","billy-budd-and-other-stories","david-copperfield","jane-eyre","mansfield-park","moby-dick","personal-memoirs","poems-hopkins","shermans-memoirs","the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes","the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-principles-of-psychology"]},{"id":"fagots","term":"fagots","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"bundles of sticks tied together, used as fuel","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["fagots"],"url":"/glossary/#fagots","works":["a-tale-of-two-cities","donne-sermons-and-devotions","homilies-on-the-statues","maupassant-selected-short-stories","mental-maladies","novum-organum","plutarch-lives","rousseaus-confessions","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-blue-fairy-book","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","walden","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"faileth","term":"faileth","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"fails","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["faileth"],"url":"/glossary/#faileth","works":["city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","confessions","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jefferson-selected-writings","latimer-selected-sermons","le-morte-darthur","leviathan","on-the-making-of-man","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","sonnet-116","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-bible","the-black-arrow","the-canterbury-tales","the-divine-comedy","the-koran","the-lais-of-marie-de-france","the-pilgrims-progress","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"fain","term":"fain","partOfSpeech":"adverb","definition":"gladly or willingly; also, forced by circumstances","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["fain"],"url":"/glossary/#fain","works":["a-christmas-carol","a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","a-tale-of-two-cities","a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","around-the-world-in-eighty-days","as-you-like-it","beowulf","beyond-good-and-evil","billy-budd-and-other-stories","citizenship-in-a-republic","city-of-god","confessions","cyrano-de-bergerac","david-copperfield","democracy-in-america","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","dracula","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","ecce-homo","emerson-essays","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","ethics","great-expectations","hamlet","henry-v","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","jane-eyre","jefferson-selected-writings","julius-caesar","kidnapped","king-lear","latimer-selected-sermons","le-morte-darthur","letters-from-a-stoic","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","macbeth","medea-and-other-plays","meditations","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","metamorphoses","moby-dick","much-ado-about-nothing","on-friendship","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-the-making-of-man","othello","persian-letters","peter-pan","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","poems-hopkins","psychopathia-sexualis","richard-iii","robinson-crusoe","romeo-and-juliet","ruth","second-treatise-of-government","sinners-and-the-surprising-work-of-god","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","spurgeon-selected-sermons","tales-from-shakespeare","the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-arabian-nights","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-bhagavad-gita","the-bible","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-black-arrow","the-blue-fairy-book","the-brothers-karamazov","the-canterbury-tales","the-comedy-of-errors","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-descent-of-man","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-gay-science","the-history-of-the-church","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-iliad","the-koran","the-lais-of-marie-de-france","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-nibelungenlied","the-odyssey","the-oresteia","the-persian-expedition","the-pilgrims-progress","the-princess-and-curdie","the-principles-of-psychology","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-scarlet-letter","the-sketch-book","the-song-of-hiawatha","the-song-of-roland","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-symposium","the-taming-of-the-shrew","the-tempest","the-theban-plays","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-warden","the-wise-woman","thus-spoke-zarathustra","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","twilight-of-the-idols","uncle-toms-cabin","walden","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons","whitman-complete-poems","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"fainthearted","term":"fainthearted","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"lacking courage; 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hero of Goethe's famous drama","note":"literature","category":"proper","kind":"legendary","bio":"In German legend, Faust is a scholar who makes a bargain with the devil, trading his soul for knowledge and power. The story was told in Christopher Marlowe's play Doctor Faustus and most famously in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's drama Faust. 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He and his followers taught that diseases have natural causes, and they studied patients carefully. A collection of medical writings bears his name. 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He wrote in Greek, and his best-known book, the Refutation of All Heresies, argues against false teachings of his day. He was exiled to the island of Sardinia during a persecution and died there, and the Church honors him as a martyr and saint.","links":[],"forms":["hippolytus"],"url":"/glossary/#hippolytus","works":["city-of-god","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","fragments","medea-and-other-plays","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-twelve-caesars","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea"]},{"id":"hireling","term":"hireling","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a person hired to work only for pay","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["hireling"],"url":"/glossary/#hireling","works":["adams-selected-writings","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","fathers-and-sons","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jane-eyre","jefferson-selected-writings","leviathan","life-on-the-mississippi","lincoln-douglas-debates","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","narrative-of-yellow-fever-1793","plutarch-essays","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","the-art-of-war","the-arthashastra","the-bible","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","uncle-toms-cabin","walden","webster-second-reply-to-hayne","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"hirelings","term":"hirelings","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"people hired to work only for pay","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["hirelings"],"url":"/glossary/#hirelings","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","candide","captains-courageous","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","david-copperfield","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","novum-organum","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","ruth","shermans-memoirs","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-arthashastra","the-federalist-papers","the-history-of-the-church","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-metaphysical-poets","the-persian-expedition","the-republic","the-sketch-book","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"hither","term":"hither","partOfSpeech":"adverb","definition":"here; 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His book Leviathan (1651) argued that without a strong government, human life would be a constant struggle of all against all. He thought people agree to obey a ruler in exchange for peace and safety. 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Europe","note":"place","category":"proper","forms":["holland"],"url":"/glossary/#holland","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","a-treatise-on-insanity","adams-selected-writings","all-quiet-on-the-western-front","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","around-the-world-in-eighty-days","candide","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","democracy-in-america","dracula","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","effi-briest","essays-and-aphorisms","ethics","frankenstein","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","gullivers-travels","hamiltons-reports-and-opinion-on-the-bank","hans-brinker","hayne-speech-on-foots-resolution","hippocratic-writings","jefferson-selected-writings","lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry","letters-of-napoleon","leviathan","life-on-the-mississippi","madison-selected-writings","maupassant-selected-short-stories","mayflower-compact","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-war","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","persian-letters","plutarch-essays","principia","psychopathia-sexualis","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","rousseaus-confessions","ruth","second-treatise-of-government","the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-descent-of-man","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","the-federalist-papers","the-hiding-place","the-history-of-the-church","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-metaphysical-poets","the-natural-history-of-selborne","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-principles-of-psychology","the-scarlet-pimpernel","the-sketch-book","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","the-wealth-of-nations","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","up-from-slavery","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"holpen","term":"holpen","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"helped 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He wrote odes, satires, and verse letters, including the Art of Poetry, about wise and simple living and the craft of writing. Later writers in many centuries loved to quote him.","links":[],"forms":["horace"],"url":"/glossary/#horace","works":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","all-quiet-on-the-western-front","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","beyond-good-and-evil","billy-budd-and-other-stories","candide","cannery-row","city-of-god","david-copperfield","don-quixote","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","ecce-homo","elegy-written-in-a-country-churchyard","essays-montaigne","fathers-and-sons","galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings","ivanhoe","jefferson-selected-writings","kidnapped","latimer-selected-sermons","letters-from-a-stoic","life-on-the-mississippi","lysistrata-and-other-plays","madison-selected-writings","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","meditations","mental-maladies","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","ozymandias","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","pensees","persian-letters","personal-memoirs","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","psychopathia-sexualis","rousseaus-confessions","rush-essays-on-education-in-a-republic","the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-gay-science","the-great-gatsby","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-railway-children","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-world-as-will-and-representation","twilight-of-the-idols","uncle-toms-cabin","up-from-slavery","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"hornpipe","term":"hornpipe","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a lively solo dance traditionally done by sailors","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["hornpipe"],"url":"/glossary/#hornpipe","works":["adventures-of-huckleberry-finn","daisy-miller","great-expectations","ivanhoe","little-women","mansfield-park","moby-dick","silas-marner","the-aeneid","the-moffats","the-red-badge-of-courage","treasure-island"]},{"id":"housewifery","term":"housewifery","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"the skill and work of managing a household","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["housewifery"],"url":"/glossary/#housewifery","works":["essays-montaigne","henry-v","latimer-selected-sermons","on-friendship","othello","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","tales-from-shakespeare","the-age-of-alexander","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-natural-history-of-selborne"]},{"id":"howbeit","term":"howbeit","partOfSpeech":"adverb","definition":"however; nevertheless; be that as it may","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["howbeit"],"url":"/glossary/#howbeit","works":["a-tale-of-two-cities","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","david-copperfield","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","fathers-and-sons","great-expectations","henry-v","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","latimer-selected-sermons","le-morte-darthur","medea-and-other-plays","othello","plutarch-essays","second-treatise-of-government","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-bible","the-black-arrow","the-golden-ass","the-iliad","the-odyssey","the-persian-expedition","the-republic","the-theban-plays","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"howsoever","term":"howsoever","partOfSpeech":"adverb","definition":"however; in whatever way or degree","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["howsoever"],"url":"/glossary/#howsoever","works":["a-midsummer-nights-dream","a-tale-of-two-cities","adams-selected-writings","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","calvin-selected-sermons","city-of-god","confessions","david-copperfield","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","enneads","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","hamlet","henry-v","homilies-on-the-statues","latimer-selected-sermons","laws-of-thought","lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system","leviathan","life-on-the-mississippi","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","much-ado-about-nothing","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","pride-and-prejudice","principia","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","summa-theologica","tales-from-shakespeare","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-bible","the-black-arrow","the-blue-fairy-book","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god","the-metaphysical-poets","the-nibelungenlied","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-principles-of-psychology","the-secret-garden","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","treasure-island","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"hubris","term":"hubris","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"excessive pride or arrogance, often leading to downfall","note":"literary term","category":"literary","forms":["hubris"],"url":"/glossary/#hubris","works":["the-persian-expedition"]},{"id":"hume","term":"Hume","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"David Hume, Scottish philosopher and historian","note":"philosophy","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"David Hume (1711-1776) was a Scottish philosopher and historian of the Enlightenment. 