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In the title story, a grandmother's nostalgia and manipulations help divert a family trip toward the Misfit, whose murders expose both her shallow goodness and her final reach toward kinship.","lessonTitles":["A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories: formed attention","A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories: order and disorder","A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories: body and soul"],"comparisons":["the-scarlet-letter","crime-and-punishment"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"a-good-man-is-hard-to-find-and-other-stories","caption":"Portrait of Flannery O'Connor.","credit":"Cmacauley; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Flannery O'Connor","title":"Flannery-O'Connor 1947","creator":"Cmacauley","date":"2011-09-03","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Flannery-O%27Connor_1947.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flannery-O%27Connor_1947.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This file was derived from: Robie with Flannery 1947.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/a-good-man-is-hard-to-find-and-other-stories.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":313,"height":389,"bytes":13151,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/a-good-man-is-hard-to-find-and-other-stories.json","url":"/works/a-good-man-is-hard-to-find-and-other-stories/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"a-letter-concerning-toleration","title":"A Letter Concerning Toleration","author":"John Locke","year":"1689","sortYear":1689,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"1689 spelling; clear argument."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","power-politics","justice-law","virtue-ethics","doubt-meaning"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","medical-ethics","pain"],"blurb":"A Letter Concerning Toleration is John Locke's argument that the civil government and the church are two distinct societies with different ends, and that the magistrate has no authority to compel belief or worship. 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McCulloch and Pitts propose an idealized model of neurons that fire or do not fire according to logical relations among their inputs.","lessonTitles":["Simplification can open a research program","Mind and mechanism meet in networks","Reduction needs humility"],"comparisons":["cybernetics","computable-numbers-and-computing-machinery","the-principles-of-psychology","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"logical-calculus-of-ideas-immanent-in-nervous-activity","caption":"Walter Pitts, co-author, in 1954.","credit":"Creator:Francis Bello (1917-1987); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts","title":"1954 Walter Pitts and a blackboard","creator":"Creator:Francis Bello (1917-1987)","date":"1954-05-05","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/1954_Walter_Pitts_and_a_blackboard.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1954_Walter_Pitts_and_a_blackboard.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://alchetron.com/cdn/walter-pitts-a3368cbd-5518-4d92-96c5-9917df86076-resize-750.jpeg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/logical-calculus-of-ideas-immanent-in-nervous-activity.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":489,"height":720,"bytes":55830,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/logical-calculus-of-ideas-immanent-in-nervous-activity.json","url":"/works/logical-calculus-of-ideas-immanent-in-nervous-activity/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"mathematical-theory-of-communication","title":"A Mathematical Theory of Communication","author":"Claude Shannon","year":"1938 / 1948","sortYear":1948,"era":"computing","genre":"computing","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"technical paper"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","technology-modernity","language-storytelling","doubt-meaning","education"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["mind-body","psychology-unconscious","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"This entry joins Claude Shannon's 1938 master's thesis on relay and switching circuits with his 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication. 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Cambridge University Press published it in 1940.","lessonTitles":["Beauty as a test of truth's worth","Usefulness is not the only measure","An honest accounting of a life"],"comparisons":["euclid-elements-book-i","archimedes-the-method","plato-meno","poincare-science-and-hypothesis","russell-problems-of-philosophy"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"g-h-hardy","caption":"Portrait of G. H. Hardy (circa 1915).","credit":"R. McGuffie photography studio, Hobart; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"G. H. Hardy","title":"George Hudleston Hurlstone Hardy","creator":"R. 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The lovers flee into the wood, followed by Demetrius and Helena, and the play transfers civic conflict into a night world governed by Oberon, Titania, Puck, and the flower whose juice alters desire.","lessonTitles":["A Midsummer Night's Dream: formed attention","A Midsummer Night's Dream: order and disorder","A Midsummer Night's Dream: body and soul"],"comparisons":["twelfth-night","macbeth"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/a-midsummer-nights-dream.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1514","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1514","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"a-midsummer-nights-dream","caption":"Title page of the 1600 first quarto of A Midsummer Night's Dream.","credit":"William Shakespeare; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","title":"Midsommer nights dreame 1600 Quarto title page","creator":"William Shakespeare","date":"1600","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Midsommer_nights_dreame_1600_Quarto_title_page.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Midsommer_nights_dreame_1600_Quarto_title_page.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"A Midsommer nights dreame, Quarto of 1600","localPath":"site/public/portraits/a-midsummer-nights-dream.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":371,"height":556,"bytes":70567,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/a-midsummer-nights-dream.json","url":"/works/a-midsummer-nights-dream/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"a-model-of-christian-charity","title":"A Model of Christian Charity","author":"John Winthrop","year":"1630","sortYear":1630,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","class-society","money-wealth","leadership","home-exile","justice-law"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"A Model of Christian Charity is a lay sermon or discourse that John Winthrop composed in 1630 for the company of Puritan emigrants he was leading from England to Massachusetts Bay. The surviving heading says it was written in his passage across the Atlantic, and it has traditionally been pictured as preached aboard the flagship Arbella, though some historians think it was delivered before the fleet sailed or circulated in manuscript.","lessonTitles":["Inequality as an occasion for love","Love as the ligament of a community","Covenant and public witness"],"comparisons":["the-bible","lincoln-second-inaugural-address","democracy-in-america","the-scarlet-letter"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/a-model-of-christian-charity.txt","source":"Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3rd series, vol. 7 (Boston, 1838), pp. 31-48, via Hanover Historical Texts Project","sourceUrl":"https://history.hanover.edu/texts/winthmod.html","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"a-model-of-christian-charity","caption":"Early edition of A Model of Christian Charity (1630).","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"A Model of Christian Charity","title":"A Modell of Christian Charity, 1838 printing by the Massachusetts Historical Society","creator":"Unknown author","date":"1838 printing","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/A_Modell_of_Christian_Charity%2C_1838_printing_by_the_Massachusetts_Historical_Society.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Modell_of_Christian_Charity,_1838_printing_by_the_Massachusetts_Historical_Society.png","institution":"","creditLine":"\"A Modell of Christian Charity\", Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, third series, vol. 7 (1838): 31–48, here 33, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101076467495&seq=39","localPath":"site/public/portraits/a-model-of-christian-charity.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":433,"height":720,"bytes":65809,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/a-model-of-christian-charity.json","url":"/works/a-model-of-christian-charity/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Winthrop defines love as the bond of perfection and calls the company to make other's conditions their own, rejoicing, mourning, laboring, and suffering together."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The discourse distinguishes the rule of justice in commerce from the rule of mercy toward the needy and gives careful rules for lending and forgiving debts."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Winthrop holds that no man is made richer or more honorable for his own sake and names Micah's walk humbly with our God as the way to avoid shipwreck.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The company's whole enterprise is framed as a covenant and commission from God whose articles must be kept, ending with Moses's charge to choose life by cleaving to Him."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"a-modest-proposal","title":"A Modest Proposal","author":"Jonathan Swift","year":"1729","sortYear":1729,"era":"18th-century","genre":"satire","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classical-11th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"satire; needs historical context"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["satire-folly","class-society","power-politics","justice-law"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["starvation-nutrition","public-health-sanitation","childbirth-maternal","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"A Modest Proposal is Swift's savage 1729 pamphlet on Irish poverty under British rule, written in the voice of a projector who treats hunger, tenancy, children, and mothers as items in a national account. The speaker begins with beggars and starving children in Dublin streets, then adopts the language of calculation: numbers of infants, costs of nursing, market value, culinary uses, and benefits to landlords.","lessonTitles":["A Modest Proposal: formed attention","A Modest Proposal: order and disorder","A Modest Proposal: body and soul"],"comparisons":["gullivers-travels","the-communist-manifesto"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/a-modest-proposal.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1080","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1080","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"a-modest-proposal","caption":"Early edition of A Modest Proposal (1729).","credit":"Jonathan Swift; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"A Modest Proposal","title":"A Modest Proposal 1729 Cover","creator":"Jonathan Swift","date":"1729","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/A_Modest_Proposal_1729_Cover.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Modest_Proposal_1729_Cover.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/swift-defoe/virtual-exhibition/photos/photo31.html","localPath":"site/public/portraits/a-modest-proposal.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":274,"height":480,"bytes":27103,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/a-modest-proposal.json","url":"/works/a-modest-proposal/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"narrative-of-yellow-fever-1793","title":"A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia","author":"Richard Allen and Absalom Jones","year":"1794","sortYear":1794,"era":"18th-century","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"epidemic deaths"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["race-slavery","illness-body","justice-law","faith-religion","class-society","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","fever-infection","nursing-caregiving","public-health-sanitation","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia is one of the most important public-health and Black-authored documents of the early United States. Written by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones after the devastating yellow fever epidemic of 1793, it answers Mathew Carey's published accusations that Black Philadelphians profited from disaster or behaved badly during the crisis.","lessonTitles":["Epidemic memory is contested","Racial myths can allocate risk","Care labor deserves testimony"],"comparisons":["medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","early-black-church-sermons"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/narrative-of-yellow-fever-1793.txt","source":"Internet Archive 2559020R.nlm.nih.gov","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/2559020R.nlm.nih.gov","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"narrative-of-yellow-fever-1793","caption":"Portrait of Richard Allen, co-author with Absalom Jones.","credit":"Daniel A. Payne; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Richard Allen and Absalom Jones","title":"Richard Allen crop","creator":"Daniel A. 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Its five chapters are written in a style that grows with him, from the nursery language of the opening, in which his father tells him a story about a moocow and baby tuckoo, to the abstract arguments and private diary of the last chapter.","lessonTitles":["A style that grows with its hero","Family, nation and church at one table","Fear, repentance and its limits","The vocation of the artist"],"comparisons":["confessions","metamorphoses","apologia-pro-vita-sua","the-divine-comedy","eliot-the-waste-land","david-copperfield"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/joyce-portrait-of-the-artist.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #4217","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4217","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"james-joyce","caption":"James Joyce, photograph.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"James Joyce","title":"Revolutionary Joyce Better Contrast","creator":"Unknown","date":"","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"","localPath":"site/public/portraits/james-joyce.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q6882 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":537,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/joyce-portrait-of-the-artist.json","url":"/works/joyce-portrait-of-the-artist/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Pandied unfairly by Father Dolan, the small Stephen walks alone down the long corridor to tell the rector, who sets the wrong right."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"After the retreat Stephen confesses in the Capuchin chapel and orders each day of Chapter IV around prayer and the sacraments."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Cranly listens patiently to Stephen's doubts in Chapter V and urges him to consider his mother's love before refusing her request."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"mill-system-of-logic-book-iii","title":"A System of Logic, Book III: Of Induction","author":"John Stuart Mill","year":"1843","sortYear":1843,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Long, rigorous Victorian argument."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","illness-body","faith-religion","fate-free-will","education"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons","fever-infection","mind-body","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, was published in London in 1843 in two volumes and went through eight editions in John Stuart Mill's lifetime, the last revised in 1872. Of its six books, the third, Of Induction, is the longest and the most influential; the library text gives that book alone, from an 1882 American printing of the eighth edition.","lessonTitles":["From the known to the unknown","The cause is the whole set of conditions","Eliminate what cannot be the cause","Why medicine is hard to prove"],"comparisons":["whewell-novum-organon-renovatum","novum-organum","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery","bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine","on-liberty"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/mill-system-of-logic-book-iii.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #27942 (A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 8th ed., New York: Harper, 1882)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27942","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-stuart-mill","caption":"Portrait of John Stuart Mill (circa 1870).","credit":"London Stereoscopic Company; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Stuart Mill","title":"John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870","creator":"London Stereoscopic Company","date":"circa 1870","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company,_c1870.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Hulton Archive","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-stuart-mill.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q50020; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":573,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/mill-system-of-logic-book-iii.json","url":"/works/mill-system-of-logic-book-iii/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In Chapter X Mill warns that recoveries observed after a remedy prove little, and counsels careful comparison and verification before trusting a cure."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Mill states Whewell's views at length and in later editions answers his reply, granting where he thinks Whewell is right about Kepler's process of guessing."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"He closes Chapter III by admitting that whoever can explain why one instance sometimes suffices has solved a problem the wisest of the ancients did not."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Mill revised the work through eight editions over three decades, adding examples and replies to critics."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"a-tale-of-two-cities","title":"A Tale of Two Cities","author":"Charles Dickens","year":"1859","sortYear":1859,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","justice-law","revenge","class-society","war-violence","faith-religion","memory-time","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["trauma-shell-shock","dementia-memory","physicians-doctors","fever-infection","pharmacology-poisons","anatomy-dissection","alcohol","starvation-nutrition","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"A Tale of Two Cities moves between London and Paris from 1775 to the Reign of Terror in 1793-94. In Book the First, Recalled to Life, Jarvis Lorry, a clerk of Tellson's Bank, travels by the Dover mail and sends back the cryptic message Recalled to life by the porter Jerry Cruncher.","lessonTitles":["A wasted life redeemed by sacrifice","Cruelty breeds its own monsters","Love that restores","The past does not stay buried"],"comparisons":["the-scarlet-pimpernel","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","great-expectations","a-christmas-carol","the-hiding-place"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/a-tale-of-two-cities.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #98","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/98","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"a-tale-of-two-cities","caption":"Cover of the original monthly serial of A Tale of Two Cities (1859).","credit":"Chapman & Hall; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"A Tale of Two Cities","title":"Tales serial","creator":"Chapman & Hall","date":"1859","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Tales_serial.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tales_serial.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Christies Auction House","localPath":"site/public/portraits/a-tale-of-two-cities.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":259,"height":404,"bytes":36993,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/a-tale-of-two-cities.json","url":"/works/a-tale-of-two-cities/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Carton takes Darnay's place at the guillotine so that Lucie may keep the life she loves."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Miss Pross stands her ground against an armed Madame Defarge to protect Lucie's escape."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Darnay renounces an estate built on the misery of its tenants and returns to France to help the imprisoned Gabelle."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Jarvis Lorry stays at the Manettes' side for eighteen years, from Dover to the escape from Paris."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"spinoza-theologico-political-treatise","title":"A Theologico-Political Treatise","author":"Baruch Spinoza","year":"1670","sortYear":1670,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"12–12","minGrade":12,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Dense biblical and philosophical argument."