{"title":"Great Ideas","intro":"An index of the great ideas that run through the Western tradition, following the list of ideas that organises the Syntopicon of Great Books of the Western World. Each entry gives a short, neutral definition written for this site and points to works and verified quotations already in this library. Links are found by matching each idea's key words and themes against the library, so they are starting points for study, not a complete concordance.","count":103,"ideas":[{"slug":"angel","name":"Angel","definition":"A created spiritual being, superior to humans and without a body, which Scripture and many traditions describe as a messenger or servant of God.","keywords":["angel","angels","cherubim","seraphim"],"themes":["the-supernatural","faith-religion"],"works":[{"slug":"the-destruction-of-sennacherib","title":"The Destruction of Sennacherib","author":"Lord Byron","year":"1815","greatBooks":false,"levels":["e","j","h"],"url":"/works/the-destruction-of-sennacherib/"},{"slug":"the-phantom-of-the-opera","title":"The Phantom of the Opera","author":"Gaston Leroux","year":"1910","greatBooks":false,"levels":["j","h"],"url":"/works/the-phantom-of-the-opera/"}],"textPassages":[],"passages":[{"id":"chekhov-uncle-vanya-q7","text":"We shall rest. We shall hear the angels. We shall see heaven shining like a jewel.","work":"Uncle Vanya","author":"Anton Chekhov","slug":"chekhov-uncle-vanya","url":"/works/chekhov-uncle-vanya/#chekhov-uncle-vanya-q7"},{"id":"joyce-portrait-of-the-artist-q2","text":"Lucifer, we are told, was a son of the morning, a radiant and mighty angel; yet he fell","work":"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man","author":"James Joyce","slug":"joyce-portrait-of-the-artist","url":"/works/joyce-portrait-of-the-artist/#joyce-portrait-of-the-artist-q2"},{"id":"pensees-q13","text":"Man is neither angel nor brute, and the unfortunate thing is that he who would act the angel acts the brute","work":"Pensees","author":"Blaise Pascal","slug":"pensees","url":"/works/pensees/#pensees-q13"},{"id":"henry-viii-q9","text":"Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition! By that sin fell the angels; how can man, then, The image of his maker, hope to win by it","work":"Henry VIII","author":"William Shakespeare","slug":"henry-viii","url":"/works/henry-viii/#henry-viii-q9"},{"id":"the-federalist-papers-q2","text":"If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary","work":"The Federalist Papers","author":"Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay","slug":"the-federalist-papers","url":"/works/the-federalist-papers/#the-federalist-papers-q2"},{"id":"measure-for-measure-q5","text":"But man, proud man, Dressed in a little brief authority, Most ignorant of what he’s most assured, His glassy essence, like an angry ape Plays such fantastic tricks before high heaven As makes the angels weep","work":"Measure for Measure","author":"William Shakespeare","slug":"measure-for-measure","url":"/works/measure-for-measure/#measure-for-measure-q5"}],"url":"/great-ideas/angel/"},{"slug":"animal","name":"Animal","definition":"A living being that senses and moves itself; thinkers ask how animals differ from plants and from human beings.","keywords":["animal","animals","beast","beasts"],"themes":["animals","science-knowledge"],"works":[{"slug":"aristotle-history-of-animals","title":"History of Animals","author":"Aristotle","year":"c. 350-322 BC","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/aristotle-history-of-animals/"},{"slug":"aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals","title":"On the Motion and Gait of Animals","author":"Aristotle","year":"c. 350-322 BC","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals/"},{"slug":"aristotle-generation-of-animals","title":"Generation of Animals","author":"Aristotle","year":"c. 350-322 BC","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/aristotle-generation-of-animals/"},{"slug":"animal-farm","title":"Animal Farm","author":"George Orwell","year":"1945","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/animal-farm/"},{"slug":"aristotle-parts-of-animals","title":"Parts of Animals","author":"Aristotle","year":"c. 350-322 BC","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/aristotle-parts-of-animals/"},{"slug":"harvey-on-the-motion-of-the-heart-and-blood","title":"On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (De Motu Cordis)","author":"William Harvey","year":"1628","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/harvey-on-the-motion-of-the-heart-and-blood/"},{"slug":"the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","title":"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals","author":"Charles Darwin","year":"1872","greatBooks":false,"levels":[],"url":"/works/the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals/"},{"slug":"the-descent-of-man","title":"The