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people who tend fields or 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a low, rough voice","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["huskily"],"url":"/glossary/#huskily","works":["all-quiet-on-the-western-front","billy-budd-and-other-stories","crime-and-punishment","david-copperfield","dracula","five-children-and-it","great-expectations","little-lord-fauntleroy","little-women","lord-jim","moby-dick","peter-pan","pollyanna","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-innocence-of-father-brown","winnie-the-pooh"]},{"id":"hydrophobia","term":"hydrophobia","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"rabies, a deadly disease spread by animal bites; also a fear of water","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["hydrophobia"],"url":"/glossary/#hydrophobia","works":["emerson-essays","essays-montaigne","leviathan","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","old-yeller","on-friendship","on-medicine","plutarch-essays","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-antichrist","the-descent-of-man","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","the-jungle-book","the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","the-world-as-will-and-representation","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"hyperbole","term":"hyperbole","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or effect","note":"literary 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AD 347-420) was a Christian scholar and priest who spent many years in Bethlehem studying the Scriptures. He translated the Bible into Latin, and his translation, later called the Vulgate, was the standard Bible of the Western Church for over a thousand years. 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using subtle reasoning to win a point","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["jesuitical"],"url":"/glossary/#jesuitical","works":["adams-selected-writings","beyond-good-and-evil","crime-and-punishment","early-christian-creeds","jefferson-selected-writings","pensees","rousseaus-confessions","the-brothers-karamazov","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-warden"]},{"id":"jesuits","term":"Jesuits","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola","note":"history","category":"proper","forms":["jesuits"],"url":"/glossary/#jesuits","works":["adams-selected-writings","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","beyond-good-and-evil","candide","death-comes-for-the-archbishop","democracy-in-america","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","effi-briest","essays-bacon","jefferson-selected-writings","lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry","lectures-on-revivals-of-religion","life-on-the-mississippi","pensees","persian-letters","poems-hopkins","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","rousseaus-confessions","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-brothers-karamazov","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-faerie-queene","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-metaphysical-poets","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","twilight-of-the-idols","walden"]},{"id":"jew","term":"Jew","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"a member of the Jewish people, descended from the ancient Hebrews","note":"history","category":"proper","forms":["jew"],"url":"/glossary/#jew","works":["a-midsummer-nights-dream","adams-selected-writings","aesops-fables","anne-of-green-gables","around-the-world-in-eighty-days","beyond-good-and-evil","billy-budd-and-other-stories","body-and-mind","calvin-selected-sermons","candide","city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","confessions","crime-and-punishment","democracy-in-america","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","fragments","great-expectations","henry-iv-part-1","hippocratic-writings","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","i-have-a-dream","ivanhoe","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","latimer-selected-sermons","lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry","lectures-on-revivals-of-religion","leviathan","little-women","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","macbeth","madison-selected-writings","maupassant-selected-short-stories","moby-dick","much-ado-about-nothing","my-antonia","northanger-abbey","on-friendship","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-the-making-of-man","pensees","persian-letters","personal-memoirs","plutarch-lives","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","rousseaus-confessions","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","summa-theologica","tales-from-shakespeare","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-antichrist","the-arabian-nights","the-bible","the-brothers-karamazov","the-canterbury-tales","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","the-divine-comedy","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-gay-science","the-great-gatsby","the-history-of-the-church","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-koran","the-meek-one","the-merchant-of-venice","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-scarlet-pimpernel","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-thirty-nine-steps","the-twelve-caesars","the-underdogs","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-world-as-will-and-representation","thus-spoke-zarathustra","twilight-of-the-idols","two-lives-of-charlemagne","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","white-nights","whitefield-selected-sermons","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"jocose","term":"jocose","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"playful; joking","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["jocose"],"url":"/glossary/#jocose","works":["billy-budd-and-other-stories","david-copperfield","don-quixote","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","great-expectations","heart-of-darkness","ivanhoe","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","rousseaus-confessions","the-age-of-alexander","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-canterbury-tales","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-principles-of-psychology","the-twelve-caesars"]},{"id":"jocund","term":"jocund","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"cheerful and merry","note":"poetic","category":"archaic","forms":["jocund"],"url":"/glossary/#jocund","works":["a-christmas-carol","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","elegy-written-in-a-country-churchyard","essays-montaigne","hamlet","le-morte-darthur","life-on-the-mississippi","macbeth","on-friendship","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","richard-iii","romeo-and-juliet","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-canterbury-tales","the-divine-comedy","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-tempest","twelfth-night","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"jonah","term":"Jonah","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Old Testament prophet who was swallowed by a great fish","note":"Bible","category":"proper","kind":"biblical","bio":"In the Bible, Jonah is a prophet whom God sends to warn the city of Nineveh. He runs away by ship, is thrown into the sea, and is swallowed by a great fish, which later spits him out on dry land. Jesus pointed to Jonah's three days in the fish as a sign, so Christian writers often treat Jonah as a picture of Christ's resurrection.","links":[],"forms":["jonah"],"url":"/glossary/#jonah","works":["billy-budd-and-other-stories","captains-courageous","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","jane-eyre","jewish-antiquities","letters-and-papers-from-prison","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","metamorphoses","moby-dick","on-the-making-of-man","pensees","peter-pan","robinson-crusoe","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-adventures-of-pinocchio","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-antichrist","the-bible","the-brothers-karamazov","the-history-of-the-church","the-koran","the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket","twelve-years-a-slave","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"josephus","term":"Josephus","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Jewish historian of the first century AD who wrote histories of the Jewish people","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Flavius Josephus (AD 37-c. 100) was a Jewish historian who lived through the Roman war that ended with the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. His books, The Jewish War and Jewish Antiquities, tell the history of the Jewish people. Because he lived in the first century, Christians and historians have long used his writings to learn about the world of the New Testament.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Flavius%20Josephus/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"The Jewish War","year":"c. AD 75","url":"/works/the-jewish-war/"},{"title":"Jewish Antiquities","year":"c. AD 93-94","url":"/works/jewish-antiquities/"},{"title":"Against Apion","year":null,"url":null},{"title":"The Life of Josephus","year":null,"url":null}],"forms":["josephus"],"url":"/glossary/#josephus","works":["captains-courageous","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","jewish-antiquities","letters-from-a-stoic","leviathan","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","pensees","second-treatise-of-government","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-bronze-bow","the-faerie-queene","the-history-of-the-church","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-jewish-war","the-koran","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"joshua","term":"Joshua","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Moses's successor who led Israel into the Promised Land","note":"Bible","category":"proper","kind":"biblical","bio":"In the Bible, Joshua is Moses's helper who becomes leader of Israel after Moses dies. He leads the people across the Jordan River into the Promised Land, and the walls of Jericho fall at his command. The Book of Joshua tells his story, and preachers often hold him up as an example of courage and trust in God.","links":[],"forms":["joshua"],"url":"/glossary/#joshua","works":["a-treatise-on-insanity","adams-selected-writings","billy-budd-and-other-stories","calvin-selected-sermons","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","latimer-selected-sermons","le-morte-darthur","lectures-on-revivals-of-religion","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","mayflower-compact","mental-maladies","metamorphoses","moody-selected-sermons","on-the-making-of-man","paradise-lost","pensees","persian-letters","personal-memoirs","sam-the-minuteman","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war","the-bible","the-courage-of-sarah-noble","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-history-of-the-church","the-metaphysical-poets","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-song-of-roland","the-wonderful-wizard-of-oz","timaeus","two-lives-of-charlemagne","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"jove","term":"Jove","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"another name for Jupiter, king of the Roman gods","note":"Roman mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Roman mythology, Jove is another name for Jupiter, king of the gods and ruler of the sky and thunder. Poets and playwrights often used the name, and English writers like Shakespeare put it in their characters' mouths. The exclamation \"by Jove\" survived in everyday English long after anyone worshiped him.","links":[],"forms":["jove"],"url":"/glossary/#jove","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","a-midsummer-nights-dream","adams-selected-writings","all-quiet-on-the-western-front","as-you-like-it","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","confessions","crime-and-punishment","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","early-christian-lives","emerson-essays","essays-montaigne","fragments","hamlet","heart-of-darkness","henry-v","jane-eyre","jefferson-selected-writings","king-lear","letters-from-a-stoic","little-women","lord-jim","lysistrata-and-other-plays","mansfield-park","maupassant-selected-short-stories","meditations","metamorphoses","moby-dick","much-ado-about-nothing","natural-history-a-selection","northanger-abbey","on-friendship","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","othello","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","richard-iii","romeo-and-juliet","ruth","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","st-crispins-day-speech","the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-canterbury-tales","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-history-of-the-church","the-hound-of-the-baskervilles","the-iliad","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-meek-one","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-odyssey","the-portrait-of-a-lady","the-prince","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-symposium","the-taming-of-the-shrew","the-tempest","the-thirty-nine-steps","the-twelve-caesars","the-world-as-will-and-representation","twelfth-night","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","walden","washington-square","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","white-nights"]},{"id":"judas","term":"Judas","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Judas Iscariot: the disciple who betrayed Jesus for thirty pieces of silver; also any traitor","note":"Bible","category":"proper","kind":"biblical","bio":"In the Bible, Judas Iscariot is one of the twelve disciples of Jesus. He agrees to hand Jesus over to the authorities for thirty pieces of silver and points him out with a kiss in the garden of Gethsemane. Because of this betrayal, writers have long used his name to mean any