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","power-politics","justice-law","science-knowledge","doubt-meaning","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["mind-body","neurosis-anxiety","melancholia-depression"],"blurb":"A Theologico-Political Treatise (Tractatus Theologico-Politicus) was published anonymously in Latin in Amsterdam in 1670, under a false Hamburg imprint, by the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. Its title page announces its purpose: to show that freedom to philosophize can be granted without harm to piety or the peace of the commonwealth, and cannot be withheld without destroying both.","lessonTitles":["Freedom of thought and the peace of the state","A method for reading Scripture","The separation of faith and philosophy","Natural right and the origin of the state"],"comparisons":["ethics","leviathan","areopagitica","a-letter-concerning-toleration","pensees"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/spinoza-theologico-political-treatise.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #989-#992","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/989","translator":"R. H. M. 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What exists are minds and the ideas they perceive; for sensible things, to be is to be perceived.","lessonTitles":["Test a word by the idea behind it","Common sense can be on a strange-sounding side","Order in nature as a language","Philosophy in the service of piety"],"comparisons":["an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","a-treatise-of-human-nature","meditations-on-first-philosophy","critique-of-pure-reason","boswell-life-of-johnson"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/berkeley-principles-of-human-knowledge.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #4723","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4723","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"george-berkeley","caption":"George Berkeley, painted by John Smibert (c. 1728).","credit":"John Smibert; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"George Berkeley","title":"George Berkeley by Jonh Smibert","creator":"John Smibert","date":"circa 1728","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/George_Berkeley_by_Jonh_Smibert.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Berkeley_by_Jonh_Smibert.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"[1]","localPath":"site/public/portraits/george-berkeley.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q82049 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":255,"height":350}},"path":"content/works/berkeley-principles-of-human-knowledge.json","url":"/works/berkeley-principles-of-human-knowledge/","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Berkeley ends the treatise in section 156 by declaring that its whole design is to bring readers to a sense of God's presence and their duty."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The Preface asks readers to suspend judgment until they have read the whole, and the Introduction blames philosophers' own habits, not the limits of nature, for their confusion."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In section 51 Berkeley counsels speaking in the ordinary way about fire and sunrise while thinking precisely, refusing to let a philosophical thesis disrupt common speech."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"a-treatise-of-human-nature","title":"A Treatise of Human Nature","author":"David Hume","year":"1739-1740","sortYear":1739,"era":"18th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"hard philosophy"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","identity-self","doubt-meaning","madness-mind","virtue-ethics","isolation-alienation"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","neurosis-anxiety","madness-psychosis","psychology-unconscious","mind-body","philosophy-as-therapy","humoral-medicine","dementia-memory"],"blurb":"Hume subtitled his first book 'an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects', and he meant it literally: as Newton had explained the heavens by a few observed principles, Hume would explain belief, emotion and morality by a few principles of the mind. 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The treatise moves between nosology, institutional observation, and therapeutic counsel.","lessonTitles":["A Treatise on Insanity teaches historical caution","A Treatise on Insanity links evidence and authority","A Treatise on Insanity complicates mind and body","A Treatise on Insanity warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","description-of-the-retreat","mental-maladies","hippocratic-writings"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/a-treatise-on-insanity.txt","source":"Internet Archive scan of Davis 1806 translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/treatiseoninsani00pine","translator":"D. D. 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It is usually described as the earliest surviving work devoted to these diseases and the first to set out clearly how to tell them apart at the bedside.","lessonTitles":["Respect for authority, and its limits","Telling diseases apart","Theory and practice","Medicine under Providence"],"comparisons":["galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings","avicenna-canon-of-medicine-book-i","harper-the-fate-of-rome","pasteur-and-lister-germ-theory-papers"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/al-razi-treatise-on-smallpox-and-measles.txt","source":"A Treatise on the Small-Pox and Measles, trans. 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Eddie Carbone, a hard-working dock labourer, lives with his wife Beatrice and her orphaned niece Catherine, whom they have raised.","lessonTitles":["Denied desire becomes destructive","Law and community justice differ","Tragedy can happen to ordinary people"],"comparisons":["death-of-a-salesman","macbeth","twelve-angry-men","the-underdogs"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"arthur-miller","caption":"Portrait of Arthur Miller.","credit":"Wolfgang Fischer; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Arthur Miller","title":"Arthur Miller by Wolfgang Fischer-01","creator":"Wolfgang Fischer","date":"1960ies","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Arthur_Miller_by_Wolfgang_Fischer-01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Miller_by_Wolfgang_Fischer-01.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/arthur-miller.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q80596; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":565,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/a-view-from-the-bridge.json","url":"/works/a-view-from-the-bridge/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/274240558440","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman","title":"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman","author":"Mary Wollstonecraft","year":"1792","sortYear":1792,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"18th-century prose, long digressions."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["gender-women","education","virtue-ethics","marriage","faith-religion","family","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving","childbirth-maternal","quackery-charlatans","mind-body","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in about six weeks in the autumn of 1791, and Joseph Johnson published it in London early in 1792. Two years earlier she had answered Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France with A Vindication of the Rights of Men.","lessonTitles":["Virtue has one standard","Education shapes character","Marriage as friendship between rational companions","A revolution in manners as well as laws"],"comparisons":["the-social-contract","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","burke-paine-debate","the-subjection-of-women","frankenstein","paradise-lost"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #3420","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3420","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"mary-wollstonecraft","caption":"Portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft (circa 1797).","credit":"John Opie; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Mary Wollstonecraft","title":"Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797)","creator":"John Opie","date":"circa 1797","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. This may be due to recogn","localPath":"site/public/portraits/mary-wollstonecraft.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q101638 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":590,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman.json","url":"/works/vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman/","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Chapter 4 sets the aim of women's education as power over themselves, the government of passion by reason."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Chapters 2 and 3 reject cultivated weakness and call women to strength of body and mind for the duties of life."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Chapter 9 proposes that women study medicine, practise midwifery and manage farms and shops."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The whole argument rests on the claim that God gave women reason and immortal souls to grow in virtue toward him."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"a-wonder-book","title":"A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys","author":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","year":"1851","sortYear":1851,"era":"19th-century","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–6","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":6,"note":"read-aloud"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","money-wealth","childhood","language-storytelling","the-supernatural","virtue-ethics","faith-religion","family"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["starvation-nutrition","ancient-medicine","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys is Nathaniel Hawthorne's first book of Greek myths retold for children. Six stories are set inside a frame: Eustace Bright, an eighteen-year-old Williams College student on vacation, tells them to a crowd of children staying at Tanglewood, a country house in the Berkshires, whom Hawthorne gives flower and plant names such as Primrose, Periwinkle, Sweet Fern, Dandelion, Squash-Blossom and Buttercup.","lessonTitles":["What is truly precious","Hope after trouble","Welcoming the stranger","Faith and patience"],"comparisons":["tanglewood-tales","kingsley-the-heroes","metamorphoses","bulfinch-age-of-fable","the-scarlet-letter"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/a-wonder-book.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #32242, A Wonder Book for Girls & Boys","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32242","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"nathaniel-hawthorne","caption":"Portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne.","credit":"Mathew Benjamin Brady; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","title":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","creator":"Mathew Benjamin Brady","date":"between circa 1860 and circa 1865","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Nathaniel_Hawthorne_-_NARA_-_530280cr.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Hawthorne_-_NARA_-_530280cr.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"U.S. National Archives and Records Administration","localPath":"site/public/portraits/nathaniel-hawthorne.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q69339; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":540,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/a-wonder-book.json","url":"/works/a-wonder-book/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Baucis and Philemon give their last bread and milk to two ragged strangers whom the whole village has mocked."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Midas learns, when his breakfast turns to gold, that bread and water matter more than riches, and he washes away the Golden Touch."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Hope flies out of Pandora's box last and promises to stay with mankind as long as they live in the world."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Bellerophon waits patiently day after day at the Fountain of Pirene before he can bridle Pegasus and face the Chimæra."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The little boy at the fountain keeps faith with Bellerophon, and the hero says the child's faith won the victory."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"a-wrinkle-in-time","title":"A Wrinkle in Time","author":"Madeleine L'Engle","year":"1962","sortYear":1962,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"5–8","minGrade":5,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","family","utopia-dystopia","science-knowledge","faith-religion","coming-of-age","identity-self","the-supernatural"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["altered-states","nursing-caregiving","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"Meg Murry is a stubborn, clumsy, unhappy girl with glasses and braces who is doing badly at school, and whose physicist father has been missing for more than a year on secret government work. On a stormy night she comes down to the kitchen of the family's country house to find her mother, a scientist, and her five-year-old brother Charles Wallace, an uncannily gifted child the village thinks is slow.","lessonTitles":["Love is stronger than IT","Alike is not the same as equal","Faults can become gifts","Pride of intellect"],"comparisons":["the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe","the-pilgrims-progress","we","the-giver","the-phantom-tollbooth"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/a-wrinkle-in-time.json","url":"/works/a-wrinkle-in-time/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Meg returns alone to Camazotz and frees Charles Wallace from IT by loving him."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Meg goes back before IT's pulsing brain knowing that her father and Calvin could not save her brother."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Charles Wallace's confidence in his own mind lets IT capture him, while the weakest of the children is the one who rescues him, as the title of Chapter 12 declares."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Mrs. Murry keeps faith that her husband will return through more than a year of silence and village gossip."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"schechter-poultry-v-united-states","title":"A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1935","sortYear":1935,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","justice-law","power-politics","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In June 1933, deep in the Depression, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act. Its first title authorized the President to approve codes of fair competition for trades and industries, usually drafted by trade associations, and made violation of an approved code a federal misdemeanor.","lessonTitles":["Emergencies and constitutional limits","Who makes the law?","Where commerce stops","A unanimous check on a popular program"],"comparisons":["nlrb-v-jones-and-laughlin-steel","wickard-v-filburn","gibbons-v-ogden","second-treatise-of-government","the-spirit-of-the-laws","standard-oil-v-united-states"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/schechter-poultry-v-united-states.txt","source":"A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. 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He and his classmates Albert Kropp, Müller and Leer enlisted together, urged on by their schoolmaster Kantorek, and now serve in a company that has just come out of the line with eighty men left of a hundred and fifty.","lessonTitles":["Words and things","The enemy is a man","Comradeship","A lost generation"],"comparisons":["the-red-badge-of-courage","testament-of-youth","in-flanders-fields","the-iliad","henry-v","a-farewell-to-arms"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/all-quiet-on-the-western-front.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #75011","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75011","translator":"A. W. 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Its familiar name comes from the Arabic al-majisti, from a Greek word meaning the greatest.","lessonTitles":["Saving the appearances","Reasons for a central, motionless Earth","Astronomy as a path to the divine","Building on the records of others"],"comparisons":["copernicus-on-the-revolutions","galileo-selected-writings","kepler-new-astronomy-and-harmony-of-the-world","aristotle-posterior-analytics-and-physics","euclid-elements-book-i","the-divine-comedy"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"ptolemy","caption":"Ptolemy as imagined in André Thévet's Vrais pourtraits (1584).","credit":"André Thévet; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Ptolemy","title":"Ptolemy Thevet 1584.g","creator":"André Thévet","date":"1584","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Ptolemy_Thevet_1584.g.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ptolemy_Thevet_1584.g.png","institution":"","creditLine":"Digital scan from http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Ptolemy/Images/Thevet/1584.g.gif on http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Ptolemy/Thevet.htmlPreviously published in Les vrais portraits et vies des h","localPath":"site/public/portraits/ptolemy.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Commons file; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":528,"height":647}},"path":"content/works/ptolemy-almagest.json","url":"/works/ptolemy-almagest/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Ptolemy assembles and dates observations across nearly nine centuries and turns them into tables usable for any date."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"His preface presents astronomy as contemplation of divine and unchanging things that makes its students love their beauty."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"He shows that eccentric and epicycle models can be equivalent and chooses between them by simplicity rather than claiming more than the evidence allows."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"alone-in-berlin","title":"Alone in Berlin","author":"Hans Fallada","year":"1947","sortYear":1947,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"mature themes: Nazi terror, suicide"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","power-politics","justice-law","stoicism-endurance","death-mortality","isolation-alienation","marriage","crime-punishment"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["suicide","grief","pharmacology-poisons","pain","trauma-shell-shock","alcohol","addiction","asylum-institution"],"blurb":"Alone in Berlin (Jeder stirbt für sich allein, 'Everyone dies for himself alone') opens in Berlin in 1940, as the postwoman Eva Kluge delivers to Otto and Anna Quangel the news that their only son has been killed in the invasion of France. The Quangels live in a tenement at 55 Jablonski Strasse with neighbours who represent the range of life under Nazism: the Persickes, a family of brutal Party loyalists; old Frau Rosenthal, a Jewish widow whose flat is looted and who is hounded until she jumps to her death; and retired judge Fromm, who quietly helps where he can.","lessonTitles":["Small resistance still matters","Terror works through ordinary people","The persecutor is also a prisoner"],"comparisons":["chess","we","testament-of-youth","the-last-days-of-socrates"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"hans-fallada","caption":"Portrait of Hans Fallada.","credit":"e.o.plauen, das ist Erich Ohser; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Hans Fallada","title":"Erich Ohser Hans Fallada 1943","creator":"e.o.plauen, das ist Erich Ohser","date":"1943","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Erich_Ohser_Hans_Fallada_1943.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erich_Ohser_Hans_Fallada_1943.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Süddeutsche Zeitung, 21. Januar 2017, S. 19 (akg-images)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/hans-fallada.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q76539; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":430,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/alone-in-berlin.json","url":"/works/alone-in-berlin/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/392225211623","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"amos-fortune-free-man","title":"Amos Fortune, Free Man","author":"Elizabeth Yates","year":"1950","sortYear":1950,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"biography","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["race-slavery","faith-religion","family","stoicism-endurance","virtue-ethics","home-exile","money-wealth","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["nursing-caregiving","aging-senescence","death-dying"],"blurb":"Amos Fortune, Free Man is a biographical novel about a real man who was born in Africa around 1710, enslaved in Massachusetts, and died free in Jaffrey, New Hampshire, in 1801. 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It is his deliberate second attempt at the material of Book I of the Treatise, written, he said, so that the argument would no longer fail through its manner.","lessonTitles":["Proportion belief to the weight of the evidence","Every argument from experience rests on an unproven assumption","Freedom does not require exemption from causes","Doubt should be moderate enough to live with"],"comparisons":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","critique-of-pure-reason","novum-organum","meditations-on-first-philosophy","the-varieties-of-religious-experience"],"quoteCount":11,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #9662","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9662","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"david-hume","caption":"Portrait of David Hume.","credit":"Allan Ramsay; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"David Hume","title":"David Hume","creator":"Allan Ramsay","date":"1766","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"National Galleries Scotland","localPath":"site/public/portraits/david-hume.