Descent of Man","author":"Charles Darwin","year":"1871","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/the-descent-of-man/"},{"slug":"aristotle-categories","title":"Categories","author":"Aristotle","year":"c. 350 BC","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/aristotle-categories/"},{"slug":"the-island-of-doctor-moreau","title":"The Island of Doctor Moreau","author":"H. G. Wells","year":"1896","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/the-island-of-doctor-moreau/"},{"slug":"harvey-works","title":"The Works of William Harvey","author":"William Harvey","year":"1628-1651","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/harvey-works/"},{"slug":"keynes-the-general-theory","title":"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money","author":"John Maynard Keynes","year":"1936","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/keynes-the-general-theory/"}],"textPassages":[],"passages":[{"id":"aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals-q1","text":"each animal as a whole must have within itself a point at rest","work":"On the Motion and Gait of Animals","author":"Aristotle","slug":"aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals","url":"/works/aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals/#aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals-q1"},{"id":"aristotle-generation-of-animals-q4","text":"This is why there is always a class of men and animals and plants","work":"Generation of Animals","author":"Aristotle","slug":"aristotle-generation-of-animals","url":"/works/aristotle-generation-of-animals/#aristotle-generation-of-animals-q4"},{"id":"aristotle-history-of-animals-q1","text":"And of necessity, man must be the best known to us of all animals","work":"History of Animals","author":"Aristotle","slug":"aristotle-history-of-animals","url":"/works/aristotle-history-of-animals/#aristotle-history-of-animals-q1"},{"id":"aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals-q5","text":"the animal organism must be conceived after the similitude of a well-governed commonwealth","work":"On the Motion and Gait of Animals","author":"Aristotle","slug":"aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals","url":"/works/aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals/#aristotle-movement-and-progression-of-animals-q5"},{"id":"plato-sophist-q2","text":"Yes, the same sort of likeness which a wolf, who is the fiercest of animals, has to a dog, who is the gentlest","work":"Sophist","author":"Plato","slug":"plato-sophist","url":"/works/plato-sophist/#plato-sophist-q2"},{"id":"plato-laws-q7","text":"Man, as we say, is a tame or civilized animal; nevertheless, he requires proper instruction and a fortunate nature","work":"Laws","author":"Plato","slug":"plato-laws","url":"/works/plato-laws/#plato-laws-q7"}],"url":"/great-ideas/animal/"},{"slug":"aristocracy","name":"Aristocracy","definition":"Rule by the best, meaning the few who are most virtuous or able, as opposed to rule by one or by the many.","keywords":["aristocracy","aristocrats","nobility","nobles"],"themes":["power-politics","class-society"],"works":[{"slug":"james-the-american","title":"The American","author":"Henry James","year":"1877","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/james-the-american/"},{"slug":"the-scarlet-pimpernel","title":"The Scarlet Pimpernel","author":"Baroness Orczy","year":"1905","greatBooks":false,"levels":["j"],"url":"/works/the-scarlet-pimpernel/"}],"textPassages":[],"passages":[{"id":"titus-andronicus-q1","text":"Sweet mercy is nobility’s true badge","work":"Titus Andronicus","author":"William Shakespeare","slug":"titus-andronicus","url":"/works/titus-andronicus/#titus-andronicus-q1"},{"id":"polybius-histories-book-vi-q3","text":"no one could say for certain, not even a native, whether the constitution as a whole were an aristocracy or democracy or despotism.","work":"The Histories, Book VI","author":"Polybius","slug":"polybius-histories-book-vi","url":"/works/polybius-histories-book-vi/#polybius-histories-book-vi-q3"},{"id":"ibn-battuta-travels-q6","text":"The Turkish women of these parts are very highly respected, particularly the wives of the nobles and kings. These women are religious, and prone to almsgiving and other good works.","work":"The Travels of Ibn Battuta","author":"Ibn Battuta","slug":"ibn-battuta-travels","url":"/works/ibn-battuta-travels/#ibn-battuta-travels-q6"},{"id":"ivanhoe-q1","text":"when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles","work":"Ivanhoe","author":"Walter Scott","slug":"ivanhoe","url":"/works/ivanhoe/#ivanhoe-q1"}],"url":"/great-ideas/aristocracy/"},{"slug":"art","name":"Art","definition":"Skilled making, from the useful crafts to the fine arts; also the knowledge or rules by which