traitor.","links":[],"forms":["judas"],"url":"/glossary/#judas","works":["a-tale-of-two-cities","adams-selected-writings","as-you-like-it","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","dracula","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","emerson-essays","give-me-liberty-or-give-me-death","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","jane-eyre","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","journey-of-the-magi","latimer-selected-sermons","le-morte-darthur","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","maupassant-selected-short-stories","moody-selected-sermons","on-the-making-of-man","pensees","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","summa-theologica","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bible","the-brothers-karamazov","the-canterbury-tales","the-divine-comedy","the-history-of-the-church","the-koran","the-lais-of-marie-de-france","the-master-and-margarita","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-pilgrims-progress","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"judea","term":"Judea","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"southern region of ancient Israel, around Jerusalem","note":"Bible","category":"proper","forms":["judea"],"url":"/glossary/#judea","works":["adams-selected-writings","calvin-selected-sermons","city-of-god","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","fragments","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","leviathan","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","rush-essays-on-education-in-a-republic","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-bible","the-bronze-bow","the-history-of-the-church","the-jewish-war","the-master-and-margarita","two-lives-of-charlemagne","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"judgeth","term":"judgeth","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"judges","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["judgeth"],"url":"/glossary/#judgeth","works":["an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","beowulf","city-of-god","confessions","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","latimer-selected-sermons","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","moody-selected-sermons","on-the-making-of-man","plutarch-essays","ruth","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","summa-theologica","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-history-of-the-church","uncle-toms-cabin","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"judicature","term":"judicature","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"the administering of justice; a system or court of judges","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["judicature"],"url":"/glossary/#judicature","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","compromise-of-1850-speeches","democracy-in-america","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","gullivers-travels","jefferson-selected-writings","leviathan","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","second-treatise-of-government","the-age-of-alexander","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-federalist-papers","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","the-wealth-of-nations","utilitarianism"]},{"id":"julian","term":"Julian","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Julian the Apostate: Roman emperor who rejected Christianity and tried to restore pagan worship","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Julian (c. AD 331-363), often called Julian the Apostate, was a Roman emperor and a nephew of Constantine the Great. He was raised as a Christian but turned away from the faith, and as emperor from 361 to 363 he tried to bring back the worship of the old Roman gods. He died fighting the Persians, and Christian writers often point to his failed attempt.","links":[],"forms":["julian"],"url":"/glossary/#julian","works":["a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","adams-selected-writings","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","confessions","cybernetics","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","emerson-essays","essays-montaigne","excellent-women","fragments","galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","letters-from-a-stoic","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","metamorphoses","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","principia","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","summa-theologica","the-aeneid","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-blue-fairy-book","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-history-of-the-church","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-prince","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","the-world-as-will-and-representation","two-lives-of-charlemagne","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"juliet","term":"Juliet","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"young heroine of Shakespeare's tragedy Romeo and Juliet","note":"literature","category":"proper","kind":"fictional","bio":"In Shakespeare's tragedy Romeo and Juliet, Juliet Capulet is a young girl of Verona who falls in love with Romeo, the son of her family's enemies. The two marry in secret, and a chain of misunderstandings ends in both their deaths. Her name became a byword for a young woman in love, so many later writers mention her.","links":[],"forms":["juliet"],"url":"/glossary/#juliet","works":["adventures-of-huckleberry-finn","donne-sermons-and-devotions","dorothy-parker-complete-poems","effi-briest","emerson-essays","little-women","maupassant-selected-short-stories","medea-and-other-plays","othello","pensees","romeo-and-juliet","shermans-memoirs","tales-from-shakespeare","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","the-meek-one","the-merchant-of-venice","the-metaphysical-poets","the-portrait-of-a-lady","the-principles-of-psychology","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-world-as-will-and-representation","watership-down","white-nights"]},{"id":"juno","term":"Juno","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"queen of the Roman gods and wife of Jupiter; the Roman Hera","note":"Roman mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Roman mythology, Juno is the queen of the gods, the wife of Jupiter, and the protector of marriage and women. The Romans identified her with the Greek goddess Hera. In Virgil's Aeneid she opposes the hero Aeneas, and writers such as Augustine discuss her when they describe Roman religion.","links":[],"forms":["juno"],"url":"/glossary/#juno","works":["adams-selected-writings","aesops-fables","as-you-like-it","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","confessions","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","groundwork-of-the-metaphysics-of-morals","hippocratic-writings","jefferson-selected-writings","king-lear","letters-from-a-farmer-in-pennsylvania","letters-from-a-stoic","lincoln-douglas-debates","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","tales-from-shakespeare","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-canterbury-tales","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-history-of-the-church","the-iliad","the-odyssey","the-portrait-of-a-lady","the-psychology-of-dementia-praecox","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-tempest","the-twelve-caesars","walden","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"jupiter","term":"Jupiter","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"king of the gods in Roman mythology, like the Greek Zeus","note":"Roman mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Roman mythology, Jupiter is the king of the gods and ruler of the sky, known for his thunderbolts. The Romans identified him with the Greek god Zeus, and his great temple stood on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. Ancient fables, Christian writers like Augustine, and many later authors refer to him as the chief of the pagan gods.","links":[],"forms":["jupiter"],"url":"/glossary/#jupiter","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","a-tale-of-two-cities","a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","aesops-fables","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","as-you-like-it","billy-budd-and-other-stories","body-and-mind","cicero-first-catilinarian","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","confessions","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","emerson-essays","enneads","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","heart-of-darkness","hippocratic-writings","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","king-lear","letters-from-a-stoic","leviathan","little-women","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","lysistrata-and-other-plays","maupassant-selected-short-stories","meditations","metamorphoses","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","novum-organum","on-friendship","on-medicine","on-the-making-of-man","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","on-war","paradise-lost","pensees","persian-letters","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","politics","principia","rousseaus-confessions","second-treatise-of-government","shermans-memoirs","summa-theologica","tales-from-shakespeare","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-arthashastra","the-bible","the-brothers-karamazov","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-descent-of-man","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-history-of-the-church","the-iliad","the-koran","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-psychology-of-dementia-praecox","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-song-of-roland","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-tempest","the-twelve-caesars","the-warden","timaeus","treasure-island","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","uncle-toms-cabin","walden","we","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"juryman","term":"juryman","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a man who serves as a member of a jury","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["juryman"],"url":"/glossary/#juryman","works":["a-tale-of-two-cities","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","great-expectations","laws-of-thought","politics","the-brothers-karamazov","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius"]},{"id":"juvenal","term":"Juvenal","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"a Roman poet known for his sharp satires on life in Rome","note":"author","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Juvenal was a Roman poet who lived in the late first and early second centuries AD. He wrote sixteen Satires, sharp and often funny poems that mock the faults and foolishness he saw in Roman city life. Later writers in many centuries quoted and borrowed from his lines.","links":[],"forms":["juvenal"],"url":"/glossary/#juvenal","works":["city-of-god","don-quixote","early-christian-lives","essays-and-aphorisms","essays-montaigne","hippocratic-writings","ivanhoe","letters-from-a-stoic","madison-selected-writings","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","psychopathia-sexualis","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-canterbury-tales","the-divine-comedy","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"kant","term":"Kant","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Immanuel Kant, German philosopher of knowledge and morality","note":"philosophy","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher who spent his whole life in the city of Königsberg. In his Critique of Pure Reason he asked how human beings can know anything at all, and in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals he explained his view of moral duty. Nietzsche and many other philosophers respond to his ideas.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Immanuel%20Kant/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"Critique of Pure Reason","year":"1781","url":"/works/critique-of-pure-reason/"},{"title":"Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics","year":"1783","url":null},{"title":"Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals","year":"1785","url":"/works/groundwork-of-the-metaphysics-of-morals/"},{"title":"Critique of Practical Reason","year":"1788","url":null},{"title":"Critique of Judgment","year":"1790","url":null},{"title":"Perpetual Peace","year":"1795","url":null}],"forms":["kant"],"url":"/glossary/#kant","works":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","beyond-good-and-evil","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","critique-of-pure-reason","ecce-homo","effi-briest","emerson-essays","essays-and-aphorisms","fear-and-trembling","formally-undecidable-propositions","fragments","groundwork-of-the-metaphysics-of-morals","hippocratic-writings","laws-of-thought","leviathan","little-women","moby-dick","on-liberty","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-war","plutarch-essays","psychopathia-sexualis","regensburg-lecture","the-antichrist","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-descent-of-man","the-gay-science","the-great-gatsby","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-master-and-margarita","the-principles-of-psychology","the-psychology-of-dementia-praecox","the-republic","the-social-contract","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-world-as-will-and-representation","timaeus","twilight-of-the-idols","utilitarianism","we","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"kautilya","term":"Kautilya","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"an ancient Indian royal adviser who wrote the Arthashastra, a handbook on statecraft","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Kautilya, also called Chanakya, was an ancient Indian teacher and royal adviser. Tradition says he lived around the fourth century BC and helped Chandragupta Maurya found the Mauryan Empire. 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In books such as Fear and Trembling, which reflects on Abraham's faith, he wrote about what it means for a single person to stand before God. 