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q37160; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":595,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding.json","url":"/works/an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","title":"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding","author":"John Locke","year":"1689","sortYear":1689,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"hard philosophy"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","identity-self","madness-mind","education","language-storytelling","memory-time","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","obsession-monomania","psychology-unconscious","grief","dementia-memory","alcohol","opium-laudanum","pharmacology-poisons","trauma-shell-shock","physicians-doctors","neurosis-anxiety","asylum-institution"],"blurb":"Locke says in the Epistle to the Reader that the Essay began when five or six friends meeting in his rooms found themselves at a standstill over questions of morality and revealed religion, and he proposed that they first examine what objects human understanding is fitted to deal with. Nearly twenty years later the result was a long, patient survey of where ideas come from, how they combine, how words signify them and how far knowledge and probable belief can reach.","lessonTitles":["Experience writes on a mind that begins blank","A person reaches as far as memory and consciousness reach","Chance associations can feel like nature","Most of life runs on probability, so judge assent by grounds"],"comparisons":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","meditations-on-first-philosophy","second-treatise-of-government","leviathan","the-principles-of-psychology","novum-organum"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/an-essay-concerning-human-understanding.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #10615","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10615","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-locke","caption":"Portrait of John Locke.","credit":"Godfrey Kneller; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Locke","title":"Portrait of John Locke","creator":"Godfrey Kneller","date":"1697","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/JohnLocke.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohnLocke.png","institution":"","creditLine":"State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-locke.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q9353; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":623,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/an-essay-concerning-human-understanding.json","url":"/works/an-essay-concerning-human-understanding/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"whitehead-introduction-to-mathematics","title":"An Introduction to Mathematics","author":"Alfred North Whitehead","year":"1911","sortYear":1911,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","education","nature-landscape","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"An Introduction to Mathematics is a short book written for general readers in the Home University Library of Modern Knowledge, a popular series of compact introductions published in London by Williams and Norgate and in New York by Henry Holt in 1911. Whitehead wrote it just after the first volume of Principia Mathematica, and it was his first book for a wide public.","lessonTitles":["The power of abstraction","Notation as a tool of thought","Periodicity in nature"],"comparisons":["euclid-elements-book-i","russell-problems-of-philosophy","principia","hardy-a-mathematicians-apology","plato-meno"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"alfred-north-whitehead","caption":"Portrait of Alfred North Whitehead (1923).","credit":"unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Alfred North Whitehead","title":"ANWhitehead","creator":"unknown","date":"1923","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/ANWhitehead.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ANWhitehead.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Splendour Of The Heavens by Hutchinsons, 1923, p. 675","localPath":"site/public/portraits/alfred-north-whitehead.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q183372 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":390,"height":522}},"path":"content/works/whitehead-introduction-to-mathematics.json","url":"/works/whitehead-introduction-to-mathematics/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Whitehead teaches that well-chosen symbols and habits free the mind for the problems that need real attention."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The chapters build number, geometry and the calculus step by step, each extension earned by careful reasoning."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine","title":"An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine","author":"Claude Bernard","year":"1865","sortYear":1865,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Clear prose; animal experimentation discussed."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","illness-body","virtue-ethics","education","nature-landscape","animals"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","medical-ethics","anatomy-dissection","pharmacology-poisons","surgery","mind-body","pain"],"blurb":"Claude Bernard published this book in Paris in 1865 as the opening of a larger treatise on experimental medicine that he never completed. It sets out, for physicians, the method by which he had made his own discoveries, and argues that medicine must become a science grounded in physiology and the laboratory.","lessonTitles":["An idea must be tested, not loved","Chance favours the prepared observer","Limits on what may be done to a patient","The body keeps its own inner world"],"comparisons":["hippocratic-writings","galen-selected-works","harvey-on-the-motion-of-the-heart-and-blood","novum-organum","mill-system-of-logic-book-iii","pasteur-and-lister-germ-theory-papers"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine.txt","source":"Claude Bernard, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, trans. Henry Copley Greene, with an introduction by L. J. Henderson (New York: Macmillan, 1927), via the Internet Archive (introductiontost0000clau)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontost0000clau","translator":"Henry Copley Greene","translationYear":1927},"portrait":{"ref":"claude-bernard","caption":"Portrait of Claude Bernard (circa 1860).","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Claude Bernard","title":"Claude Bernard 5","creator":"Unknown","date":"circa 1860","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Claude_Bernard_5.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Bernard_5.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/image?anmpx35x0010a","localPath":"site/public/portraits/claude-bernard.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q208230 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":513,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine.json","url":"/works/bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Bernard concludes from the quarrels of physicians that both rival theories are probably insufficient and that science should make its students modest."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"He describes the science of life as reached only through long labour in the laboratory, and narrates years of experiment on the liver."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"He sorts experiments on human beings into forbidden, permitted and obligatory, refusing any that could harm the patient."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He continues to defend and practise vivisection while acknowledging the strong feelings of those who oppose it."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"laws-of-thought","title":"An Investigation of the Laws of Thought","author":"George Boole","year":"1854","sortYear":1854,"era":"computing","genre":"computing","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"technical: logic and mathematics"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","technology-modernity","language-storytelling","doubt-meaning","faith-religion","education"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["mind-body","psychology-unconscious","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"An Investigation of the Laws of Thought is George Boole's attempt to express logic, probability, and reasoning in mathematical form. The book begins from a bold premise: the operations of the mind in reasoning can be studied through symbols and laws analogous to those of algebra.","lessonTitles":["Logic can become an instrument","Binary simplicity can carry complex worlds","Formal systems still rest on interpretation"],"comparisons":["mathematical-theory-of-communication","notes-on-menabreas-sketch-of-the-analytical-engine","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","novum-organum"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/laws-of-thought.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #15114 (text of the PG PDF via Internet Archive aninvestigationo15114gut)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15114","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"laws-of-thought","caption":"Portrait of George Boole.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"George Boole","title":"Portrait of George Boole","creator":"Unknown author","date":"1865-01-21","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Portrait_of_George_Boole.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_George_Boole.png","institution":"","creditLine":"The Illustrated London News, 21 January 1865","localPath":"site/public/portraits/laws-of-thought.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":537,"height":720,"bytes":96573,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/laws-of-thought.json","url":"/works/laws-of-thought/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"animal-farm","title":"Animal Farm","author":"George Orwell","year":"1945","sortYear":1945,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","utopia-dystopia","satire-folly","animals","language-storytelling","justice-law","leadership","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["alcohol","starvation-nutrition","aging-senescence","death-dying","medical-ethics","pain"],"blurb":"Animal Farm is a short beast fable about a revolution that turns into a tyranny. On Manor Farm near Willingdon in England, the old prize boar Major gathers the animals one night and describes a dream of a world without Man, who takes their milk, eggs and labour and sends them to the knacker when they are old.","lessonTitles":["Words bent to serve power","Boxer's loyalty","The silent onlooker","How revolutions are betrayed"],"comparisons":["gullivers-travels","aesops-fables","the-republic","one-day-in-the-life-of-ivan-denisovich","the-screwtape-letters","fahrenheit-451"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"george-orwell","caption":"Portrait of George Orwell.","credit":"Branch of the National Union of Journalists (BNUJ); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"George Orwell","title":"George Orwell press photo","creator":"Branch of the National Union of Journalists (BNUJ).","date":"1943","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608013945/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/pics/orwell-unioncard.htm","localPath":"site/public/portraits/george-orwell.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata (Public domain).","width":531,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/animal-farm.json","url":"/works/animal-farm/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Boxer rises early and labours longest on the harvest and the windmill, answering every setback by resolving to work harder."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The book shows its absence: the animals' failure to read, remember and question lets Squealer rewrite the commandments one by one.","vices":["imprudence"]},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Major's vision of a farm where all share the fruits of their labour is betrayed when the pigs take the milk and apples for themselves.","vices":["injustice"]},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Boxer and Snowball stand and fight at the Battle of the Cowshed when Jones's men attack with guns and sticks."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"anne-of-green-gables","title":"Anne of Green Gables","author":"L. M. Montgomery","year":"1908","sortYear":1908,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"5–8","minGrade":5,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["childhood","coming-of-age","family","friendship","education","nature-landscape","identity-self","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["asylum-institution","nursing-caregiving","alcohol","death-dying","grief","disability-deformity","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"Anne of Green Gables opens in Avonlea, a farming village on Prince Edward Island, where the elderly brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert have arranged to adopt a boy from a Nova Scotia orphan asylum to help on their farm. Through a mistake the child sent is Anne Shirley, an eleven-year-old red-haired girl who talks without stopping, renames everything she loves and has survived a hard childhood by imagination.","lessonTitles":["Belonging is given and received","Imagination needs discipline","Temper, pride and forgiveness","Sacrifice chosen gladly"],"comparisons":["little-women","the-secret-garden","heidi","david-copperfield"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/anne-of-green-gables.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #45","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"anne-of-green-gables","caption":"Early edition of Anne of Green Gables (1908).","credit":"George Fort Gibbs (cover art); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Anne of Green Gables","title":"Montgomery Anne of Green Gables","creator":"George Fort Gibbs (cover art)","date":"1908","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Montgomery_Anne_of_Green_Gables.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Montgomery_Anne_of_Green_Gables.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://books0977.tumblr.com/post/31686270543/anne-of-green-gables-lucy-maud-montgomery","localPath":"site/public/portraits/anne-of-green-gables.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":421,"height":627,"bytes":33117,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/anne-of-green-gables.json","url":"/works/anne-of-green-gables/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Anne gives up the Avery scholarship to stay with Marilla after Matthew's death, and Gilbert yields her the Avonlea school."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Anne finds delight in Octobers, new days and the bend in the road even after loss."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Anne apologizes to Mrs. Lynde, confesses her faults to Marilla and finally ends her proud grudge against Gilbert."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Anne studies to tie Gilbert for first place, wins the Avery scholarship and takes up teaching to support Green Gables."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Anne and Diana keep their vow of friendship through Mrs. Barry's ban and Anne's years at Queen's."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"apologia-pro-vita-sua","title":"Apologia Pro Vita Sua","author":"John Henry Newman","year":"1864","sortYear":1864,"era":"19th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Demanding theological and historical argument."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","identity-self","doubt-meaning","honor-shame","education","friendship","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","nursing-caregiving","plague-epidemic","death-dying","grief"],"blurb":"Apologia Pro Vita Sua is John Henry Newman's defence of his honesty, written in 1864 in reply to the novelist and clergyman Charles Kingsley, who had written in Macmillan's Magazine that truth for its own sake had never been a virtue with the Roman clergy and that Father Newman taught it need not be. After an exchange of letters and a pamphlet by Kingsley, Newman decided that the only adequate answer was a history of his own mind.","lessonTitles":["Answering a charge with a whole life","Difficulty is not doubt","Following conscience at great cost","The Church and the meaning of tradition"],"comparisons":["confessions","grace-abounding","surprised-by-joy","early-christian-creeds","calvin-institutes"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/apologia-pro-vita-sua.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #19690","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19690","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-henry-newman","caption":"Portrait of John Henry Newman (1887).","credit":"Herbert Rose Barraud; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Henry Newman","title":"Cardinal Newman Portrait (cropped)","creator":"Herbert Rose Barraud","date":"1887","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Cardinal_Newman_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cardinal_Newman_Portrait_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the National Library of Wales You can view this image in its original context on the NLW Catalogue","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-henry-newman.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q44490 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":496,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/apologia-pro-vita-sua.json","url":"/works/apologia-pro-vita-sua/","virtues":[{"virtue":"honor","reason":"He answers Kingsley's charge of dishonesty by laying open the whole history of his opinions for public judgement."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"He spends six years, from 1839 to 1845, testing his doubts about the via media before acting on them."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He resigns St. Mary's and leaves Oxford, his friends and his career for the sake of conscience."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"He dedicates the book to the Oratory fathers and Ambrose St. John and speaks warmly of the Anglican friends he left."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"In Part VII he says that since his conversion he has never had one doubt, despite feeling every difficulty."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"areopagitica","title":"Areopagitica","author":"John Milton","year":"1644","sortYear":1644,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Milton's ornate 17th-century prose."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","faith-religion","science-knowledge","virtue-ethics","education","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["humoral-medicine","starvation-nutrition","pharmacology-poisons"],"blurb":"Areopagitica: A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing, to the Parliament of England was published in London in November 1644, deliberately without a licence, a printer's name or registration with the Stationers' Company. It is written as an oration addressed to the Lords and Commons, though it was never delivered.","lessonTitles":["Virtue must be tested to be real","Truth is found by many hands over time","Judge books after they appear, not before","A nation that reads and argues is a strong nation"],"comparisons":["paradise-lost","on-liberty","a-letter-concerning-toleration","the-faerie-queene","the-republic"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/areopagitica.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #608","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/608","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-milton","caption":"John Milton at about 21 (c. 1629).","credit":"anonymous; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Milton","title":"John Milton, aged about 21","creator":"anonymous","date":"circa 1629","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/John-milton.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John-milton.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. This may be due to recogn","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-milton.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q79759 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":572,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/areopagitica.json","url":"/works/areopagitica/","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Milton argues that God entrusts each grown person with the diet of the mind as of the body, to be governed by temperance rather than by a licenser."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"His warfaring Christian must go out to meet his adversary and run for the immortal garland, not without dust and heat."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Milton distinguishes the wise punishment of proved abuses after publication from the futile attempt to prevent every abuse beforehand."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"He asks Parliament to show the greatness of mind of a government willing to hear criticism and recall its own Order."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"around-the-world-in-eighty-days","title":"Around the World in Eighty Days","author":"Jules Verne","year":"1873","sortYear":1873,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["travel-journey","friendship","technology-modernity","virtue-ethics","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["grief"],"blurb":"Jules Verne’s Around the World in Eighty Days, in George Makepeace Towle’s public-domain English translation, follows Phileas Fogg’s Reform Club wager to circle the globe in eighty days with his servant Passepartout, while detective Fix shadows him as a bank-robbery suspect. 