such making is done.","keywords":["art","arts","artist","craft"],"themes":["art-creation"],"works":[{"slug":"horace-ars-poetica","title":"The Art of Poetry (Ars Poetica)","author":"Horace","year":"c. 19-10 BC","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/horace-ars-poetica/"},{"slug":"joyce-portrait-of-the-artist","title":"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man","author":"James Joyce","year":"1916","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/joyce-portrait-of-the-artist/"},{"slug":"aristotle-poetics","title":"Poetics","author":"Aristotle","year":"c. 335 BCE","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/aristotle-poetics/"},{"slug":"the-art-of-the-commonplace","title":"The Art of the Commonplace","author":"Wendell Berry","year":"2002","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/the-art-of-the-commonplace/"},{"slug":"an-essay-on-criticism","title":"An Essay on Criticism","author":"Alexander Pope","year":"1711","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/an-essay-on-criticism/"},{"slug":"plato-ion","title":"Ion","author":"Plato","year":"c. 390s BC","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/plato-ion/"},{"slug":"the-winters-tale","title":"The Winter's Tale","author":"William Shakespeare","year":"c. 1611","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/the-winters-tale/"},{"slug":"mann-death-in-venice","title":"Death in Venice","author":"Thomas Mann","year":"1912","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/mann-death-in-venice/"},{"slug":"proust-swanns-way","title":"Swann's Way","author":"Marcel Proust","year":"1913","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/proust-swanns-way/"},{"slug":"huizinga-the-waning-of-the-middle-ages","title":"The Waning of the Middle Ages","author":"Johan Huizinga","year":"1919","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/huizinga-the-waning-of-the-middle-ages/"},{"slug":"metamorphoses","title":"Metamorphoses","author":"Ovid","year":"8 CE","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/metamorphoses/"},{"slug":"sei-shonagon-the-pillow-book","title":"The Pillow-Book of Sei Shōnagon","author":"Sei Shōnagon","year":"c. 1002","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/sei-shonagon-the-pillow-book/"}],"textPassages":[],"passages":[{"id":"aeschylus-prometheus-bound-and-other-plays-q5","text":"All arts, for mortals’ use, Prometheus gave","work":"Prometheus Bound and Other Plays","author":"Aeschylus","slug":"aeschylus-prometheus-bound-and-other-plays","url":"/works/aeschylus-prometheus-bound-and-other-plays/#aeschylus-prometheus-bound-and-other-plays-q5"},{"id":"loves-labours-lost-q6","text":"They are the books, the arts, the academes, That show, contain, and nourish, all the world","work":"Love's Labour's Lost","author":"William Shakespeare","slug":"loves-labours-lost","url":"/works/loves-labours-lost/#loves-labours-lost-q6"},{"id":"novum-organum-q10","text":"Now the empire of man over things is founded on the arts and sciences alone, for nature is only to be commanded by obeying her","work":"Novum Organum","author":"Francis Bacon","slug":"novum-organum","url":"/works/novum-organum/#novum-organum-q10"},{"id":"plato-protagoras-q3","text":"To all,' said Zeus; 'I should like them all to have a share; for cities cannot exist, if a few only share in the virtues, as in the arts","work":"Protagoras","author":"Plato","slug":"plato-protagoras","url":"/works/plato-protagoras/#plato-protagoras-q3"},{"id":"enneads-q1","text":"he must learn to recognise the beauty in the arts, sciences, virtues; then these severed and particular forms must be brought under the one principle","work":"Enneads","author":"Plotinus","slug":"enneads","url":"/works/enneads/#enneads-q1"},{"id":"joyce-portrait-of-the-artist-q5","text":"The artist, like the God of creation, remains within or behind or beyond or above his handiwork, invisible, refined out of existence, indifferent, paring his fingernails.","work":"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man","author":"James Joyce","slug":"joyce-portrait-of-the-artist","url":"/works/joyce-portrait-of-the-artist/#joyce-portrait-of-the-artist-q5"}],"url":"/great-ideas/art/"},{"slug":"astronomy","name":"Astronomy","definition":"The study of the heavens: the motions, nature and order of the sun, moon, planets and stars.","keywords":["astronomy","planets","stars","heavens"],"themes":["science-knowledge"],"works":[{"slug":"kepler-epitome-of-copernican-astronomy","title":"Epitome of Copernican Astronomy","author":"Johannes Kepler","year":"1617-1621","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/kepler-epitome-of-copernican-astronomy/"},{"slug":"kepler-new-astronomy-and-harmony-of-the-world","title":"New Astronomy and The Harmony of the World","author":"Johannes