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reluctant (also spelled 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(used with \"thou\")","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["lovest"],"url":"/glossary/#lovest","works":["a-midsummer-nights-dream","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","confessions","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","ecce-homo","essays-montaigne","fragments","hayne-speech-on-foots-resolution","henry-iv-part-1","henry-v","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","ivanhoe","julius-caesar","le-morte-darthur","lectures-on-revivals-of-religion","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","medea-and-other-plays","metamorphoses","much-ado-about-nothing","on-friendship","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","summa-theologica","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-bhagavad-gita","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-divine-comedy","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-metaphysical-poets","the-oresteia","the-scarlet-letter","the-taming-of-the-shrew","thus-spoke-zarathustra","troilus-and-criseyde","twilight-of-the-idols","we","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"loveth","term":"loveth","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"loves","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["loveth"],"url":"/glossary/#loveth","works":["adam-of-the-road","city-of-god","confessions","don-quixote","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","emerson-essays","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","jefferson-selected-writings","latimer-selected-sermons","le-morte-darthur","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","medea-and-other-plays","moody-selected-sermons","richard-iii","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","spurgeon-selected-sermons","summa-theologica","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-bhagavad-gita","the-bible","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-black-arrow","the-canterbury-tales","the-cricket-in-times-square","the-golden-ass","the-history-of-the-church","the-koran","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-metaphysical-poets","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-oresteia","the-pilgrims-progress","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","the-taming-of-the-shrew","thus-spoke-zarathustra","troilus-and-criseyde","uncle-toms-cabin","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons","winnie-the-pooh"]},{"id":"lowliness","term":"lowliness","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"humility; a humble, modest spirit","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["lowliness"],"url":"/glossary/#lowliness","works":["calvin-selected-sermons","city-of-god","confessions","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","henry-v","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","julius-caesar","latimer-selected-sermons","letters-from-a-stoic","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","macbeth","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-the-making-of-man","paradise-lost","pensees","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","sinners-and-the-surprising-work-of-god","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-koran","the-metaphysical-poets","the-sketch-book","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","thus-spoke-zarathustra","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"lucifer","term":"Lucifer","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"a name for Satan, the fallen angel who rebelled against God","note":"theology","category":"proper","kind":"biblical","bio":"In Christian tradition, Lucifer is a name for Satan, the angel who rebelled against God out of pride and was cast down from heaven. The name comes from a passage in the Book of Isaiah about a fallen morning star, which many Church Fathers read as a description of Satan's fall. Writers such as Augustine, Cervantes, and Dickens use the name for the devil.","links":[],"forms":["lucifer"],"url":"/glossary/#lucifer","works":["a-tale-of-two-cities","billy-budd-and-other-stories","candide","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","don-quixote","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","henry-iv-part-1","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","latimer-selected-sermons","little-women","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","metamorphoses","moby-dick","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","paradise-lost","persian-letters","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","summa-theologica","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-divine-comedy","the-metaphysical-poets","timaeus","troilus-and-criseyde","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"lucretius","term":"Lucretius","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Roman poet who explained Epicurean philosophy in his poem On the Nature of Things","note":"philosophy","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Titus Lucretius Carus (c. 99-c. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His long poem On the Nature of Things explains the teaching of Epicurus that everything is made of tiny atoms moving through empty space. Christian writers such as Augustine argued against his ideas, and philosophers like Seneca and Hume read him closely.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Lucretius/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"On the Nature of the Universe","year":null,"url":"/works/on-the-nature-of-the-universe/"}],"forms":["lucretius"],"url":"/glossary/#lucretius","works":["city-of-god","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings","letters-from-a-stoic","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","novum-organum","on-friendship","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-antichrist","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-metaphysical-poets","the-natural-history-of-selborne","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","the-world-as-will-and-representation","timaeus","twilight-of-the-idols","utilitarianism"]},{"id":"lukewarmness","term":"lukewarmness","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"lack of enthusiasm or zeal; half-heartedness","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["lukewarmness"],"url":"/glossary/#lukewarmness","works":["adams-selected-writings","citizenship-in-a-republic","democracy-in-america","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-lives","maupassant-selected-short-stories","meditations","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","the-divine-comedy","the-rule-of-st-benedict","the-social-contract","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"lustily","term":"lustily","partOfSpeech":"adverb","definition":"heartily; with great energy and vigor","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["lustily"],"url":"/glossary/#lustily","works":["a-christmas-carol","aesops-fables","around-the-world-in-eighty-days","beowulf","billy-budd-and-other-stories","captains-courageous","city-of-god","david-copperfield","don-quixote","fathers-and-sons","great-expectations","henry-v","ivanhoe","little-lord-fauntleroy","little-women","maupassant-selected-short-stories","moby-dick","personal-memoirs","peter-pan","poems-hopkins","robinson-crusoe","sense-and-sensibility","shermans-memoirs","tanglewood-tales","the-black-arrow","the-blue-fairy-book","the-canterbury-tales","the-golden-ass","the-great-gatsby","the-iliad","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-nibelungenlied","the-odyssey","the-persian-expedition","the-pilgrims-progress","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-scarlet-pimpernel","the-sketch-book","the-song-of-roland","the-wind-in-the-willows","troilus-and-criseyde","understood-betsy","walden"]},{"id":"lustres","term":"lustres","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"soft, shining glows; also (old use) periods of five years","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["lustres"],"url":"/glossary/#lustres","works":["adams-selected-writings","emerson-essays","essays-montaigne","jane-eyre","maupassant-selected-short-stories","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","rousseaus-confessions","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-arabian-nights","the-bhagavad-gita","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","uncle-toms-cabin"]},{"id":"luther","term":"Luther","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Martin Luther, German monk and theologian who began the Protestant Reformation","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a German monk, priest, and professor of theology. In 1517 he published his Ninety-Five Theses against the sale of indulgences, which began the Protestant Reformation. He taught that people are saved by grace through faith, translated the Bible into German, and wrote many hymns, sermons, and books.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Martin%20Luther/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"The Leipzig Disputation","year":"1519","url":"/works/leipzig-disputation/"},{"title":"The Bondage of the Will (De Servo Arbitrio)","year":"1525","url":"/works/luther-bondage-of-the-will/"},{"title":"The Ninety-Five Theses","year":"1517","url":null},{"title":"To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation","year":"1520","url":null},{"title":"On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church","year":"1520","url":null},{"title":"On the Freedom of a Christian","year":"1520","url":null},{"title":"The Bondage of the Will","year":"1525","url":null},{"title":"Small Catechism","year":"1529","url":null},{"title":"Large Catechism","year":"1529","url":null}],"forms":["luther"],"url":"/glossary/#luther","works":["adams-selected-writings","aesops-fables","beyond-good-and-evil","calvin-selected-sermons","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","democracy-in-america","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","ecce-homo","effi-briest","emerson-essays","erasmus-on-free-will","essays-montaigne","hamlet","i-have-a-dream","jefferson-selected-writings","latimer-selected-sermons","lectures-on-revivals-of-religion","leipzig-disputation","letters-and-papers-from-prison","life-on-the-mississippi","luther-bondage-of-the-will","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","madison-selected-writings","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","moody-selected-sermons","narrative-and-fourth-of-july","on-friendship","on-liberty","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-the-making-of-man","personal-memoirs","poems-hopkins","sermons-and-letter-from-birmingham-jail","shermans-memoirs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-antichrist","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-brothers-karamazov","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-cost-of-discipleship","the-gay-science","the-history-of-the-church","the-metaphysical-poets","the-principles-of-psychology","the-scarlet-letter","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-warden","the-wealth-of-nations","the-world-as-will-and-representation","thus-spoke-zarathustra","twilight-of-the-idols","walden","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"lutheran","term":"Lutheran","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"belonging to the Protestant church that follows Martin Luther's teaching","note":"theology","category":"proper","forms":["lutheran"],"url":"/glossary/#lutheran","works":["a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","adams-selected-writings","aesops-fables","early-christian-creeds","effi-briest","erasmus-on-free-will","fear-and-trembling","latimer-selected-sermons","letters-and-papers-from-prison","luther-bondage-of-the-will","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","mans-search-for-meaning","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-antichrist","the-brothers-karamazov","the-cost-of-discipleship","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-gay-science","the-great-gatsby","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-wealth-of-nations","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"luxuriance","term":"luxuriance","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"rich, abundant growth; lavish fullness","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["luxuriance"],"url":"/glossary/#luxuriance","works":["beyond-good-and-evil","death-comes-for-the-archbishop","democracy-in-america","hans-brinker","jefferson-selected-writings","on-the-origin-of-species","psychopathia-sexualis","ruth","tanglewood-tales","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-scarlet-letter","the-sketch-book","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","twilight-of-the-idols","walden"]},{"id":"luxuriousness","term":"luxuriousness","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"love of luxury and comfortable indulgence","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["luxuriousness"],"url":"/glossary/#luxuriousness","works":["beyond-good-and-evil","city-of-god","confessions","early-christian-lives","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","natural-history-a-selection","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-antichrist","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","walden"]},{"id":"lycurgus","term":"Lycurgus","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"legendary lawgiver of ancient Sparta","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"legendary","bio":"Lycurgus is the legendary lawgiver of ancient Sparta. According to tradition, he gave the Spartans their laws and their strict way of life, which trained citizens to be disciplined, simple, and devoted to their city. Plutarch wrote his life, and writers from Augustine to the American founders point to him as a famous founder of laws.","links":[],"forms":["lycurgus"],"url":"/glossary/#lycurgus","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","all-quiet-on-the-western-front","city-of-god","crime-and-punishment","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","don-quixote","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","frankenstein","hayne-speech-on-foots-resolution","letters-from-a-stoic","metamorphoses","no-treason","on-friendship","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","politics","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-federalist-papers","the-iliad","the-metaphysical-poets","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-symposium","the-wealth-of-nations","utopia","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"lydia","term":"Lydia","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"ancient kingdom in western Asia Minor whose capital was Sardis","note":"place","category":"proper","forms":["lydia"],"url":"/glossary/#lydia","works":["adams-selected-writings","aesops-fables","amos-fortune-free-man","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","fathers-and-sons","jewish-antiquities","letters-from-a-stoic","medea-and-other-plays","meditations","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","pensees","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","pride-and-prejudice","sixty-stories","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-metaphysical-poets","the-persian-expedition","the-portrait-of-a-lady","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-twelve-caesars","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"lyons","term":"Lyons","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"major