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Hrothgar's hall Heorot, built as a center of gift-giving and song, becomes a place of terror when Grendel attacks the sleeping retainers.","lessonTitles":["Beowulf: formed attention","Beowulf: order and disorder","Beowulf: body and soul"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","the-aeneid","poetic-edda"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/beowulf.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #16328","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16328","translator":"J. 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Dickens tells it in two voices: an unnamed narrator in the present tense who surveys London's fog, the lawcourts, fashionable society and the slum called Tom-all-Alone's, and Esther Summerson, who writes her own story modestly in the past tense.","lessonTitles":["The fog of Chancery","Duty close at hand","Jo and the question of who is responsible","Esther's humility and worth"],"comparisons":["oliver-twist","great-expectations","hard-times","the-moonstone","middlemarch"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/bleak-house.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #1023, Bleak House","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1023","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"charles-dickens","caption":"Portrait of Charles Dickens.","credit":"Jeremiah Gurney; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Charles Dickens","title":"Dickens Gurney head","creator":"Jeremiah Gurney","date":"between 1867 and 1868","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Heritage Auction Gallery","localPath":"site/public/portraits/charles-dickens.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q5686; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":492,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/bleak-house.json","url":"/works/bleak-house/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Esther nurses her maid Charley through the fever and catches it herself."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Esther accepts her scarred face without bitterness and continues to put Ada and others first."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"John Jarndyce refuses to build any hopes on the Chancery suit and warns Richard not to."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Jarndyce gives Esther to Woodcourt along with a new Bleak House, releasing her from her promise."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Sir Leicester, struck down by a stroke, declares before his household that his wife has his full forgiveness and that his regard for her is unchanged."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"bliss-and-other-stories","title":"Bliss and Other Stories","author":"Katherine Mansfield","year":"1920","sortYear":1920,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"some mature themes"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["identity-self","marriage","childhood","isolation-alienation","love-desire","nature-landscape","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["nursing-caregiving","neurosis-anxiety","grief","tuberculosis-consumption"],"blurb":"Bliss and Other Stories, Katherine Mansfield's second collection, gathers fourteen stories written between about 1915 and 1920. 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Based on the Gulstonian Lectures, the book brings Victorian psychiatry, physiology, and evolutionary thought into one frame.","lessonTitles":["Body and Mind teaches historical caution","Body and Mind links evidence and authority","Body and Mind complicates mind and body","Body and Mind warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["the-descent-of-man","the-principles-of-psychology","mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","civilization-and-its-discontents"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/body-and-mind.txt","source":"Internet Archive/Google scan of the 1871 edition","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/bodyandmindanin00maudgoog","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"body-and-mind","caption":"Portrait of Henry Maudsley.","credit":"G. Jerrard; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Henry Maudsley","title":"Henry Maudsley","creator":"G. Jerrard","date":"1881","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Henry_Maudsley.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Maudsley.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Wellcome Library","localPath":"site/public/portraits/body-and-mind.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":539,"height":720,"bytes":61257,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/body-and-mind.json","url":"/works/body-and-mind/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"metaxas-bonhoeffer","title":"Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy","author":"Eric Metaxas","year":"2010","sortYear":2010,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"biography","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Long; Nazi Germany, conspiracy and execution."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","saints","war-violence","power-politics","justice-law","virtue-ethics","death-mortality","friendship"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","medical-ethics","asylum-institution","death-dying"],"blurb":"Eric Metaxas's Bonhoeffer is a full-length popular biography of the German Lutheran pastor and theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945), written for a general Christian readership. It begins with the large, cultured Bonhoeffer family of Breslau and Berlin: his father Karl, a leading professor of psychiatry and neurology; his devout mother Paula, who schooled her children at home in their early years; his twin sister Sabine; and the death of his brother Walter in the First World War, which marked the family deeply.","lessonTitles":["Costly grace","Returning when it would be safer to stay away","Speaking for those without a voice","Conscience and conspiracy"],"comparisons":["the-cost-of-discipleship","letters-and-papers-from-prison","the-hiding-place","mans-search-for-meaning","unbroken","early-christian-lives"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"dietrich-bonhoeffer","caption":"Portrait of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1939).","credit":"Unknown author; CC BY-SA 3.0 de.","media":{"subject":"Dietrich Bonhoeffer","title":"Dietrich Bonhoeffer","creator":"Unknown author","date":"1939","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0 de","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16%2C_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16,_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project . 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The narrator is never named; the old family servant Kiyo calls him Botchan, roughly 'young master', which this translation renders as Master Darling.","lessonTitles":["Honesty without tact","Small debts and large principles","Kiyo's love as the measure","Surface manners and real character"],"comparisons":["sanshiro","kokoro","the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer","don-quixote","great-expectations"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/botchan.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #8868, Botchan (Master Darling)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8868","translator":"Yasotaro Mori (spelled 'Morri' on the title page); revised by J. R. 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The Japan Times article, The University Art Museum, Tokyo University of the Arts [2]","localPath":"site/public/portraits/natsume-soseki.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q180903; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":527,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/botchan.json","url":"/works/botchan/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Botchan refuses the raise Red Shirt offers him out of the salary of the transferred Koga."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"He insists on repaying Porcupine the one and a half sen for a glass of ice water so as to owe nothing to a man he distrusts."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Once reconciled, Botchan stands with Porcupine through the newspaper scandal, the night watch at Masuya and their departure together."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Kiyo's unwavering love for the boy no one else favoured is repaid when he keeps house with her in Tokyo until her death."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"brown-v-board-of-education","title":"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1954","sortYear":1954,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"7–12","minGrade":7,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["race-slavery","education","justice-law","childhood","class-society","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, decided on 17 May 1954, held that state laws requiring or permitting separate public schools for black and white children deny the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.","lessonTitles":["When history cannot decide","Tangible equality and its limits","Education and citizenship","Unanimity and the remedy"],"comparisons":["plessy-v-ferguson","sermons-and-letter-from-birmingham-jail","the-founding-documents","up-from-slavery","to-kill-a-mockingbird"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/brown-v-board-of-education.txt","source":"Brown v. 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Bell","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1927","sortYear":1927,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"mature subject: compulsory sterilization; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["illness-body","madness-mind","justice-law","power-politics","family","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["heredity-degeneration","asylum-institution","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"This record concerns compulsory sterilization and is best read with a teacher's guidance. In March 1924 Virginia enacted a statute permitting the superintendents of certain state institutions to have inmates sterilized if, after a hearing, they were found to be afflicted with hereditary forms of insanity or what the law called imbecility.","lessonTitles":["Procedure is not the whole of justice","Deference to findings of fact","The reach of an analogy","Science, law and human dignity"],"comparisons":["jacobson-v-massachusetts","on-the-origin-of-species","the-descent-of-man","griswold-v-connecticut","lochner-v-new-york"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/buck-v-bell.txt","source":"Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Buck_v._Bell","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-oliver-wendell-holmes","caption":"Portrait of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr..","credit":"Harris & Ewing; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.","title":"Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr circa 1930","creator":"Harris & Ewing","date":"circa 1930date QS:P,+1930-00-00T00:00:00","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3a47967.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-oliver-wendell-holmes.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q360574 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":491,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/buck-v-bell.json","url":"/works/buck-v-bell/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The case shows by its failure what justice requires: a genuine defense, honestly tested facts and regard for the person before the court."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The confident scientific claims accepted by the legislature and the Court proved false, a warning against certainty in judging the worth of other people."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Carrie Buck lived for more than five decades after the operation, working and twice marrying, while bearing a loss no later apology could restore."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"butterfield-8","title":"BUtterfield 8","author":"John O'Hara","year":"1935","sortYear":1935,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"adult novel: sexual content"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","class-society","gender-women","money-wealth","isolation-alienation","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["alcohol","trauma-shell-shock","sexuality-medicalized","death-dying","suicide"],"blurb":"BUtterfield 8, named for a fashionable Manhattan telephone exchange, is set in New York in 1931, in the last years of Prohibition and the early Depression, among speakeasies, apartment hotels and the blurred borderland between respectable society and its demimonde. Its central figure is Gloria Wandrous, a beautiful, intelligent young woman who drinks heavily, sleeps with men who interest her and lives partly on their generosity, while refusing to see herself as a kept woman or a prostitute.","lessonTitles":["Respectability depends on whom it excludes","Early harm shapes later lives","Fiction drawn from headlines"],"comparisons":["on-the-road","the-portable-dorothy-parker","passing","daisy-miller"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"butterfield-8","caption":"Portrait of John O'Hara.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John O'Hara","title":"John O'Hara cph.3b08576","creator":"Unknown author","date":"1945","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/John_O%27Hara_cph.3b08576.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_O%27Hara_cph.3b08576.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3b08576.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/butterfield-8.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":520,"height":720,"bytes":46467,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/butterfield-8.json","url":"/works/butterfield-8/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/267738997072","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"herrin-byzantium","title":"Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire","author":"Judith Herrin","year":"2007","sortYear":2007,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Accessible thematic introduction."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","faith-religion","art-creation","colonialism-empire","war-violence","gender-women","education"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","sexuality-medicalized"],"blurb":"Judith Herrin's Byzantium is a portrait of the Eastern Roman Empire from the founding of Constantinople in 330 to its fall to the Ottomans in 1453, written for readers who know little about it. In the introduction she explains that the book began when two builders who passed her office every day asked her what Byzantium actually was; rather than answer with a continuous chronicle, she wrote twenty-eight short chapters, each built around a theme, monument, event or person, that can be read in sequence or on their own.","lessonTitles":["A civilization in its own right","Images and faith","The shield of the West","East and West divided"],"comparisons":["anna-komnene-alexiad","justinian-institutes","psellos-chronographia","runciman-the-fall-of-constantinople-1453","villehardouin-conquest-of-constantinople","gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/herrin-byzantium.json","url":"/works/herrin-byzantium/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The chapter on the siege of 1453 shows the defenders of Constantinople holding the walls for weeks against a far larger Ottoman army."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The chapters on icons and Mount Athos show Byzantine Christians shaping art, worship and whole communities around devotion."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"The chapter on Cyril and Methodios describes the brothers creating an alphabet so that the Slavs could worship and read in their own tongue."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"caedmons-hymn","title":"Cædmon's Hymn","author":"Cædmon","year":"c. 658-680","sortYear":670,"era":"medieval","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"Old English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","art-creation","language-storytelling","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Cædmon's Hymn is a nine-line poem in praise of God the Creator and the oldest surviving English poem whose maker is known by name. 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Candide is kicked out of the castle for kissing the Baron's daughter Cunégonde behind a screen, and the rest of the tale tests Pangloss's doctrine against an avalanche of catastrophe.","lessonTitles":["Systems can blind us to suffering","Work as an answer to despair","Satire as moral argument"],"comparisons":["gullivers-travels","persian-letters","don-quixote","twelve-years-a-slave","meditations"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/candide.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #19942","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19942","translator":"Tobias Smollett","translationYear":1759},"portrait":{"ref":"voltaire","caption":"Portrait of Voltaire.","credit":"Nicolas de Largillière; CC0.","media":{"subject":"Voltaire","title":"French: Portrait de Voltaire (1694-1778) en 1718 Voltaire the age of twenty-four (?)","creator":"Nicolas de Largillière","date":"from 1718 until 1724","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_%281694-1778%29_en_1718_-_P208_-_mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_-_5_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re_-_Portrait_de_Voltaire_(1694-1778)_en_1718_-_P208_-_mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_-_5_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Nicolas de Largillière","localPath":"site/public/portraits/voltaire.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q9068; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":540,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/candide.json","url":"/works/candide/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/276430999886","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"cannery-row","title":"Cannery Row","author":"John Steinbeck","year":"1945","sortYear":1945,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"mature themes: brothel, drinking"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","class-society","nature-landscape","isolation-alienation","virtue-ethics","satire-folly"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","nursing-caregiving","disability-deformity","asylum-institution","suicide","alcohol","death-dying","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"Cannery Row is a loosely plotted, affectionate portrait of the sardine-cannery district of Monterey, California, during the Depression, built from short narrative chapters alternating with self-contained vignettes or 'inter-chapters'. Its centre is Doc, a gentle, learned marine biologist who runs the Western Biological Laboratory, collects specimens from the tide pools, listens to Gregorian chant and Bach, reads poetry, and is trusted by everyone on the Row.","lessonTitles":["A community can be judged by its kindness","Seeing like a naturalist","Good intentions are not enough"],"comparisons":["of-mice-and-men","east-of-eden","on-the-road","white-nights"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"john-steinbeck","caption":"Portrait of John Steinbeck.","credit":"McFadden Publications, Inc.; no photographer credited; photo likely the work of Sonya Noskowiak, as Steinbeck is wearing the same clothes from her 1935 studio session that produced the work shown here: https://www.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2006.74; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Steinbeck","title":"John Steinbeck 1939 (cropped)","creator":"McFadden Publications, Inc.; no photographer credited; photo likely the work of Sonya Noskowiak, as Steinbeck is wearing the same clothes from her 1935 studio session that produced the work shown here: https://www.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2006.74","date":"1939-11","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/John_Steinbeck_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Steinbeck_1939_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Photoplay , November 1939 (page 22) Photograph is flipped horizontally for magazine publication","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-steinbeck.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q39212; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":599,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/cannery-row.json","url":"/works/cannery-row/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/287594565491","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"caps-for-sale","title":"Caps for Sale","author":"Esphyr Slobodkina","year":"1940","sortYear":1940,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["animals","childhood","money-wealth","satire-folly","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Caps for Sale, subtitled A Tale of a Peddler, Some Monkeys and Their Monkey Business, is a picture book about a cap seller who carries his whole stock on his head. He wears his own checked cap first, then a bunch of gray caps, then brown ones, then blue ones, and on the very top a bunch of red caps, and he walks very straight so they will not fall.","lessonTitles":["Copying without understanding","Anger does not get our way","Taking care of our work"],"comparisons":["make-way-for-ducklings","mike-mulligan-and-his-steam-shovel","just-so-stories","the-tale-of-peter-rabbit"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/caps-for-sale.json","url":"/works/caps-for-sale/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The peddler walks the streets each day with his heavy tower of caps, and as soon as he gets them back he heads straight back to town to sell them."