Kepler","year":"1609-1619","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/kepler-new-astronomy-and-harmony-of-the-world/"},{"slug":"aristotle-on-the-heavens","title":"On the Heavens","author":"Aristotle","year":"c. 350 BC","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/aristotle-on-the-heavens/"},{"slug":"ptolemy-almagest","title":"Almagest","author":"Claudius Ptolemy","year":"c. 150 CE","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/ptolemy-almagest/"},{"slug":"natural-history-a-selection","title":"Natural History: A Selection","author":"Pliny the Elder","year":"c. 77 CE","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/natural-history-a-selection/"},{"slug":"a-treatise-of-human-nature","title":"A Treatise of Human Nature","author":"David Hume","year":"1739-1740","greatBooks":false,"levels":[],"url":"/works/a-treatise-of-human-nature/"},{"slug":"durant-our-oriental-heritage","title":"Our Oriental Heritage","author":"Will Durant","year":"1935","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/durant-our-oriental-heritage/"},{"slug":"that-hideous-strength","title":"That Hideous Strength","author":"C. S. Lewis","year":"1945","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/that-hideous-strength/"}],"textPassages":[],"passages":[{"id":"henry-vi-part-1-q1","text":"Hung be the heavens with black, yield day to night","work":"Henry VI, Part 1","author":"William Shakespeare","slug":"henry-vi-part-1","url":"/works/henry-vi-part-1/#henry-vi-part-1-q1"},{"id":"the-merry-wives-of-windsor-q9","text":"In love, the heavens themselves do guide the state. Money buys lands, and wives are sold by fate","work":"The Merry Wives of Windsor","author":"William Shakespeare","slug":"the-merry-wives-of-windsor","url":"/works/the-merry-wives-of-windsor/#the-merry-wives-of-windsor-q9"},{"id":"utilitarianism-q10","text":"Nobody argues that the art of navigation is not founded on astronomy, because sailors cannot wait to calculate the Nautical Almanack","work":"Utilitarianism","author":"John Stuart Mill","slug":"utilitarianism","url":"/works/utilitarianism/#utilitarianism-q10"},{"id":"kant-critique-of-practical-reason-q7","text":"Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the oftener and the more steadily we reflect on them: the starry heavens above and the moral law within.","work":"Critique of Practical Reason","author":"Immanuel Kant","slug":"kant-critique-of-practical-reason","url":"/works/kant-critique-of-practical-reason/#kant-critique-of-practical-reason-q7"},{"id":"apologia-pro-vita-sua-q5","text":"He who has seen a ghost, cannot be as if he had never seen it. The heavens had opened and closed again.","work":"Apologia Pro Vita Sua","author":"John Henry Newman","slug":"apologia-pro-vita-sua","url":"/works/apologia-pro-vita-sua/#apologia-pro-vita-sua-q5"},{"id":"poe-tales-q4","text":"During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens","work":"Tales (Selection)","author":"Edgar Allan Poe","slug":"poe-tales","url":"/works/poe-tales/#poe-tales-q4"}],"url":"/great-ideas/astronomy/"},{"slug":"beauty","name":"Beauty","definition":"The quality that pleases when seen, heard or understood, often linked to order, proportion and radiance.","keywords":["beauty","beautiful","lovely"],"themes":["art-creation","nature-landscape"],"works":[{"slug":"she-walks-in-beauty","title":"She Walks in Beauty","author":"Lord Byron","year":"1814 (published 1815)","greatBooks":false,"levels":["j","h"],"url":"/works/she-walks-in-beauty/"},{"slug":"kant-critique-of-judgement","title":"The Critique of Judgement","author":"Immanuel Kant","year":"1790","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/kant-critique-of-judgement/"},{"slug":"plato-critias","title":"Critias","author":"Plato","year":"c. 360 BC","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/plato-critias/"},{"slug":"chekhov-uncle-vanya","title":"Uncle Vanya","author":"Anton Chekhov","year":"1898","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/chekhov-uncle-vanya/"},{"slug":"mann-death-in-venice","title":"Death in Venice","author":"Thomas Mann","year":"1912","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/mann-death-in-venice/"},{"slug":"hardy-a-mathematicians-apology","title":"A Mathematician's Apology","author":"G. H. Hardy","year":"1940","greatBooks":true,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/hardy-a-mathematicians-apology/"},{"slug":"composed-upon-westminster-bridge","title":"Composed upon Westminster Bridge","author":"William Wordsworth","year":"1802 (published 1807)","greatBooks":false,"levels":["j","h"],"url":"/works/composed-upon-westminster-bridge/"},{"slug":"kawabata-snow-country","title":"Snow Country","author":"Yasunari Kawabata","year":"1935–1937; completed 1948","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/kawabata-snow-country/"},{"slug":"ode-on-a-grecian-urn","title":"Ode