city in southeastern 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words wishing harm on someone","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["maledictions"],"url":"/glossary/#maledictions","works":["around-the-world-in-eighty-days","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","don-quixote","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","jefferson-selected-writings","king-lear","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","moby-dick","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-antichrist","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-vampyre","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"malefactor","term":"malefactor","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a person who does wrong or commits a crime; an evildoer","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["malefactor"],"url":"/glossary/#malefactor","works":["david-copperfield","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","gullivers-travels","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","latimer-selected-sermons","maupassant-selected-short-stories","natural-history-a-selection","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","psychopathia-sexualis","robinson-crusoe","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bible","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-history-of-the-church","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-persian-expedition","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"malefactors","term":"malefactors","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"criminals; wrongdoers","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["malefactors"],"url":"/glossary/#malefactors","works":["democracy-in-america","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","great-expectations","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","kidnapped","latimer-selected-sermons","leviathan","madison-selected-writings","medea-and-other-plays","mental-maladies","moby-dick","much-ado-about-nothing","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","robinson-crusoe","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-bible","the-descent-of-man","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-history-of-the-church","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-metaphysical-poets","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-theban-plays","the-twelve-caesars","walden","washington-square","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"malignantly","term":"malignantly","partOfSpeech":"adverb","definition":"spitefully; in a way that wishes harm to others","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["malignantly"],"url":"/glossary/#malignantly","works":["crime-and-punishment","early-christian-creeds","moby-dick","rousseaus-confessions","the-brothers-karamazov","the-gay-science","the-hound-of-the-baskervilles","the-meek-one","the-scarlet-pimpernel","white-fang","white-nights","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"malignity","term":"malignity","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"intense ill will; a desire to cause harm","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["malignity"],"url":"/glossary/#malignity","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","beowulf","beyond-good-and-evil","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","david-copperfield","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","dracula","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-lives","effi-briest","emerson-essays","essays-and-aphorisms","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","fathers-and-sons","frankenstein","great-expectations","gullivers-travels","hippocratic-writings","homilies-on-the-statues","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","letters-from-a-stoic","leviathan","lincoln-douglas-debates","madison-selected-writings","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","moby-dick","on-friendship","on-liberty","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-the-making-of-man","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","pensees","plutarch-essays","poems-hopkins","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","rousseaus-confessions","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","silas-marner","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-bible","the-federalist-papers","the-gay-science","the-history-of-the-church","the-prince","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-principles-of-psychology","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-scarlet-letter","the-symposium","the-twelve-caesars","twilight-of-the-idols","washington-square","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","white-fang","whitefield-selected-sermons","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"malory","term":"Malory","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Sir Thomas Malory, a fifteenth-century English author of Le Morte d'Arthur, tales of King Arthur","note":"author","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Sir Thomas Malory was a fifteenth-century English knight and author. He gathered many older tales of King Arthur, Lancelot, Guinevere, and the quest for the Holy Grail into one long book, Le Morte d'Arthur, which was printed in 1485. 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a murderer","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["manslayer"],"url":"/glossary/#manslayer","works":["early-christian-lives","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jewish-antiquities","le-morte-darthur","the-bible","the-koran","the-oresteia","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"manufactories","term":"manufactories","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"factories; places where goods are made","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["manufactories"],"url":"/glossary/#manufactories","works":["adams-selected-writings","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","hamiltons-reports-and-opinion-on-the-bank","jefferson-selected-writings","lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry","life-on-the-mississippi","novum-organum","on-war","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","personal-memoirs","shermans-memoirs","the-arthashastra","the-sketch-book","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","the-wealth-of-nations","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters"]},{"id":"manumitted","term":"manumitted","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"freed from slavery (past tense of manumit)","note":"history","category":"uncommon","forms":["manumitted"],"url":"/glossary/#manumitted","works":["adams-selected-writings","early-black-church-sermons","essays-montaigne","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","the-koran","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars"]},{"id":"manuring","term":"manuring","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"spreading animal dung on soil to fertilize it","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["manuring"],"url":"/glossary/#manuring","works":["gullivers-travels","jefferson-selected-writings","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","novum-organum","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-metaphysical-poets","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","the-wealth-of-nations","utopia"]},{"id":"marcus-aurelius","term":"Marcus Aurelius","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher who wrote the Meditations","note":"philosophy","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Marcus Aurelius (AD 121-180) was a Roman emperor who ruled from AD 161 until his death. He was also a Stoic philosopher, and his private notebook, known as the Meditations, records his thoughts on duty, self-control, and accepting what one cannot change. He is often remembered as a philosopher-king.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Marcus%20Aurelius/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"Meditations","year":"c. AD 170-180","url":"/works/meditations/"}],"forms":["marcus aurelius","aurelius"],"url":"/glossary/#marcus-aurelius","works":["an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","candide","city-of-god","confessions","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","emerson-essays","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","ethics","fragments","galen-selected-works","if-kipling","letters-from-a-stoic","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","mans-search-for-meaning","meditations","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-liberty","on-medicine","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-canterbury-tales","the-descent-of-man","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-metaphysical-poets","the-prince","the-principles-of-psychology","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-turn-of-the-screw-and-the-aspern-papers","the-twelve-caesars","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-world-as-will-and-representation","till-we-have-faces","walden"]},{"id":"marius","term":"Marius","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Gaius Marius, Roman general and consul, rival of Sulla","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Gaius Marius (c. 157-86 BC) was a Roman general and politician who was elected consul seven times. He reformed the Roman army and won important wars in Africa and against invading Germanic tribes. His bitter rivalry with Sulla led to civil war, and later writers often used him as an example of ambition and changing fortune.","links":[],"forms":["marius"],"url":"/glossary/#marius","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","billy-budd-and-other-stories","cicero-first-catilinarian","city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","death-comes-for-the-archbishop","don-quixote","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","jefferson-selected-writings","letters-from-a-stoic","leviathan","maupassant-selected-short-stories","meditations","metamorphoses","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","principia","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars"]},{"id":"mars","term":"Mars","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Roman god of war; also the red planet","note":"Roman mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Roman mythology, Mars is the god of war and was among the most honored gods in Rome. 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1945","note":"history","category":"proper","forms":["nazi"],"url":"/glossary/#nazi","works":["alone-in-berlin","chess","civilization-and-its-discontents","d-day-order-of-the-day","donne-sermons-and-devotions","fahrenheit-451","letters-and-papers-from-prison","long-walk-to-freedom","mans-search-for-meaning","number-the-stars","tear-down-this-wall","the-hiding-place","thus-spoke-zarathustra"]},{"id":"neer","term":"ne'er","partOfSpeech":"adverb","definition":"never","note":"poetic","category":"archaic","forms":["ne'er"],"url":"/glossary/#neer","works":["a-childs-garden-of-verses","adams-selected-writings","beowulf","beyond-good-and-evil","cyrano-de-bergerac","early-christian-lives","ecce-homo","elegy-written-in-a-country-churchyard","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","jefferson-selected-writings","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","medea-and-other-plays","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","poems-hopkins","principia","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-black-arrow","the-gay-science","the-major-symptoms-of-hysteria","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-metaphysical-poets","the-nibelungenlied","the-principles-of-psychology","the-railway-children","the-real-mother-goose","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-song-of-roland"]},{"id":"nebuchadnezzar","term":"Nebuchadnezzar","partOfSpeech":"proper 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In 586 BC his armies destroyed Jerusalem and its temple and carried many Jews into exile in Babylon. 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After a great fire burned much of Rome in AD 64, he blamed the Christians and had many of them put to death. Christian tradition holds that the apostles Peter and Paul were martyred during his reign, so later writers such as Augustine often name him as an example of a persecuting ruler.","links":[],"forms":["nero"],"url":"/glossary/#nero","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","a-treatise-of-human-nature","adams-selected-writings","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","billy-budd-and-other-stories","candide","city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","de-materia-medica","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","effi-briest","essays-and-aphorisms","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","hamlet","hippocratic-writings","jane-eyre","jewish-antiquities","king-lear","latimer-selected-sermons","le-morte-darthur","letters-from-a-farmer-in-pennsylvania","letters-from-a-stoic","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","maupassant-selected-short-stories","meditations","mental-maladies","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-medicine","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","poems-hopkins","psychopathia-sexualis","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","second-treatise-of-government","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-canterbury-tales","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-gay-science","the-history-of-the-church","the-jewish-war","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","utopia","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"nerveless","term":"nerveless","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"weak; lacking strength, energy, or courage","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["nerveless"],"url":"/glossary/#nerveless","works":["adams-selected-writings","billy-budd-and-other-stories","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","early-black-church-sermons","ivanhoe","letters-from-a-stoic","life-on-the-mississippi","on-the-making-of-man","plutarch-essays","psychopathia-sexualis","ruth","shermans-memoirs","the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer","the-federalist-papers","the-history-of-the-church","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-principles-of-psychology","the-river-war","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-scarlet-letter","twelve-years-a-slave","whitman-complete-poems","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"nestor","term":"Nestor","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"wise old king of Pylos