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Before he lies down to sleep, the peddler reaches up to make sure every cap is still in its place on his head."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"The peddler's growing rage, from a shaken finger to stamping feet, only makes the monkeys more mischievous, a comic picture of why self-control matters.","vices":["wrath"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"captains-courageous","title":"Captains Courageous","author":"Rudyard Kipling","year":"1897","sortYear":1897,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["coming-of-age","education","class-society","friendship","nature-landscape","family","stoicism-endurance","money-wealth"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["trauma-shell-shock","dementia-memory","grief","physicians-doctors","death-dying"],"blurb":"Captains Courageous begins in the smoking-room of a transatlantic liner in fog, where fifteen-year-old Harvey Cheyne, the spoiled only son of an American railroad and shipping millionaire, brags about his pocket money and annoys the grown men. Sick from a strong cigar, he goes out on deck, is pitched overboard by a roll of the ship, and is pulled out of the sea by Manuel, a Portuguese fisherman in a dory from the Gloucester schooner We're Here.","lessonTitles":["Work makes a man","Humility before an apology","A community of the sea","Fathers and sons"],"comparisons":["treasure-island","billy-budd-and-other-stories","robinson-crusoe"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/captains-courageous.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2186","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2186","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"captains-courageous","caption":"Early edition of Captains Courageous (1897).","credit":"Rudyard Kipling (1865 – 1936); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Captains Courageous","title":"Rudyard Kipling - Captains Courageous, first US Edition (1897)","creator":"Rudyard Kipling (1865 – 1936)","date":"1897","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Rudyard_Kipling_-_Captains_Courageous%2C_first_US_Edition_%281897%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_-_Captains_Courageous,_first_US_Edition_(1897).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"The Internet Archive, retrieved 2024-10-26","localPath":"site/public/portraits/captains-courageous.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":468,"height":720,"bytes":81035,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/captains-courageous.json","url":"/works/captains-courageous/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Harvey learns to bait, haul, clean and salt fish and stand his watch, earning ten and a half dollars a month."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Harvey returns to Disko after being knocked down and apologizes for calling him a thief."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Disko refuses to sacrifice eight men's season's bread for one rich passenger and pays Harvey a fair wage."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The crew works on through fog, bergs, gales and the loss of nearby schooners."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Harvey and Dan, a millionaire's son and a skipper's son, become friends for life."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"carmilla","title":"Carmilla","author":"J. 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A brief prologue presents the story as a case from the papers of the physician Doctor Hesselius and notes that its narrator has since died.","lessonTitles":["Evil that comes as a friend","Reason, science and the limits of explanation","Holy things and their enemies","Memory that will not be laid to rest"],"comparisons":["dracula","the-vampyre","poe-tales","frankenstein","the-woman-in-white"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/carmilla.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #10007, Carmilla","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10007","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"sheridan-le-fanu","caption":"Portrait of J. Sheridan Le Fanu.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"J. 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It opens in Salem, Massachusetts, during the Revolutionary War, when Nat is a small boy in a seafaring family led by his father, Captain Habakkuk Bowditch.","lessonTitles":["Sailing by ash breeze","Accuracy saves lives","Knowledge shared, not hoarded","Grief and perseverance"],"comparisons":["franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","principia","johnny-tremain","captains-courageous","moby-dick"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"carry-on-mr-bowditch","caption":"Nathaniel Bowditch, the navigator whose life the novel tells, by Gilbert Stuart (1828).","credit":"Gilbert Stuart; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Carry On, Mr. Bowditch","title":"Nathaniel Bowditch (1773-1838, last and unfinished painting by Gilbert Stuart, 1828)","creator":"Gilbert Stuart","date":"1828","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Nathaniel_Bowditch_%281773-1838%2C_last_and_unfinished_painting_by_Gilbert_Stuart%2C_1828%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Bowditch_(1773-1838,_last_and_unfinished_painting_by_Gilbert_Stuart,_1828).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://msi.nga.mil/MSISiteContent/StaticFiles/NAV_PUBS/APN/Front.pdf","localPath":"site/public/portraits/carry-on-mr-bowditch.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":418,"height":520,"bytes":14519,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/carry-on-mr-bowditch.json","url":"/works/carry-on-mr-bowditch/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Bound to the chandlery for nine years and barred from Harvard, Nat refuses to be becalmed and studies his way to mastery."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Nat spends every spare hour of his indenture on the almanac, Latin and Newton, and later checks Moore's tables figure by figure."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Nat teaches even the cook and the deckhands to work lunars and writes a navigator any seaman can use, so that fewer ships are lost."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In the Christmas fog Nat brings the Putnam into Salem by careful reckoning of course, speed and soundings instead of waiting or guessing."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"sallust-catiline-and-jugurtha","title":"Catiline's War and The Jugurthine War","author":"Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)","year":"c. 42-40 BC","sortYear":-42,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Short monographs; moralizing Roman prose with conspiracy and war."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","ambition","money-wealth","virtue-ethics","justice-law","war-violence","leadership","crime-punishment"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["sleep-insomnia","mind-body","neurosis-anxiety","war-wounds"],"blurb":"Sallust wrote two short monographs on episodes of the late Roman Republic, each opened by a philosophical preface and each meant to show how ambition and greed were corrupting the state. 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Each sketch begins with a definition and then offers small scenes in which the type reveals himself through repeated behavior.","lessonTitles":["Character appears in small habits","Typology clarifies and distorts","Comedy is social knowledge"],"comparisons":["plutarch-essays","gullivers-travels","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/characters.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #58242","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58242","translator":"Charles E. Bennett and William A. 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Warren Bridge","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1837","sortYear":1837,"era":"19th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","money-wealth","technology-modernity","power-politics","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In 1785 the Massachusetts legislature incorporated the Proprietors of the Charles River Bridge to span the river between Boston and Charlestown, where Harvard College had held a ferry right since 1650. The charter let the proprietors collect tolls for forty years and required them to pay the college two hundred pounds a year for the loss of its ferry; in 1792, when a second bridge to Cambridge was authorized, the term was lengthened to seventy years.","lessonTitles":["Doubtful words favor the public","Security for investors","Law and new machines","Continuity and change on the bench"],"comparisons":["dartmouth-college-v-woodward","fletcher-v-peck","gibbons-v-ogden","the-founding-documents","democracy-in-america","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/charles-river-bridge-v-warren-bridge.txt","source":"Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 36 U.S. (11 Pet.) 420 (1837), U.S. Reports text via Legal Information Institute (Cornell Law School)","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/36/420","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-roger-taney","caption":"Portrait of Roger B. 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B. White","year":"1952","sortYear":1952,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","death-mortality","animals","childhood","innocence-experience","language-storytelling","nature-landscape","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["death-dying","grief","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"Charlotte's Web opens at breakfast on the Arable farm, when eight-year-old Fern learns that her father is going out to kill the runt of a new litter of pigs. She protests so fiercely against killing a creature for being small that he gives her the piglet to raise.","lessonTitles":["A true friend gives","Every life is worth saving","Death is part of the seasons","Words have power"],"comparisons":["the-wind-in-the-willows","the-cricket-in-times-square","little-house-in-the-big-woods","the-velveteen-rabbit","aesops-fables"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"charlottes-web","caption":"Portrait of E. B. White.","credit":"Unknown author; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"E. B. 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Aboard is the world chess champion Mirko Czentovic, a stolid, almost illiterate son of a poor Danube boatman who was raised by a village priest, revealed an uncanny talent for chess, and now plays mechanically and greedily for money, showing no curiosity about anything else.","lessonTitles":["The mind needs nourishment","Two kinds of monomania","Trauma returns under pressure"],"comparisons":["alone-in-berlin","the-count-of-monte-cristo","white-nights","the-new-york-trilogy"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"stefan-zweig","caption":"Portrait of Stefan Zweig.","credit":"Franz Xaver Setzer (1886-1939); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Stefan Zweig","title":"Zweig Setzer 1927","creator":"Franz Xaver Setzer (1886-1939)","date":"1927","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Zweig_Setzer_1927.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zweig_Setzer_1927.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.information.dk/kultur/anmeldelse/2015/10/vigtigt-stridsskrift","localPath":"site/public/portraits/stefan-zweig.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q78491; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":478,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/chess.json","url":"/works/chess/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/397895859661","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"chiarella-v-united-states","title":"Chiarella v. 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In 1975 and 1976 he handled five announcements of corporate takeover bids.","lessonTitles":["When is silence fraud?","Unfairness and fraud are not the same","Fair notice in criminal law","Three theories of the duty"],"comparisons":["dirks-v-sec","united-states-v-ohagan","sec-v-capital-gains-research-bureau","ernst-and-ernst-v-hochfelder","summa-theologica"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/chiarella-v-united-states.txt","source":"Chiarella v. United States, 445 U.S. 222 (1980), U.S. Reports text via Legal Information Institute (Cornell)","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/445/222","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-lewis-powell","caption":"Portrait of Lewis F. Powell Jr..","credit":"Color negative by Robert S. Oakes; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Lewis F. Powell Jr.","title":"US Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell - 1976 official portrait","creator":"Color negative by Robert S. 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Some come from old Christian tradition, some from folk tales, and some are her own; all are told in a simple, warm voice suited to reading aloud.","lessonTitles":["Eyes that can see","Pride hides the Star","Small creatures, great love","Saving yourself alone"],"comparisons":["the-bible","golden-legend-popular-saints","the-brothers-karamazov","a-christmas-carol","andersen-fairy-tales"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/christ-legends.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #44818, Christ Legends","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44818","translator":"Velma Swanston Howard","translationYear":1908},"portrait":{"ref":"selma-lagerlof","caption":"Portrait of Selma Lagerlöf.","credit":"Atelier Jaeger; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Selma Lagerlöf","title":"Atelje Jaeger - Selma Lagerlöf 1928","creator":"Atelier Jaeger","date":"1922","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Atelje_Jaeger_-_Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f_1928.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atelje_Jaeger_-_Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f_1928.jpeg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.marbacka.com/press/SLF_042.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/selma-lagerlof.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q44519 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":511,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/christ-legends.json","url":"/works/christ-legends/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The shepherd in The Holy Night gives his sheepskin to keep the newborn Child warm, and the robin pulls a thorn from the brow of the Crucified One."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The wise men find the Star again only after they repent of scorning the poor Child in the cave.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Old Faustina travels from Capri to Judaea trusting that a prophet there can heal her emperor, and is baptized Veronica."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Raniero guards his candle flame through wind, robbers and ridicule all the way from Jerusalem to Florence."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"villehardouin-conquest-of-constantinople","title":"Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and the Conquest of Constantinople","author":"Geoffrey de Villehardouin","year":"c. 1207-1213","sortYear":1207,"era":"medieval","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Medieval chronicle; battles and sieges."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","faith-religion","power-politics","money-wealth","honor-shame","leadership","travel-journey"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["war-wounds","disability-deformity","death-dying"],"blurb":"Villehardouin's chronicle is the eyewitness account of the Fourth Crusade by one of its leaders. It opens in 1198-99 with the preaching of Fulk of Neuilly and the indulgence proclaimed by Pope Innocent III, and with a tournament at Écry in Champagne where Count Thibaut of Champagne and Count Louis of Blois take the cross, soon joined by Count Baldwin of Flanders.","lessonTitles":["Debts can steer a great purpose","Keeping the host together","Wonder and plunder","Reading an eyewitness"],"comparisons":["the-song-of-roland","two-lives-of-charlemagne","the-travels-of-marco-polo","ivanhoe","personal-memoirs","bede-ecclesiastical-history"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/villehardouin-conquest-of-constantinople.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #6032","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6032","translator":"Frank T. 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It is arranged by reign rather than by year and covers fourteen emperors and empresses.","lessonTitles":["Character shapes the fortunes of a state","The witness who is also a player","The people and the purple"],"comparisons":["anna-komnene-alexiad","procopius-secret-history","the-twelve-caesars","herrin-byzantium","kaldellis-the-new-roman-empire"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"michael-psellos","caption":"Michael Psellos (left) with Emperor Michael VII, from a 12th-13th-century manuscript.","credit":"Unknown/Άγνωστος; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Michael Psellos","title":"Michael Psellos","creator":"Unknown/Άγνωστος","date":"12th-13th century","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Michael_Psellos.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Psellos.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Codex 234, f. 245a, Mount Athos, Pantokrator Monastery/ Κώδ. 234, φ. 254α, Άγιον Όρος, Μονή Παντοκράτορος","localPath":"site/public/portraits/michael-psellos.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q294109 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":573}},"path":"content/works/psellos-chronographia.json","url":"/works/psellos-chronographia/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Basil II spends his reign on campaign and in administration, refusing luxury and leaving a full treasury."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Psellos negotiates as an envoy in the rebel camp in 1057, seeking terms that will avoid a war between the army and the capital."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Isaac I Komnenos, gravely ill, lays down the crown and enters a monastery."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"citizenship-in-a-republic","title":"Citizenship in a Republic (\"The Man in the Arena\")","author":"Theodore Roosevelt","year":"1910","sortYear":1910,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","virtue-ethics","leadership","class-society","money-wealth","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"On 23 April 1910 Theodore Roosevelt, a year out of the presidency and fresh from a long hunting expedition in East Africa, addressed a packed hall at the Sorbonne in Paris. He spoke as the citizen of one great republic to the citizens of another, and his subject was the character that self-government demands of ordinary people.","lessonTitles":["The arena belongs to the doer","A republic rests on ordinary character","If you will steal for me, you will steal from me"],"comparisons":["pericles-funeral-oration","democracy-in-america","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","if-kipling"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/citizenship-in-a-republic.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #13930: Theodore Roosevelt, African and European Addresses (New York: G. P. 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The immediate occasion is the sack of Rome by Alaric in 410, after which critics blamed Christians for weakening the old gods.","lessonTitles":["Political disaster is not ultimate meaning","Loves build cities","Suffering does not equal shame"],"comparisons":["confessions","the-history-of-the-church","the-republic"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/city-of-god.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #45304/#45305","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45304 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45305","translator":"Marcus Dods","translationYear":1871},"portrait":{"ref":"augustine-of-hippo","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Augustine of Hippo.","credit":"Philippe de Champaigne; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Augustine of Hippo","title":"Saint Augustine Alternative title: Saint Augustin","creator":"Philippe de Champaigne","date":"between circa 1645 and circa 1650","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art: online database: entry 171584","localPath":"site/public/portraits/augustine-of-hippo.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q8018; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":564,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/city-of-god.json","url":"/works/city-of-god/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Augustine distinguishes the two cities by their two loves: love of God and love of self."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"The work points beyond the fall of Rome to the heavenly city."