on a Grecian Urn","author":"John Keats","year":"written 1819; published 1820","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/ode-on-a-grecian-urn/"},{"slug":"the-true-story-of-my-life","title":"The True Story of My Life","author":"Hans Christian Andersen","year":"1846","greatBooks":false,"levels":["j","h"],"url":"/works/the-true-story-of-my-life/"},{"slug":"the-picture-of-dorian-gray","title":"The Picture of Dorian Gray","author":"Oscar Wilde","year":"1891","greatBooks":false,"levels":["h"],"url":"/works/the-picture-of-dorian-gray/"},{"slug":"our-national-parks","title":"Our National Parks","author":"John Muir","year":"1901","greatBooks":false,"levels":["j","h"],"url":"/works/our-national-parks/"}],"textPassages":[],"passages":[{"id":"augustine-on-christian-doctrine-q4","text":"To teach is a necessity, to delight is a beauty, to persuade is a triumph","work":"On Christian Doctrine","author":"Augustine of Hippo","slug":"augustine-on-christian-doctrine","url":"/works/augustine-on-christian-doctrine/#augustine-on-christian-doctrine-q4"},{"id":"moliere-the-miser-and-the-would-be-gentleman-q1","text":"without dowry\" compensates for want of beauty, youth, birth, honour, wisdom, and probity","work":"The Miser and The Would-Be Gentleman","author":"Molière","slug":"moliere-the-miser-and-the-would-be-gentleman","url":"/works/moliere-the-miser-and-the-would-be-gentleman/#moliere-the-miser-and-the-would-be-gentleman-q1"},{"id":"confessions-q6","text":"Too late loved I Thee, O Thou Beauty of ancient days, yet ever new! too late I loved Thee","work":"Confessions","author":"Augustine of Hippo","slug":"confessions","url":"/works/confessions/#confessions-q6"},{"id":"kant-critique-of-judgement-q7","text":"to take an _immediate interest_ in the Beauty of Nature (not merely to have taste in judging it) is always a mark of a good soul","work":"The Critique of Judgement","author":"Immanuel Kant","slug":"kant-critique-of-judgement","url":"/works/kant-critique-of-judgement/#kant-critique-of-judgement-q7"},{"id":"phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii-q2","text":"Beloved Pan, and all ye other gods who haunt this place, give me beauty in the inward soul; 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You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets.","work":"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man","author":"James Joyce","slug":"joyce-portrait-of-the-artist","url":"/works/joyce-portrait-of-the-artist/#joyce-portrait-of-the-artist-q4"},{"id":"lavoisier-elements-of-chemistry-q2","text":"we cannot improve the language of any science without at the same time improving the science itself; neither can we, on the other hand, improve a science, without improving the language or nomenclature which belongs to it.","work":"Elements of Chemistry","author":"Antoine Lavoisier","slug":"lavoisier-elements-of-chemistry","url":"/works/lavoisier-elements-of-chemistry/#lavoisier-elements-of-chemistry-q2"},{"id":"euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays-q3","text":"But when the laws are written down, rich and poor alike have equal justice, and it is open to the weaker to use the same language to the prosperous when he is reviled by him, and the weaker prevails over the stronger if he have justice on his side.","work":"Iphigenia in Aulis and Other Plays","author":"Euripides","slug":"euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays","url":"/works/euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays/#euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays-q3"},{"id":"richards-principles-of-literary-criticism-q2","text":"There are two totally distinct uses of language.","work":"Principles of Literary Criticism","author":"I. 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Barnette","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","slug":"west-virginia-v-barnette","url":"/works/west-virginia-v-barnette/#west-virginia-v-barnette-q6"},{"id":"plessy-v-ferguson-q3","text":"If the two races are to meet upon terms of social equality, it must be the result of natural affinities, a mutual appreciation of each other's merits, and a voluntary consent of individuals.","work":"Plessy v. Ferguson","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","slug":"plessy-v-ferguson","url":"/works/plessy-v-ferguson/#plessy-v-ferguson-q3"},{"id":"madison-second-inaugural-address-q6","text":"Not to contend for such a stake is to surrender our equality with other powers on the element common to all and to violate the sacred title which every member of the society has to its protection","work":"Second Inaugural Address","author":"James Madison","slug":"madison-second-inaugural-address","url":"/works/madison-second-inaugural-address/#madison-second-inaugural-address-q6"}],"url":"/great-ideas/equality/"}]}