who gives advice to the Greeks in Homer's Iliad","note":"Greek mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Homer's Iliad, Nestor is the elderly king of Pylos who fights with the Greeks at Troy. He is the oldest of the Greek leaders and is honored for his long memory and wise counsel, though his advice is not always followed. Later writers use his name for any wise old adviser.","links":[],"forms":["nestor"],"url":"/glossary/#nestor","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","black-ships-before-troy","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","jefferson-selected-writings","letters-from-a-stoic","lysistrata-and-other-plays","metamorphoses","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","tales-from-shakespeare","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-iliad","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-merchant-of-venice","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-odyssey","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-symposium","the-trojan-war","the-twelve-caesars"]},{"id":"nethermost","term":"nethermost","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"lowest; deepest","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["nethermost"],"url":"/glossary/#nethermost","works":["beowulf","dracula","early-christian-lives","ecce-homo","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-bible","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"nettled","term":"nettled","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"annoyed or irritated","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["nettled"],"url":"/glossary/#nettled","works":["a-tale-of-two-cities","billy-budd-and-other-stories","david-copperfield","effi-briest","essays-montaigne","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","gullivers-travels","henry-iv-part-1","jane-eyre","jewish-antiquities","kidnapped","little-women","on-friendship","personal-memoirs","peter-pan","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","pride-and-prejudice","ruth","the-age-of-alexander","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-sketch-book","treasure-island"]},{"id":"newfoundland","term":"Newfoundland","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"large island off eastern Canada, famous for its fishing banks","note":"place","category":"proper","forms":["newfoundland"],"url":"/glossary/#newfoundland","works":["adams-selected-writings","around-the-world-in-eighty-days","billy-budd-and-other-stories","captains-courageous","effi-briest","jane-eyre","jefferson-selected-writings","little-women","maupassant-selected-short-stories","moby-dick","moody-selected-sermons","northanger-abbey","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","peter-pan","shermans-memoirs","the-call-of-the-wild","the-descent-of-man","the-metaphysical-poets","the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket","the-sketch-book","the-wealth-of-nations","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","uncle-toms-cabin","walden","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"newton","term":"Newton","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Isaac Newton, English scientist who described gravity and the laws of motion","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was an English mathematician and scientist. He described the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, and he helped develop calculus. 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He started out as a professor of classical languages and went on to write books such as Beyond Good and Evil and Ecce Homo. 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AD 77","url":"/works/natural-history-a-selection/"}],"forms":["pliny"],"url":"/glossary/#pliny","works":["adams-selected-writings","city-of-god","de-materia-medica","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","hippocratic-writings","homilies-on-the-statues","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","letters-from-a-stoic","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","metamorphoses","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","novum-organum","on-friendship","on-medicine","on-the-origin-of-species","persian-letters","plutarch-essays","st-dymphna-and-geel","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-faerie-queene","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-koran","the-metaphysical-poets","the-natural-history-of-selborne","the-persian-expedition","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","the-wealth-of-nations","the-world-as-will-and-representation","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea"]},{"id":"plotinus","term":"Plotinus","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"third-century philosopher who founded Neoplatonism","note":"philosophy","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Plotinus (c. AD 204-270) was a philosopher who taught in Rome and is seen as the founder of Neoplatonism, a new form of Plato's philosophy. His student Porphyry gathered his writings into the Enneads. His ideas about the One, the soul, and the good shaped later thinkers, and Augustine writes about reading the Platonists in his Confessions.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Plotinus/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"Enneads","year":"c. AD 253-270","url":"/works/enneads/"}],"forms":["plotinus"],"url":"/glossary/#plotinus","works":["city-of-god","confessions","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","early-christian-lives","emerson-essays","enneads","fragments","hippocratic-writings","letters-from-a-stoic","novum-organum","on-the-making-of-man","persian-letters","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god","the-metaphysical-poets","the-symposium","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-world-as-will-and-representation","timaeus"]},{"id":"ploughman","term":"ploughman","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a man who plows fields; a farm worker","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["ploughman"],"url":"/glossary/#ploughman","works":["a-midsummer-nights-dream","adam-of-the-road","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","elegy-written-in-a-country-churchyard","essays-montaigne","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","hayne-speech-on-foots-resolution","jefferson-selected-writings","kidnapped","latimer-selected-sermons","letters-from-a-stoic","metamorphoses","of-mice-and-men","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","plutarch-essays","poems-hopkins","rush-essays-on-education-in-a-republic","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-black-arrow","the-canterbury-tales","the-divine-comedy","the-iliad","the-natural-history-of-selborne","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-persian-expedition","the-sketch-book","the-wealth-of-nations","utopia","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"ploughmen","term":"ploughmen","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"men who plow fields; farm workers","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["ploughmen"],"url":"/glossary/#ploughmen","works":["david-copperfield","essays-bacon","latimer-selected-sermons","plutarch-essays","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-black-arrow","the-thirty-nine-steps","the-wealth-of-nations","utopia","walden","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"ploughshare","term":"ploughshare","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"the cutting blade of a plow","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["ploughshare"],"url":"/glossary/#ploughshare","works":["city-of-god","democracy-in-america","dracula","early-christian-lives","metamorphoses","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","plutarch-essays","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-arthashastra","the-gay-science","the-theban-plays","thus-spoke-zarathustra","walden","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters"]},{"id":"plutarch","term":"Plutarch","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Greek writer known for his Lives of famous Greeks and Romans","note":"author","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Plutarch (c. AD 46-c. 120) was a Greek writer and priest at Delphi who lived under Roman rule. He is best known for his Parallel Lives, which pair the life stories of famous Greeks and Romans to show their virtues and faults. Shakespeare drew on Plutarch for plays such as Julius Caesar, and many later writers quote him.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Plutarch/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans","year":null,"url":"/works/plutarch-lives/"},{"title":"Moralia","year":null,"url":null}],"forms":["plutarch"],"url":"/glossary/#plutarch","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","a-midsummer-nights-dream","adams-selected-writings","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","characters","cicero-first-catilinarian","city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","democracy-in-america","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","don-quixote","early-christian-lives","emerson-essays","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","fragments","frankenstein","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","friends-romans-countrymen","hippocratic-writings","homilies-on-the-statues","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","julius-caesar","laws-of-thought","letters-from-a-farmer-in-pennsylvania","letters-from-a-stoic","madison-selected-writings","medea-and-other-plays","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","meditations","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","metamorphoses","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","pensees","persian-letters","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","rousseaus-confessions","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-federalist-papers","the-golden-ass","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-metaphysical-poets","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-persian-expedition","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-symposium","the-twelve-caesars","the-wealth-of-nations","the-world-as-will-and-representation","timaeus","two-lives-of-charlemagne","utopia"]},{"id":"pluto","term":"Pluto","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Roman god of the underworld, called Hades by the Greeks","note":"Roman mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Roman mythology, Pluto is the god of the underworld, the land of the dead; the Greeks called him Hades. He was the brother of Jupiter and Neptune, and in one well-known story he carried off Proserpina to be his queen. Poets, playwrights, and essayists name him when they write about death or the world below.","links":[],"forms":["pluto"],"url":"/glossary/#pluto","works":["city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","early-christian-lives","effi-briest","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","fragments","lysistrata-and-other-plays","medea-and-other-plays","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","tanglewood-tales","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-canterbury-tales","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-history-of-the-church","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-metaphysical-poets","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-theban-plays","the-twelve-caesars","troilus-and-criseyde","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","two-lives-of-charlemagne"]},{"id":"poe","term":"Poe","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Edgar Allan Poe, American writer of poems and mysterious tales","note":"author","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) was an American writer of poems, short stories, and essays. He is famous for eerie tales such as \"The Tell-Tale Heart\" and for the poem \"The Raven.\" He also helped invent the detective story, and writers in America and Europe have written about his work.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Edgar%20Allan%20Poe/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"The Raven","year":"1845","url":"/works/the-raven/"},{"title":"The Fall of the House of Usher","year":"1839","url":null},{"title":"The Murders in the Rue Morgue","year":"1841","url":null},{"title":"The Tell-Tale Heart","year":"1843","url":null},{"title":"The Cask of Amontillado","year":"1846","url":null},{"title":"Annabel Lee","year":"1849","url":null},{"title":"The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket","year":"1838","url":"/works/the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket/"},{"title":"Tales (Selection)","year":"1839-1846","url":"/works/poe-tales/"}],"forms":["poe"],"url":"/glossary/#poe","works":["beyond-good-and-evil","billy-budd-and-other-stories","gullivers-travels","in-patagonia","lepanto","letters-from-a-stoic","life-on-the-mississippi","maupassant-selected-short-stories","moby-dick","shermans-memoirs","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket","the-new-york-trilogy","the-raven","treasure-island","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea"]},{"id":"poesy","term":"poesy","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"poetry; the art of writing poems","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["poesy"],"url":"/glossary/#poesy","works":["confessions","discourse-on-method","don-quixote","emerson-essays","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","lord-jim","meditations","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","the-canterbury-tales","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","the-histories","the-metaphysical-poets","the-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-symposium","the-taming-of-the-shrew","walden","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"poising","term":"poising","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"balancing; holding steady in position","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["poising"],"url":"/glossary/#poising","works":["enneads","great-expectations","hans-brinker","life-on-the-mississippi","medea-and-other-plays","metamorphoses","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","plutarch-essays","poems-hopkins","the-twelve-caesars","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","uncle-toms-cabin","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"polemic","term":"polemic","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"strongly argumentative; attacking or defending an