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"civilization-and-its-discontents","title":"Civilization and Its Discontents","author":"Sigmund Freud","year":"1930","sortYear":1930,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"psychoanalytic theory"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["class-society","guilt-sin","war-violence","faith-religion","love-desire","madness-mind","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["psychology-unconscious","addiction","alcohol","neurosis-anxiety","melancholia-depression","sexuality-medicalized","altered-states","philosophy-as-therapy","pain","aging-senescence","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"Freud's late essay, in German Das Unbehagen in der Kultur ('the uneasiness in culture'), asks why civilized people, who have built so much for their own protection, are so often unhappy. It is written in eight short chapters in a conversational, self-questioning style.","lessonTitles":["Every way of escaping suffering has a cost","Conscience grows harsher the more we obey it","Aggression does not disappear when property does","A diagnosis of a whole culture should be offered with caution"],"comparisons":["the-interpretation-of-dreams","leviathan","beyond-good-and-evil","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-social-contract","the-world-as-will-and-representation","mans-search-for-meaning"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"sigmund-freud","caption":"Portrait of Sigmund Freud.","credit":"Max Halberstadt; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Sigmund Freud","title":"Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt (cropped)","creator":"Max Halberstadt","date":"circa 1921","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigmund_Freud,_by_Max_Halberstadt_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=6116407","localPath":"site/public/portraits/sigmund-freud.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q9215; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":529,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/civilization-and-its-discontents.json","url":"/works/civilization-and-its-discontents/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"cold-comfort-farm","title":"Cold Comfort Farm","author":"Stella Gibbons","year":"1932","sortYear":1932,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["satire-folly","family","nature-landscape","gender-women","art-creation","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["hypochondria","trauma-shell-shock","psychology-unconscious","obsession-monomania","physicians-doctors","sexuality-medicalized"],"blurb":"Cold Comfort Farm is a comic novel parodying the overwrought rural fiction of the early twentieth century, the 'loam and lovechild' school associated with writers such as Mary Webb and D. 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It is set in a slightly futuristic England of video-phones and air taxis.","lessonTitles":["Common sense against melodrama","Parody as criticism","Control through invalidism"],"comparisons":["northanger-abbey","wuthering-heights","excellent-women","persuasion"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"stella-gibbons","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Stella Gibbons.","credit":"Jburlinson; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Stella Gibbons","title":"Stella-gibbons-web","creator":"Jburlinson","date":"2009-03-24","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Stella-gibbons-web.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stella-gibbons-web.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/stella-gibbons.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q1252645; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":553,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/cold-comfort-farm.json","url":"/works/cold-comfort-farm/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/333150292916","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","title":"Commentaries on the Laws of England","author":"William Blackstone","year":"1765-1769","sortYear":1765,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"dense; best read in excerpts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","faith-religion","family","class-society","education","madness-mind"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","dementia-memory","disability-deformity","grief","childbirth-maternal","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, published at Oxford by the Clarendon Press in four volumes between 1765 and 1769, grew out of the lectures he gave at Oxford from 1753 and as first Vinerian Professor from 1758. It was the first full account of English law written for educated readers rather than for practising lawyers, arranged as a reasoned system instead of a collection of cases.","lessonTitles":["Human law rests on natural and revealed law","Three absolute rights of every Englishman","Law as an inheritance of precedent","Every gentleman should know the law","The law as guardian of those who cannot guard themselves"],"comparisons":["magna-carta","the-founding-documents","second-treatise-of-government","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-federalist-papers","articles-of-confederation"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #30802 (Book the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1765)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30802","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","caption":"Early edition of Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765).","credit":"William Blackstone (10 July 1723 – 14 February 1780).; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Commentaries on the Laws of England","title":"William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1st ed, 1765, vol I, title page)","creator":"William Blackstone (10 July 1723 – 14 February 1780).","date":"1765","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/William_Blackstone%2C_Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England_%281st_ed%2C_1765%2C_vol_I%2C_title_page%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Blackstone,_Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England_(1st_ed,_1765,_vol_I,_title_page).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Scanned from an original copy.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":533,"height":720,"bytes":63500,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england.json","url":"/works/commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Book I, ch. 1 makes the protection of each person's security, liberty and property the principal aim of society."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Blackstone defends following precedent because accumulated judgments are wiser than any single judge's private opinion."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Introduction §2 roots every human law in the law of nature dictated by God and in revealed Scripture."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Chapter 8 casts the crown as trustee for lunatics, preserving their estates for their use should they recover."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","title":"Common Sense, Rights of Man, The Age of Reason, and The American Crisis","author":"Thomas Paine","year":"1776-1794","sortYear":1776,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Age of Reason: deist polemic"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","class-society","faith-religion","language-storytelling","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["public-health-sanitation","aging-senescence","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"This Paine anthology gathers the pamphlets that made revolutionary argument feel urgent, portable, and democratic. Common Sense, published in January 1776, attacks monarchy, hereditary succession, reconciliation with Britain, and political hesitation.","lessonTitles":["Plain style can radicalize politics","Inherited power needs justification","Revolutionary confidence can outrun complexity"],"comparisons":["the-founding-documents","second-treatise-of-government","the-social-contract"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #147/#3741/#3742/#3743","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/147 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3741 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3742 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3743","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-paine","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Thomas Paine.","credit":"Auguste Millière / After George Romney / After William Sharp; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Paine","title":"Thomas Paine (1737 – 1809)","creator":"Auguste Millière / After George Romney / After William Sharp","date":"circa 1876","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof . This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . Please see Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag for more information.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-paine.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q126462; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":535,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings.json","url":"/works/common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Paine’s The American Crisis rallied the army in the winter of 1776."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"dorothy-parker-complete-poems","title":"Complete Poems","author":"Dorothy Parker","year":"1926–1936 (collections)","sortYear":1926,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"mature themes: suicide, adult relationships"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","gender-women","death-mortality","satire-folly","isolation-alienation","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["suicide","melancholia-depression","alcohol","sleep-insomnia","hypochondria"],"blurb":"Parker's Complete Poems gathers the light verse that made her one of the best-selling poets of the 1920s and 1930s. The core of the volume is her three collections, Enough Rope (1926), Sunset Gun (1928) and Death and Taxes (1931), which were combined in Not So Deep as a Well (1936), together with uncollected and early verse published in magazines from the 1910s onward.","lessonTitles":["Wit as armour","Deflating romantic convention","Light verse can be serious"],"comparisons":["the-portable-dorothy-parker","twenty-love-poems-and-a-song-of-despair","the-metaphysical-poets","butterfield-8"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"dorothy-parker","caption":"Portrait of Dorothy Parker.","credit":"Unknown author Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Dorothy Parker","title":"Young Dorothy Parker","creator":"Unknown author","date":"est. in the 1910s or early 1920s","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Young_Dorothy_Parker.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Dorothy_Parker.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.litkicks.com/DorothyParker","localPath":"site/public/portraits/dorothy-parker.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q270707; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":651,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/dorothy-parker-complete-poems.json","url":"/works/dorothy-parker-complete-poems/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/265656470348","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"confessions","title":"Confessions","author":"Augustine of Hippo","year":"c. 397–400 CE","sortYear":397,"era":"ancient","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"demanding; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","identity-self","guilt-sin","memory-time","love-desire","education","doubt-meaning","family"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["grief","melancholia-depression","addiction","alcohol","physicians-doctors","fever-infection","pain","dementia-memory","psychology-unconscious","philosophy-as-therapy","death-dying","altered-states"],"blurb":"The Confessions is a prayer in thirteen books addressed to God, in which Augustine recounts his life up to his mother's death and then turns to philosophical reflection on memory, time and the creation narrative of Genesis. 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It promises to show 'a man in all the integrity of nature', the author himself, concealing nothing.","lessonTitles":["Childhood as the key to the adult self","Sincerity is not the same as truth","Reading yourself ill","When grievance becomes a system"],"comparisons":["confessions","essays-montaigne","the-social-contract","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-varieties-of-religious-experience"],"quoteCount":13,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/rousseaus-confessions.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #3913","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3913","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"jean-jacques-rousseau","caption":"Portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.","credit":"Maurice Quentin de La Tour; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","title":"Portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)","creator":"Maurice Quentin de La Tour","date":"third quarter of 18 th century","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Unknown source Unknown source","localPath":"site/public/portraits/jean-jacques-rousseau.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q6527; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":517,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/rousseaus-confessions.json","url":"/works/rousseaus-confessions/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"mill-considerations-on-representative-government","title":"Considerations on Representative Government","author":"John Stuart Mill","year":"1861","sortYear":1861,"era":"19th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Long Victorian argument."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","education","class-society","gender-women","leadership","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Considerations on Representative Government, published in London in 1861, is John Stuart Mill's full treatment of how a free people should be governed. Written in the years of debate over a second Reform Act, it gathers ideas Mill had developed in Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform (1859) and in his reading of Thomas Hare's scheme of proportional representation.","lessonTitles":["Institutions should make citizens better","Control is different from administration","Majorities and minorities","Voting as a public trust"],"comparisons":["on-liberty","utilitarianism","the-subjection-of-women","democracy-in-america","the-federalist-papers","politics"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/mill-considerations-on-representative-government.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #5669","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5669","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-stuart-mill","caption":"Portrait of John Stuart Mill (circa 1870).","credit":"London Stereoscopic Company; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Stuart Mill","title":"John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870","creator":"London Stereoscopic Company","date":"circa 1870","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company,_c1870.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Hulton Archive","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-stuart-mill.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q50020; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":573,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/mill-considerations-on-representative-government.json","url":"/works/mill-considerations-on-representative-government/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Chapter V assigns each task to the body fitted for it, leaving the drafting of laws to skilled commissioners and control to the assembly."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Chapter VII calls it a needless injustice that a minority should have no representatives, and seeks representation in proportion to numbers."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Chapter III praises the active, self-helping character that strives to improve its circumstances over the passive one that accepts them."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Chapter X asks that the vote be cast openly as a public trust, under the eye and criticism of fellow citizens."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"cranford","title":"Cranford","author":"Elizabeth Gaskell","year":"1851–53","sortYear":1851,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"7–12","minGrade":7,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","class-society","money-wealth","gender-women","memory-time","virtue-ethics","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving","death-dying"],"blurb":"Cranford is a small English country town, twenty miles by railway from the busy commercial city of Drumble, where nearly every householder of the better sort is a single lady or a widow. The narrator, Mary Smith, a young woman from Drumble, visits often and describes their code: calls of exactly fifteen minutes, card parties with wafer bread-and-butter, and an 'elegant economy' that treats spending as vulgar and never names poverty.","lessonTitles":["Kindness beneath the rules","Honesty when it costs","Old loves and long regrets","Old ways and the railway age"],"comparisons":["emma","silas-marner","villette","middlemarch","pride-and-prejudice"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/cranford.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #394, Cranford","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/394","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"elizabeth-gaskell","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Elizabeth Gaskell.","credit":"George Richmond; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Elizabeth Gaskell","title":"Elizabeth Gaskell","creator":"George Richmond","date":"2011-08-08 23:20:09","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Elizabeth_Gaskell.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Gaskell.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Originally from de.wikipedia ; description page is (was) here","localPath":"site/public/portraits/elizabeth-gaskell.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q229226; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":526,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/cranford.json","url":"/works/cranford/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Miss Matty's friends secretly give from their own small incomes so she can keep her home after the bank fails."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Miss Matty gives the farmer five sovereigns for the bank's note because she feels bound as a shareholder."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Captain Brown darts onto the line to save a strayed child and loses his life doing it."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Miss Matty sets up a little tea business in her parlour without complaint and refuses to take the grocer's trade."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Martha marries Jem sooner than planned so that the couple can give her ruined mistress a home."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"crime-and-punishment","title":"Crime and Punishment","author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","year":"1866","sortYear":1866,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"Russian","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classical-11th","existentialism"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"violence; demanding novel"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["crime-punishment","guilt-sin","madness-mind","faith-religion","justice-law"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","obsession-monomania","fever-infection","alcohol","suicide","melancholia-depression"],"blurb":"Crime and Punishment follows Rodion Raskolnikov, an impoverished former student in St. Petersburg, as he murders the pawnbroker Alyona Ivanovna and her sister Lizaveta while testing an idea about extraordinary persons who may step over ordinary law. 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Where the first Critique limited what reason can know about God, freedom and the soul, this book argues that pure reason is practical by itself: it can determine the will without any help from desire, and in doing so it gives freedom, God and immortality a secure footing as matters of rational belief.","lessonTitles":["Ought implies can","Worthiness before happiness","Respect as a moral feeling","Faith grounded in practice"],"comparisons":["groundwork-of-the-metaphysics-of-morals","critique-of-pure-reason","the-nicomachean-ethics","utilitarianism","meditations"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/kant-critique-of-practical-reason.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #5683","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5683","translator":"Thomas Kingsmill Abbott","translationYear":1889},"portrait":{"ref":"immanuel-kant","caption":"Portrait of Immanuel Kant (1768).","credit":"Becker; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Immanuel Kant","title":"Immanuel Kant - Gemaelde 2","creator":"Becker","date":"1768","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_2.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Self-scanned","localPath":"site/public/portraits/immanuel-kant.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q9312; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":412,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/kant-critique-of-practical-reason.json","url":"/works/kant-critique-of-practical-reason/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Kant's honest man in the Methodology keeps refusing to slander Anne Boleyn even when friends, kin and a prince threaten him with ruin and death."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"In Chapter III the moral law strikes down self-conceit, and Kant says his spirit bows before an upright person of humble station."