opinion","note":null,"category":"literary","forms":["polemic"],"url":"/glossary/#polemic","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","critique-of-pure-reason","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","effi-briest","essays-montaigne","ethics","fragments","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings","latimer-selected-sermons","luther-bondage-of-the-will","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","on-liberty","on-medicine","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-the-making-of-man","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","pensees","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","regensburg-lecture","the-antichrist","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-history-of-the-church","the-metaphysical-poets","the-principles-of-psychology","the-world-as-will-and-representation","twilight-of-the-idols"]},{"id":"polemical","term":"polemical","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"strongly arguing for or against a position; controversial","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["polemical"],"url":"/glossary/#polemical","works":["a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","adams-selected-writings","body-and-mind","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","ecce-homo","galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","maupassant-selected-short-stories","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","on-medicine","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-the-making-of-man","pensees","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-art-of-the-commonplace","the-communist-manifesto","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-history-of-the-church","the-koran","the-metaphysical-poets","the-republic","the-scarlet-letter","the-sketch-book","the-song-of-roland","the-world-as-will-and-representation","thus-spoke-zarathustra"]},{"id":"pollux","term":"Pollux","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"twin brother of Castor and son of Zeus","note":"Greek mythology","category":"proper","kind":"mythological","bio":"In Greek mythology, Pollux (called Polydeuces by the Greeks) is the twin brother of Castor and a son of Zeus, famous as a boxer. The twins sailed with Jason on the Argo and were said to protect sailors. In the stories, the brothers were placed in the sky as the constellation Gemini, which is why writers often mention them together.","links":[],"forms":["pollux"],"url":"/glossary/#pollux","works":["an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","billy-budd-and-other-stories","city-of-god","don-quixote","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","fathers-and-sons","fragments","jewish-antiquities","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","medea-and-other-plays","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","novum-organum","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","tanglewood-tales","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-bible","the-divine-comedy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-histories","the-iliad","the-odyssey","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars"]},{"id":"pompey","term":"Pompey","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Roman general and statesman, Julius Caesar's great rival in a civil war","note":"history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Pompey the Great (106-48 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who won major victories in the East and against pirates. He first worked with Julius Caesar but later became his chief rival in a civil war. After losing the Battle of Pharsalus, he fled to Egypt, where he was killed, and his story appears in many Roman histories and later works.","links":[],"forms":["pompey"],"url":"/glossary/#pompey","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","candide","city-of-god","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","friends-romans-countrymen","gullivers-travels","henry-v","hippocratic-writings","jewish-antiquities","julius-caesar","letters-from-a-stoic","leviathan","mental-maladies","metamorphoses","moby-dick","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-medicine","pensees","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"pomps","term":"pomps","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"grand, showy displays and ceremonies","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["pomps"],"url":"/glossary/#pomps","works":["adams-selected-writings","billy-budd-and-other-stories","essays-montaigne","jewish-antiquities","lectures-on-revivals-of-religion","meditations","moby-dick","on-friendship","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-the-making-of-man","plutarch-essays","ruth","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-aeneid","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-golden-ass","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"poniard","term":"poniard","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a small, slender dagger","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["poniard"],"url":"/glossary/#poniard","works":["candide","don-quixote","ecce-homo","essays-montaigne","ivanhoe","mental-maladies","metamorphoses","moby-dick","on-friendship","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-black-arrow","the-canterbury-tales","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-twelve-caesars"]},{"id":"pontius-pilate","term":"Pontius Pilate","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"the Roman governor of Judea who sentenced Jesus to be crucified","note":"Bible","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Pontius Pilate was the Roman governor of Judea from about AD 26 to 36. The Gospels tell how Jesus was brought before him and how he sentenced Jesus to be crucified, and the historian Josephus also writes about his rule. The Creeds say Jesus \"suffered under Pontius Pilate,\" which ties the Christian faith to a real moment in history.","links":[],"forms":["pontius pilate","pontius"],"url":"/glossary/#pontius-pilate","works":["city-of-god","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","latimer-selected-sermons","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","meditations","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-bible","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-master-and-margarita","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"pontus","term":"Pontus","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"ancient region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, in what is now Turkey","note":"place","category":"proper","forms":["pontus"],"url":"/glossary/#pontus","works":["don-quixote","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","le-morte-darthur","letters-from-a-stoic","medea-and-other-plays","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","paradise-lost","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","politics","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-bible","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-histories","the-history-of-the-church","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-koran","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-metaphysical-poets","the-nicomachean-ethics","the-persian-expedition","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-twelve-caesars","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"pooh","term":"Pooh","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Winnie-the-Pooh: the honey-loving bear in A. A. Milne's stories; also \"pooh,\" a word showing scorn","note":"literature","category":"proper","kind":"fictional","bio":"In A. A. Milne's stories, Winnie-the-Pooh is a friendly teddy bear who loves honey and lives in the Hundred Acre Wood. He has adventures with Christopher Robin, Piglet, Eeyore, and other friends, and he calls himself a bear of very little brain. The books first came out in the 1920s and are still among the best-loved children's stories.","links":[],"forms":["pooh"],"url":"/glossary/#pooh","works":["a-bear-called-paddington","a-christmas-carol","a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","a-tale-of-two-cities","billy-budd-and-other-stories","cyrano-de-bergerac","david-copperfield","frog-and-toad-are-friends","great-expectations","hamlet","hans-brinker","heidi","jane-eyre","just-so-stories","little-lord-fauntleroy","little-women","maupassant-selected-short-stories","moby-dick","owl-at-home","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","ruth","silas-marner","the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes","the-burgess-bird-book-for-children","the-call-of-the-wild","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","the-princess-and-curdie","the-princess-and-the-goblin","the-real-mother-goose","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-wind-in-the-willows","two-lives-of-charlemagne","uncle-toms-cabin","winnie-the-pooh"]},{"id":"porphyry","term":"porphyry","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a hard, often purplish-red rock with crystals, 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also, crushing defeats in battle","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["routs"],"url":"/glossary/#routs","works":["adams-selected-writings","essays-montaigne","farmer-boy","jefferson-selected-writings","letters-from-a-stoic","on-friendship","on-war","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-iliad","the-jungle-book","the-persian-expedition","the-theban-plays","watership-down"]},{"id":"roved","term":"roved","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"wandered or roamed from place to place (past tense of rove)","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["roved"],"url":"/glossary/#roved","works":["a-christmas-carol","a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","billy-budd-and-other-stories","captains-courageous","dracula","jane-eyre","little-women","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-call-of-the-wild","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-golden-ass","the-great-gatsby","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-song-of-hiawatha","the-underdogs","thus-spoke-zarathustra"]},{"id":"ruleth","term":"ruleth","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"rules","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["ruleth"],"url":"/glossary/#ruleth","works":["beowulf","body-and-mind","calvin-selected-sermons","confessions","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","latimer-selected-sermons","leviathan","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","meditations","newburgh-address","on-the-making-of-man","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","summa-theologica","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-bible","the-history-of-the-church","the-koran","the-oresteia","the-pilgrims-progress","thus-spoke-zarathustra","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"rushlight","term":"rushlight","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a cheap, dim candle made from a rush plant dipped in fat","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["rushlight"],"url":"/glossary/#rushlight","works":["great-expectations","jane-eyre","moody-selected-sermons","natural-history-a-selection","passages-from-the-life-of-a-philosopher","ruth","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book"]},{"id":"rusticity","term":"rusticity","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"the simple, plain manners of country life; lack of refinement","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["rusticity"],"url":"/glossary/#rusticity","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","democracy-in-america","don-quixote","early-christian-lives","ethics","ivanhoe","leviathan","mansfield-park","plutarch-essays","rousseaus-confessions","silas-marner","st-patricks-writings","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","uncle-toms-cabin"]},{"id":"rustics","term":"rustics","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"country people, especially simple farmers or villagers","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["rustics"],"url":"/glossary/#rustics","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","adams-selected-writings","don-quixote","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","hans-brinker","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","jane-eyre","lysistrata-and-other-plays","maupassant-selected-short-stories","meditations","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","plutarch-essays","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-birth-of-tragedy","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-descent-of-man","the-history-of-the-church","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-twelve-caesars"]},{"id":"ruth","term":"Ruth","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Moabite woman, loyal to her mother-in-law Naomi, whose story is an Old Testament book","note":"Bible","category":"proper","kind":"biblical","bio":"In the Bible, Ruth is a woman from Moab who stays loyal to her mother-in-law Naomi after both of their husbands die. She goes with Naomi to Bethlehem, marries a kind relative named Boaz, and becomes the great-grandmother of King David. The Old Testament book of Ruth tells her story, and she is often remembered as a model of faithfulness.","links":[{"label":"Work: Ruth","url":"/works/ruth/"}],"forms":["ruth"],"url":"/glossary/#ruth","works":["city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","david-copperfield","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","hans-brinker","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","lassie-come-home","leviathan","luckiest-man-speech","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","maupassant-selected-short-stories","medea-and-other-plays","my-antonia","my-fathers-dragon","pensees","psychopathia-sexualis","ruth","sarah-plain-and-tall","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","silas-marner","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bible","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-eagle-of-the-ninth","the-faerie-queene","the-history-of-the-church","the-koran","the-railway-children","uncle-toms-cabin","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"sacerdotal","term":"sacerdotal","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"relating to priests or the priesthood","note":"theology","category":"uncommon","forms":["sacerdotal"],"url":"/glossary/#sacerdotal","works":["a-defence-of-the-constitutions","a-treatise-on-insanity","adams-selected-writings","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","city-of-god","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","emerson-essays","essays-montaigne","hippocratic-writings","jewish-antiquities","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-antichrist","the-history-of-the-church","the-twelve-caesars","twilight-of-the-idols","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"sackcloth","term":"sackcloth","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"rough cloth worn as a sign of grief or 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sets apart for God","note":"theology","category":"literary","forms":["sanctifies"],"url":"/glossary/#sanctifies","works":["adams-selected-writings","city-of-god","david-copperfield","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","jane-eyre","lectures-on-revivals-of-religion","little-women","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","on-the-making-of-man","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-antichrist","the-consolation-of-philosophy","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"sanguinary","term":"sanguinary","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"bloody; involving or eager for bloodshed","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["sanguinary"],"url":"/glossary/#sanguinary","works":["a-treatise-on-insanity","adams-selected-writings","calvin-selected-sermons","city-of-god","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","emerson-essays","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","frankenstein","great-expectations","jefferson-selected-writings","life-on-the-mississippi","lord-jim","maupassant-selected-short-stories","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","moby-dick","on-friendship","on-war","persian-letters","personal-memoirs","peter-pan","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","rousseaus-confessions","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-black-arrow","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-divine-comedy","the-federalist-papers","the-history-of-the-church","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-metaphysical-poets","the-natural-history-of-selborne","the-prince","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-wealth-of-nations","uncle-toms-cabin","white-fang"]},{"id":"sardinia","term":"Sardinia","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"a large Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea; 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The name means the adversary, and in the Gospels he tempts Jesus in the wilderness. Christian teaching describes him as a fallen angel who rebelled against God. 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The Romans linked him with the Greek god Cronus and told of a golden age when he ruled. His winter festival, the Saturnalia, was a time of feasting. 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He came from the tribe of Benjamin, and the prophet Samuel anointed him king. Saul later disobeyed God and grew jealous of the young David. 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Christians believe he saves people from sin and death through his life, death on the cross, and resurrection. 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support","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["sinews"],"url":"/glossary/#sinews","works":["a-model-of-christian-charity","adams-selected-writings","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","beowulf","calvin-selected-sermons","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","democracy-in-america","description-of-the-retreat","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","great-expectations","gullivers-travels","hamlet","hayne-speech-on-foots-resolution","henry-v","homilies-on-the-statues","ivanhoe","jane-eyre","jewish-antiquities","julius-caesar","king-lear","latimer-selected-sermons","le-morte-darthur","lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry","letters-from-a-stoic","metamorphoses","moby-dick","moody-selected-sermons","natural-history-a-selection","novum-organum","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","spurgeon-selected-sermons","summa-theologica","tanglewood-tales","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-arthashastra","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-civil-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-divine-comedy","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","the-faerie-queene","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-history-of-the-church","the-iliad","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-metaphysical-poets","the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket","the-odyssey","the-republic","the-river-war","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-scarlet-letter","the-scarlet-pimpernel","the-sketch-book","the-social-contract","the-song-of-hiawatha","the-song-of-roland","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-tempest","the-thirty-nine-steps","the-tyger","the-wealth-of-nations","timaeus","twelfth-night","uncle-toms-cabin","up-from-slavery","walden","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"sinneth","term":"sinneth","partOfSpeech":"verb","definition":"sins","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["sinneth"],"url":"/glossary/#sinneth","works":["city-of-god","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","latimer-selected-sermons","leviathan","meditations","on-the-making-of-man","romeo-and-juliet","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","sinners-and-the-surprising-work-of-god","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-bible","the-history-of-the-church","the-koran","the-oresteia","the-prince-and-the-pauper","walden","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"sirrah","term":"sirrah","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a 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He grows up while his father is away at the Trojan War, then travels in search of news of him. When Odysseus finally returns home, Telemachus helps him defeat the suitors who have taken over their house. 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also, great uproars or turmoil","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["tempests"],"url":"/glossary/#tempests","works":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","a-treatise-on-insanity","adams-selected-writings","around-the-world-in-eighty-days","calvin-selected-sermons","city-of-god","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","don-quixote","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-bacon","essays-montaigne","gullivers-travels","heart-of-darkness","heidi","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","homilies-on-the-statues","jane-eyre","jewish-antiquities","julius-caesar","little-women","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","lysistrata-and-other-plays","maupassant-selected-short-stories","meditations","mental-maladies","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","northanger-abbey","novum-organum","on-friendship","on-the-making-of-man","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","othello","persian-letters","plutarch-essays","plutarch-lives","poems-hopkins","robinson-crusoe","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","sonnet-116","spurgeon-selected-sermons","the-aeneid","the-age-of-alexander","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-arabian-nights","the-brothers-karamazov","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-gay-science","the-golden-ass","the-iliad","the-metaphysical-poets","the-natural-history-of-selborne","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-princess-and-curdie","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","the-sketch-book","the-social-contract","the-song-of-roland","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-swiss-family-robinson","twelfth-night","twelve-years-a-slave","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","two-lives-of-charlemagne","uncle-toms-cabin","walden","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"tempter","term":"tempter","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"someone who tries to lure another into doing wrong; also a name for the devil","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["tempter"],"url":"/glossary/#tempter","works":["a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","a-tale-of-two-cities","adams-selected-writings","beyond-good-and-evil","city-of-god","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-lives","ecce-homo","effi-briest","hans-brinker","homilies-on-the-gospel-of-john","ivanhoe","maupassant-selected-short-stories","moody-selected-sermons","othello","paradise-lost","ruth","sermons-on-the-song-of-songs","sinners-and-the-surprising-work-of-god","spurgeon-selected-sermons","summa-theologica","the-bible","the-canterbury-tales","the-gay-science","the-innocence-of-father-brown","the-magicians-nephew","the-scarlet-letter","the-screwtape-letters","the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","thus-spoke-zarathustra","uncle-toms-cabin","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons","wuthering-heights"]},{"id":"tempters","term":"tempters","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"those who try to lure others into doing wrong","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["tempters"],"url":"/glossary/#tempters","works":["adams-selected-writings","beyond-good-and-evil","early-black-church-sermons","medea-and-other-plays","robinson-crusoe","the-adventures-of-pinocchio","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-metaphysical-poets","the-screwtape-letters","the-turn-of-the-screw-and-the-aspern-papers","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"]},{"id":"tennyson","term":"Tennyson","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Alfred, Lord Tennyson: English Victorian poet, author of Idylls of the King and In Memoriam","note":"literature","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) was an English poet who served as Poet Laureate for more than forty years under Queen Victoria. 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He was one of the most widely read poets of his age.","links":[{"label":"Author page","url":"/authors/Alfred%2C%20Lord%20Tennyson/"}],"notableWorks":[{"title":"In Memoriam A.H.H.","year":"1850","url":null},{"title":"Ulysses","year":"1842","url":"/works/tennyson-ulysses/"},{"title":"The Lady of Shalott","year":"1832","url":null},{"title":"The Charge of the Light Brigade","year":"1854","url":null},{"title":"Idylls of the King","year":"1859-1885","url":null},{"title":"Maud","year":"1855","url":null},{"title":"Crossing the Bar","year":"1889","url":null}],"forms":["tennyson"],"url":"/glossary/#tennyson","works":["anne-of-green-gables","billy-budd-and-other-stories","challenger-disaster-address","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-black-church-sermons","early-christian-creeds","fragments","if-kipling","journey-of-the-magi","le-morte-darthur","my-last-duchess","on-liberty","on-the-making-of-man","persian-letters","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","tennyson-ulysses","the-descent-of-man","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","the-faerie-queene","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-metaphysical-poets","the-republic","the-road-not-taken","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","watership-down","whitman-complete-poems"]},{"id":"tertian","term":"tertian","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":"describing a fever that comes back every other day","note":null,"category":"uncommon","forms":["tertian"],"url":"/glossary/#tertian","works":["adams-selected-writings","body-and-mind","essays-montaigne","henry-v","hippocratic-writings","mental-maladies","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-medicine","the-descent-of-man","timaeus"]},{"id":"tertullian","term":"Tertullian","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"early Christian writer from North Africa who defended the faith","note":"Church history","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Tertullian (c. AD 155-c. 220) was an early Christian writer from Carthage in North Africa. He was one of the first important Christian authors to write in Latin, and he defended the faith against Roman persecution and against false teaching. His writings helped shape the words the Western Church used to speak about the Trinity.","links":[],"forms":["tertullian"],"url":"/glossary/#tertullian","works":["city-of-god","dignitatis-humanae","donne-sermons-and-devotions","early-christian-creeds","early-christian-lives","essays-montaigne","fragments","homilies-on-the-statues","jefferson-selected-writings","jewish-antiquities","letters-from-a-stoic","madison-selected-writings","metamorphoses","natural-history-a-selection","on-friendship","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","on-the-making-of-man","pensees","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-canterbury-tales","the-history-of-the-church","the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god","the-metaphysical-poets","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-twelve-caesars","the-world-as-will-and-representation","thus-spoke-zarathustra","virginia-statute-for-religious-freedom","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","whitefield-selected-sermons"]},{"id":"terza-rima","term":"terza rima","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a chain of three-line stanzas with interlocking rhymes, used by Dante","note":"literary term","category":"literary","forms":["terza rima"],"url":"/glossary/#terza-rima","works":["the-divine-comedy","the-faerie-queene","the-prince"]},{"id":"tetrameter","term":"tetrameter","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a line of poetry with four metrical feet","note":"literary term","category":"literary","forms":["tetrameter"],"url":"/glossary/#tetrameter","works":["lysistrata-and-other-plays","plutarch-lives","the-age-of-alexander","the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","the-road-not-taken","the-song-of-hiawatha"]},{"id":"tetter","term":"tetter","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":"a skin disease causing itchy, scaly patches or sores","note":"archaic","category":"archaic","forms":["tetter"],"url":"/glossary/#tetter","works":["hamlet","mental-maladies","natural-history-a-selection","plutarch-essays","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-metaphysical-poets","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters"]},{"id":"thales","term":"Thales","partOfSpeech":"proper noun","definition":"Thales of Miletus, an early Greek thinker often called the first philosopher","note":"philosophy","category":"proper","kind":"historical","bio":"Thales of Miletus (c. 624-c. 546 BC) was a Greek thinker from a city on the coast of what is now Turkey. Aristotle called him the first person to look for natural explanations of the world, and he is said to have taught that everything comes from water. 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(when speaking to one person, as the 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