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The gallows example turns on refusing to bear false witness against an innocent man, a duty the reader recognizes even at the cost of life."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Book II grounds hope in God and immortality as conditions under which the highest good can be achieved."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"critique-of-pure-reason","title":"Critique of Pure Reason","author":"Immanuel Kant","year":"1781 (revised 1787)","sortYear":1781,"era":"18th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"hard philosophy"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","doubt-meaning","faith-religion","fate-free-will","identity-self","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["psychology-unconscious","dreams-nightmares","madness-psychosis","mind-body","hypochondria"],"blurb":"Kant's first Critique asks whether metaphysics is possible as a science, and answers by examining reason's own powers before trusting any of its claims about God, the soul or the world as a whole. The first-edition preface describes human reason as burdened by questions it cannot dismiss and cannot answer, and the second-edition preface proposes a Copernican experiment: instead of assuming that knowledge must conform to objects, suppose that objects must conform to the forms of our knowing.","lessonTitles":["The mind shapes what it can experience","Concepts and sensations need each other","Reason produces illusions it cannot simply switch off","A unified self is a condition of thinking, not a known thing"],"comparisons":["an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","meditations-on-first-philosophy","groundwork-of-the-metaphysics-of-morals","the-republic","the-world-as-will-and-representation","the-principles-of-psychology"],"quoteCount":13,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/critique-of-pure-reason.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #4280","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4280","translator":"J. M. D. 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Paramedics restored her breathing and heartbeat, but she never regained consciousness, and the trial court later found her to be in a persistent vegetative state, kept alive by a surgically implanted feeding tube in a state hospital.","lessonTitles":["The right to refuse treatment","Who speaks for a person who cannot?","The interest in life","Leaving questions to the states"],"comparisons":["washington-v-glucksberg","jacobson-v-massachusetts","youngberg-v-romeo","addington-v-texas","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/cruzan-v-director-missouri-department-of-health.txt","source":"Cruzan v. 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Photographe","date":"1897","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/M._Coquelin_a%C3%AEn%C3%A9._Porte_Saint-Martin._Cyrano_de_Bergerac_-_btv1b53215826b.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M._Coquelin_a%C3%AEn%C3%A9._Porte_Saint-Martin._Cyrano_de_Bergerac_-_btv1b53215826b.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","localPath":"site/public/portraits/cyrano-de-bergerac.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":545,"height":720,"bytes":62464,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/cyrano-de-bergerac.json","url":"/works/cyrano-de-bergerac/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Cyrano refuses de Guiche's patronage rather than flatter a powerful man for advancement."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He crosses the Spanish lines at Arras every day to carry Roxane's letters, and dies on his feet, sword in hand."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"He keeps silent for fifteen years so that Roxane's memory of Christian is not spoiled."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"He protects Christian, whom he could have killed for mocking his nose, and keeps his promise to Roxane to watch over him."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"daisy-miller","title":"Daisy Miller","author":"Henry James","year":"1878","sortYear":1878,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["innocence-experience","gender-women","class-society","travel-journey","honor-shame","death-mortality","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["fever-infection","death-dying","public-health-sanitation","physicians-doctors","hypochondria"],"blurb":"Daisy Miller: A Study is told in close third person through Frederick Winterbourne, a young American who has lived most of his life in Geneva and has grown, in his aunt's phrase, too used to European ways. 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This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . 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No natural bacterium had this combined capacity.","lessonTitles":["Nature's handiwork and human invention","Reading a statute's words","Who weighs the risks of new science?"],"comparisons":["association-for-molecular-pathology-v-myriad-genetics","frankenstein","on-the-origin-of-species","marbury-v-madison"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/diamond-v-chakrabarty.txt","source":"Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980), U.S. Reports text via Legal Information Institute (Cornell)","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/447/303","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-warren-burger","caption":"Portrait of Warren E. Burger.","credit":"The original uploader was Coburnpharr04 at English Wikipedia; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Warren E. 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The document grounds that right in dignity, conscience, and the nature of truth, while insisting that the right concerns immunity from coercion rather than indifference about religious truth.","lessonTitles":["Dignitatis Humanae: formed attention","Dignitatis Humanae: order and disorder","Dignitatis Humanae: body and soul"],"comparisons":["we-hold-these-truths","fides-et-ratio"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"dignitatis-humanae","caption":"Opening ceremony of the Second Vatican Council, October 1962.","credit":"Jack de Nijs for Anefo; CC0.","media":{"subject":"Dignitatis Humanae","title":"Concilie geopend, de Paus tijdens de openings-ceremonie, Bestanddeelnr 914-3932","creator":"Jack de Nijs for Anefo","date":"1962-10-11","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Concilie_geopend%2C_de_Paus_tijdens_de_openings-ceremonie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-3932.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Concilie_geopend,_de_Paus_tijdens_de_openings-ceremonie,_Bestanddeelnr_914-3932.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://proxy.handle.net/10648/aa1acee6-d0b4-102d-bcf8-003048976d84","localPath":"site/public/portraits/dignitatis-humanae.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":707,"bytes":56261,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/dignitatis-humanae.json","url":"/works/dignitatis-humanae/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"dirks-v-sec","title":"Dirks v. SEC","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1983","sortYear":1983,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"securities law; written for advanced students and Series 65 candidates"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","justice-law","virtue-ethics","crime-punishment"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In March 1973 Raymond Dirks, an officer of a New York broker-dealer who analyzed insurance company securities for institutional investors, received a call from Ronald Secrist, a former officer of Equity Funding Corporation of America. Secrist said that the company's assets were vastly overstated through fraud, that regulators had ignored similar warnings, and that Dirks should verify the charges and make them public.","lessonTitles":["Derivative duty","Motive as the test of breach","Good ends and doubtful means","The analyst's role in markets"],"comparisons":["chiarella-v-united-states","united-states-v-ohagan","sec-v-capital-gains-research-bureau","the-prince","the-nicomachean-ethics"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/dirks-v-sec.txt","source":"Dirks v. SEC, 463 U.S. 646 (1983), U.S. Reports text via Legal Information Institute (Cornell)","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/463/646","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-lewis-powell","caption":"Portrait of Lewis F. Powell Jr..","credit":"Color negative by Robert S. Oakes; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Lewis F. 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An impoverished hidalgo of about fifty, Alonso Quixano, reads chivalric romances until, from too little sleep and too much reading, his brain dries up and he loses his wits.","lessonTitles":["Reading shapes reality","Idealism and realism need each other","Mockery can be cruel"],"comparisons":["northanger-abbey","candide","gullivers-travels","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","lord-jim"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/don-quixote.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #996","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/996","translator":"John Ormsby","translationYear":1885},"portrait":{"ref":"miguel-de-cervantes","caption":"Portrait of Miguel de Cervantes.","credit":"Attributed to Juan de Jáuregui; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Miguel de Cervantes","title":"Portrait of Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra (1547-1615)","creator":"Attributed to Juan de Jáuregui","date":"circa 1600","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"1. 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Jonathan Harker, a young English solicitor, travels to Transylvania to arrange the purchase of a London property, Carfax, for Count Dracula.","lessonTitles":["Modern method against ancient evil","Anxieties about the body and contagion","Gender and desire"],"comparisons":["frankenstein","the-vampyre","the-turn-of-the-screw-and-the-aspern-papers","heart-of-darkness","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","carmilla"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/dracula.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #345","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/345","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"bram-stoker","caption":"Portrait of Bram Stoker.","credit":"unidentified photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Bram Stoker","title":"Bram Stoker 1906","creator":"unidentified photographer","date":"circa 1906","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Bram_Stoker_1906.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bram_Stoker_1906.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/travel/bram-stoker-dracula-yorkshire.html","localPath":"site/public/portraits/bram-stoker.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q36184; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":558,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/dracula.json","url":"/works/dracula/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/860005646755","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"dred-scott-v-sandford","title":"Dred Scott v. 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The collection usually includes 1 Clement, the letters of Ignatius, Polycarp’s letter, the Martyrdom of Polycarp, the Didache, the Epistle of Barnabas, the Shepherd of Hermas, 2 Clement and fragments such as Papias or the Epistle to Diognetus, depending on edition.","lessonTitles":["Communities are made by practices","Witness can be powerful and dangerous","Repentance is social medicine"],"comparisons":["the-history-of-the-church","the-rule-of-st-benedict","the-bible"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/early-christian-writings.txt","source":"CCEL Lightfoot Apostolic Fathers","sourceUrl":"https://www.ccel.org/ccel/lightfoot/fathers/cache/fathers.txt","translator":"J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. 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The early sources are more demanding.","lessonTitles":["Sweetness should not erase severity","A movement edits its founder","The saint's body becomes a theological document","Embodied devotion changes culture"],"comparisons":["the-rule-of-st-benedict","early-christian-lives","a-christmas-carol","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings"],"quoteCount":4,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/early-franciscan-sources.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #18787 and selected public-domain Little Flowers tradition","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18787","translator":"Louise Seymour Houghton and older Fioretti translators","translationYear":"1919 and public-domain editions"},"portrait":{"ref":"francis-of-assisi","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Francis of Assisi.","credit":"Parzi; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Francis of Assisi","title":"StFrancis part","creator":"Parzi","date":"2006-09-10","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StFrancis_part.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work basing on Stfrancis.jpg from WikiCommons","localPath":"site/public/portraits/francis-of-assisi.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Central saint and subject of the collected lives. 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A Boy's Will (London, 1913) is a book of short lyrics arranged in three parts, and the library text keeps the original contents page, where each title is followed by an italic gloss in the third person describing what the youth of the book is feeling: in Into My Own he imagines stealing away into dark trees and believes those who follow will find him only more sure of all he thought was true; in Storm Fear he is afraid of his own isolation; in The Tuft of Flowers a mower finds a patch of butterfly weed spared by the man who scythed the field before him and decides that men work together whether they work together or apart; and in Mowing a scythe whispers in the hay while the speaker concludes that fact is the sweetest dream labor knows.","lessonTitles":["Work as a way of knowing","Neighbors and boundaries","What home means","Choices remembered"],"comparisons":["the-road-not-taken","walden","tintern-abbey","poems-of-emily-dickinson","whitman-complete-poems"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/frost-early-poems.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBooks #3021 (A Boy's Will, 1913), #3026 (North of Boston, 1914) and #29345 (Mountain Interval, 1916)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3021","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"robert-frost","caption":"Portrait of Robert Frost.","credit":"Fred Palumbo, World Telegram staff photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Robert Frost","title":"Robert Frost NYWTS","creator":"Fred Palumbo, World Telegram staff photographer","date":"1941","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Robert_Frost_NYWTS.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Frost_NYWTS.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Library of Congress. New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c20742","localPath":"site/public/portraits/robert-frost.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q168728 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":552,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/frost-early-poems.json","url":"/works/frost-early-poems/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Mary urges Warren to be kind to Silas and to give the dying hired man a home he has not earned."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Mowing and The Tuft of Flowers find dignity and companionship in the solitary work of scything hay."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The speaker of Mending Wall keeps meeting his neighbor each spring to mend the wall, even while doubting its purpose."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The farm wife of A Servant to Servants keeps on with endless chores, repeating that the best way out is always through."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"east-of-eden","title":"East of Eden","author":"John Steinbeck","year":"1952","sortYear":1952,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"sexual content; violence"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","guilt-sin","fate-free-will","virtue-ethics","love-desire","faith-religion","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["childbirth-maternal","pharmacology-poisons","suicide","melancholia-depression","heredity-degeneration","physicians-doctors","pain","war-wounds","death-dying"],"blurb":"East of Eden is a multigenerational saga set mainly in the Salinas Valley of California from the Civil War to the First World War, which retells the story of Cain and Abel through two families: the Trasks and the Hamiltons, the latter being the narrator's own maternal ancestors. Samuel Hamilton, a poor, inventive, generous Irish immigrant farmer and blacksmith, raises a large family on barren land.","lessonTitles":["Thou mayest","Rejection breeds rivalry","Truth can wound"],"comparisons":["the-bible","cannery-row","wuthering-heights","fathers-and-sons","macbeth"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"john-steinbeck","caption":"Portrait of John Steinbeck.","credit":"McFadden Publications, Inc.; no photographer credited; photo likely the work of Sonya Noskowiak, as Steinbeck is wearing the same clothes from her 1935 studio session that produced the work shown here: https://www.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2006.74; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Steinbeck","title":"John Steinbeck 1939 (cropped)","creator":"McFadden Publications, Inc.; no photographer credited; photo likely the work of Sonya Noskowiak, as Steinbeck is wearing the same clothes from her 1935 studio session that produced the work shown here: https://www.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2006.74","date":"1939-11","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/John_Steinbeck_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Steinbeck_1939_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Photoplay , November 1939 (page 22) Photograph is flipped horizontally for magazine publication","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-steinbeck.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q39212; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":599,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/east-of-eden.json","url":"/works/east-of-eden/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/227438592810","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"ecce-homo","title":"Ecce Homo","author":"Friedrich Nietzsche","year":"written 1888; published 1908","sortYear":1888,"era":"19th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"hard philosophy"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["identity-self","art-creation","madness-mind","illness-body","doubt-meaning"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["mind-body","pain","melancholia-depression","philosophy-as-therapy","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"Ecce Homo is Nietzsche's late self-interpretation, part autobiography, part literary self-defense, part philosophical performance. Its chapter headings are famously outrageous: why he is so wise, clever, and a destiny; why he writes such good books.","lessonTitles":["Ecce Homo teaches historical caution","Ecce Homo links evidence and authority","Ecce Homo complicates mind and body","Ecce Homo warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["thus-spoke-zarathustra","beyond-good-and-evil","on-the-genealogy-of-morality","confessions"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/ecce-homo.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #52190","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52190","translator":"Anthony M. 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A dedication to King Ceolwulf of Northumbria explains that history offers good examples to imitate and bad ones to shun, and names his informants, chief among them Abbot Albinus of Canterbury and the priest Nothelm, who searched the papal archives in Rome.","lessonTitles":["History as a school of example","Conversion by persuasion and patience","Holiness that teaches by example","Unity and the date of Easter","Every gift for the praise of God"],"comparisons":["the-history-of-the-church","caedmons-hymn","st-patricks-writings","early-christian-lives","two-lives-of-charlemagne","beowulf"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/bede-ecclesiastical-history.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #38326","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38326","translator":"A. M. 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Effi accepts, partly from ambition and partly from a wish for excitement, and the couple marry and move to Kessin, a small Baltic resort town in Pomerania.","lessonTitles":["Codes outlive their meaning","Married too young","Avoiding the question"],"comparisons":["the-scarlet-letter","a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","daisy-miller","the-portrait-of-a-lady","ruth"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/effi-briest.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #14470","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14470","translator":"William A. 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This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . 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Vitale","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1962","sortYear":1962,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","justice-law","education","childhood","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In 1951 the New York State Board of Regents, which supervises the state's public schools, published a Statement on Moral and Spiritual Training that included a short prayer of twenty-two words: Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. 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Bacon borrowed the name essay from Montaigne, but where Montaigne explored himself at leisure, Bacon compressed observation into dense, balanced sentences meant for men of business and government.","lessonTitles":["Observe your own body before trusting general rules","A friend is a remedy no apothecary sells","Read for use, and choose studies to correct the mind","Worldly wisdom has a moral cost to be counted"],"comparisons":["essays-montaigne","novum-organum","the-prince","letters-from-a-stoic","characters","on-friendship"],"quoteCount":15,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/essays-bacon.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #575","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/575","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"francis-bacon","caption":"Portrait of Francis Bacon.","credit":"Paul van Somer I / Formerly attributed to Frans Pourbus the Younger; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Francis Bacon","title":"Portrait of Francis Bacon.","creator":"Paul van Somer I / Formerly attributed to Frans Pourbus the Younger","date":"1617","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Somer_Francis_Bacon.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Somer_Francis_Bacon.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"pl.pinterest.com","localPath":"site/public/portraits/francis-bacon.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q37388; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":586,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/essays-bacon.json","url":"/works/essays-bacon/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Bacon’s essays give practical counsel for public and private life."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Bacon’s essay Of Friendship treats its fruits for the heart and the understanding."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"essays-and-aphorisms","title":"Essays and Aphorisms","author":"Arthur Schopenhauer","year":"1851","sortYear":1851,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"pessimist philosophy; includes essay on suicide"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["doubt-meaning","death-mortality","virtue-ethics","fate-free-will","identity-self","power-politics","gender-women","animals"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","suicide","pain","heredity-degeneration","psychology-unconscious","mind-body","neurosis-anxiety","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"Essays and Aphorisms is the title of the selection translated by R. J. Hollingdale from Schopenhauer's Parerga and Paralipomena, the two volumes of 'appendices and omissions' he published in 1851 to make his system available to general readers. The book that resulted is the opposite of a treatise: short, sardonic, quotable pieces on suffering, death, religion, women, reading, noise, ethics and psychology, all resting on the metaphysics of his early masterpiece.","lessonTitles":["Pity, not reason, is the root of morality","Character may be learned but not changed","Happiness is a pause in suffering","A brilliant writer's prejudices are part of the evidence"],"comparisons":["the-world-as-will-and-representation","essays-bacon","pensees","beyond-good-and-evil","letters-from-a-stoic","the-sickness-unto-death"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/essays-and-aphorisms.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #10739","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10739","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"arthur-schopenhauer","caption":"Portrait of Arthur Schopenhauer.","credit":"Johann Schäfer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Arthur Schopenhauer","title":"Arthur Schopenhauer by J Schäfer, 1859b","creator":"Johann Schäfer","date":"March 1859","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Sch%C3%A4fer%2C_1859b.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Sch%C3%A4fer,_1859b.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Frankfurt am Main University Library","localPath":"site/public/portraits/arthur-schopenhauer.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q38193; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":563,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/essays-and-aphorisms.json","url":"/works/essays-and-aphorisms/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"rush-essays-on-education-in-a-republic","title":"Essays on Education in a Republic","author":"Benjamin Rush","year":"1786-1798","sortYear":1786,"era":"18th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","faith-religion","power-politics","childhood","gender-women","virtue-ethics","crime-punishment","illness-body"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","mind-body","public-health-sanitation","fever-infection","tuberculosis-consumption","alcohol","pain","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"Essays on Education in a Republic gathers the six essays on schooling that open Benjamin Rush's Essays, Literary, Moral and Philosophical, published in Philadelphia in 1798. Rush, a physician and signer of the Declaration of Independence, wrote them between 1786 and 1791 to ask what kind of education a free people needs once it has made itself a republic.","lessonTitles":["Religion, virtue and liberty as a chain","Education for usefulness","Governing children by reason rather than the rod","Educating women for a republic"],"comparisons":["medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","narrative-of-yellow-fever-1793","the-republic","jefferson-selected-writings","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/rush-essays-on-education-in-a-republic.txt","source":"Benjamin Rush, Essays, Literary, Moral and Philosophical (Philadelphia: Thomas and Samuel F. 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Written in the manner of Addison's Spectator for a polite reading public, they brought the philosophy of the Treatise to bear on British politics, religion, taste and manners.","lessonTitles":["All government rests on opinion","Design institutions for knaves","Faction is the enemy of law","Temper shapes belief and happiness"],"comparisons":["a-treatise-of-human-nature","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","the-federalist-papers","second-treatise-of-government","the-spirit-of-the-laws","essays-bacon"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/hume-political-essays.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #36120","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36120","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"david-hume","caption":"Portrait of David Hume (1766).","credit":"Allan Ramsay; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"David Hume","title":"David Hume","creator":"Allan Ramsay","date":"1766","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"National Galleries Scotland","localPath":"site/public/portraits/david-hume.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q37160; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":595,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/hume-political-essays.json","url":"/works/hume-political-essays/","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Of the Delicacy of Taste and Passion recommends cooling an excessive sensitivity to fortune by cultivating a calm, refined taste."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Of the Independency of Parliament designs institutions on the cautious assumption that every officeholder will follow his own interest."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Of the Origin of Government makes the support of the judges the end of the whole apparatus of the state."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Of Parties in General condemns factions for setting against each other fellow citizens who ought to protect one another."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"emerson-essays","title":"Essays: First Series (Self-Reliance and Other Essays)","author":"Ralph Waldo Emerson","year":"1841","sortYear":1841,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["identity-self","faith-religion","nature-landscape","friendship","virtue-ethics","doubt-meaning","education"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["philosophy-as-therapy","melancholia-depression","mind-body","bloodletting"],"blurb":"Essays: First Series gathers twelve essays that Emerson worked up from his journals and from the lecture courses he gave in Boston in the late 1830s. Each pursues one idea through a rush of aphorisms, examples and images rather than a step-by-step argument, and together they set out his conviction that the same universal mind or soul speaks in every person and in nature.","lessonTitles":["Trusting the voice within","Consistency and growth","No escape from the self","Friendship as truth and tenderness"],"comparisons":["walden","essays-montaigne","meditations","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","essays-bacon","confessions"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/emerson-essays.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2944","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2944","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"emerson-essays","caption":"Portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson.","credit":"Josiah Johnson Hawes; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Ralph Waldo Emerson","title":"Ralph Waldo Emerson by Josiah Johnson Hawes 1857","creator":"Josiah Johnson Hawes","date":"1880","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_by_Josiah_Johnson_Hawes_1857.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_by_Josiah_Johnson_Hawes_1857.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://collections.eastman.org/objects/28550/ralph-waldo-emerson?ctx=40feaa18-c1ab-482e-b861-5102792e93c3&idx=13","localPath":"site/public/portraits/emerson-essays.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":531,"height":720,"bytes":33172,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/emerson-essays.json","url":"/works/emerson-essays/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Self-Reliance calls the reader to speak his convictions in hard words even when the whole cry of voices is on the other side."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The essay Friendship defines a friend as one with whom we may be sincere and demands truth and tenderness between equals."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Self-Reliance teaches that no kernel of nourishing corn comes except through toil on the plot of ground given to each person."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The essay Prudence honours care for health, money and time as the necessary art of daily life."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"ethics","title":"Ethics","author":"Baruch Spinoza","year":"1677","sortYear":1677,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"hard philosophy"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","fate-free-will","madness-mind","virtue-ethics","science-knowledge","love-desire","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["mind-body","melancholia-depression","obsession-monomania","madness-psychosis","philosophy-as-therapy","psychology-unconscious","suicide","dementia-memory","addiction","death-dying"],"blurb":"Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order is set out like Euclid: definitions, axioms, numbered propositions, proofs, corollaries and the discursive notes (scholia) where Spinoza speaks most freely. Its five parts lead from God to human blessedness.","lessonTitles":["Understanding a passion begins to free us from it","Emotions follow natural law like geometry","Sadness diminishes the power to act","Other people as the greatest good"],"comparisons":["the-passions-of-the-soul","meditations-on-first-philosophy","leviathan","meditations","beyond-good-and-evil","a-treatise-of-human-nature"],"quoteCount":13,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/ethics.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #3800","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3800","translator":"R. H. M. 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It opens with biblical meditation, especially the story of Cain and Abel, and then develops a moral analysis of what the pope calls threats to life in modern law, medicine, family life, and political culture.","lessonTitles":["Evangelium Vitae: formed attention","Evangelium Vitae: order and disorder","Evangelium Vitae: body and soul"],"comparisons":["dignitatis-humanae","the-communist-manifesto"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"evangelium-vitae","caption":"Portrait of John Paul II.","credit":"Gregorini Demetrio; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"John Paul II","title":"ADAMELLO - PAPA - Giovanni Paolo II - panoramio (cropped)","creator":"Gregorini Demetrio","date":"1988","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ADAMELLO_-_PAPA_-_Giovanni_Paolo_II_-_panoramio_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014164640/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/30571702","localPath":"site/public/portraits/evangelium-vitae.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":617,"height":720,"bytes":63712,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/evangelium-vitae.json","url":"/works/evangelium-vitae/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"everson-v-board-of-education","title":"Everson v. Board of Education","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1947","sortYear":1947,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","education","justice-law","childhood","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"A New Jersey statute authorized local school boards to arrange for the transportation of children to and from school, including private schools not operated for profit. The Board of Education of Ewing Township, which had no high schools of its own, adopted a resolution reimbursing parents for fares their children paid on regular public buses to attend public schools and Catholic parochial schools in nearby Trenton and Pennington.","lessonTitles":["Applying the First Amendment to the states","Separation and neutrality","History as constitutional argument","When reasons and results diverge"],"comparisons":["virginia-statute-for-religious-freedom","madison-selected-writings","pierce-v-society-of-sisters","engel-v-vitale","zelman-v-simmons-harris"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/everson-v-board-of-education.txt","source":"Everson v. Board of Education of the Township of Ewing, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-hugo-black","caption":"Portrait of Hugo Black.","credit":"Harris & Ewing photography firm; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Hugo Black","title":"HugoLaFayetteBlack","creator":"Harris & Ewing photography firm","date":"1937-11-18","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3a34024.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-hugo-black.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q459752 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":571,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/everson-v-board-of-education.json","url":"/works/everson-v-board-of-education/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Black insists that the state may not cut off citizens from public welfare benefits because of their faith, while forbidding taxes in support of any church."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Jackson acknowledges with sympathy the burden on Catholic families who support both public and parochial schools, even as he dissents."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"The case arose from families' commitment to give their children an education shaped by their religious convictions at their own expense."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"ex-parte-milligan","title":"Ex parte Milligan","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1866","sortYear":1866,"era":"19th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","war-violence","power-politics","crime-punishment","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Lambdin P. Milligan was an Indiana lawyer and Democrat who opposed the war policies of the Lincoln administration. On 5 October 1864, during the presidential campaign, he was arrested at his home by order of General Alvin P. Hovey, commander of the military district of Indiana, and accused of joining a secret society that planned to free Confederate prisoners and seize federal arsenals.","lessonTitles":["A Constitution for war and peace","Open courts as the test","Who decides what war requires?","Timing and judgment"],"comparisons":["the-founding-documents","the-federalist-papers","youngstown-sheet-and-tube-v-sawyer","korematsu-v-united-states","magna-carta","lincoln-second-inaugural-address"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/ex-parte-milligan.txt","source":"Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 2 (1866), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-david-davis","caption":"Portrait of David Davis.","credit":"Brady-Handy collection; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"David Davis","title":"DDavis","creator":"Brady-Handy collection","date":"circa 1855date QS:P,+1855-00-00T00:00:00","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/DDavis.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DDavis.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cwpbh.02279","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-david-davis.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q374427 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":652,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/ex-parte-milligan.json","url":"/works/ex-parte-milligan/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Davis, a close friend of the late President, wrote that the administration's commission in Indiana had acted without lawful authority."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The Court insists that even a man accused of conspiring with the enemy must be indicted and tried by a jury in the open courts of his state."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Chase's concurrence preserves for Congress a power to meet future emergencies, cautioning against deciding more than Milligan's release required."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"excellent-women","title":"Excellent Women","author":"Barbara Pym","year":"1952","sortYear":1952,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["gender-women","isolation-alienation","faith-religion","marriage","satire-folly","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Excellent Women is narrated by Mildred Lathbury, an unmarried clergyman's daughter just past thirty, living in a shabby part of London near Victoria in the austere years after the Second World War. She works part-time for a society aiding impoverished gentlewomen and devotes herself to her parish church, St Mary's, where she helps the unmarried vicar, Julian Malory, and his sister Winifred.","lessonTitles":["Invisible labour","Comedy of small things","Choosing one's own life"],"comparisons":["persuasion","cold-comfort-farm","the-warden","mansfield-park"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"excellent-women","caption":"Blue plaque marking Barbara Pym's London home.","credit":"Megalit; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Excellent Women","title":"Barbara Pym plaque","creator":"Megalit","date":"2020-04-11 18:41:53","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Barbara_Pym_plaque.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barbara_Pym_plaque.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/excellent-women.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":540,"bytes":95043,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/excellent-women.json","url":"/works/excellent-women/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/264624662812","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"dewey-experience-and-education","title":"Experience and Education","author":"John Dewey","year":"1938","sortYear":1938,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","childhood","science-knowledge","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Experience and Education is a short book of eight chapters in which John Dewey, then nearly eighty, restates his philosophy of education and answers both its opponents and some of its followers. By the 1930s progressive education, often associated with Dewey's name, had become a broad movement in American schools, and critics charged it with neglecting knowledge, discipline and the inherited wisdom of the past.","lessonTitles":["Beyond either-or","Not every experience educates","Continuity and interaction","Freedom as self-control"],"comparisons":["james-pragmatism","lewis-the-abolition-of-man","the-republic","plato-meno","rush-essays-on-education-in-a-republic"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"john-dewey","caption":"Portrait of John Dewey (1902).","credit":"Eva Watson-Schütze; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Dewey","title":"John Dewey in 1902","creator":"Eva Watson-Schütze","date":"1902","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Scanned by uploader from Menand, Louis (2001), The Metaphysical Club, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, p. 317, ISBN 0-374-52849-7. Original photograph from the John Dewey Photograph Collection (N3","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-dewey.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q131805 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":550,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/dewey-experience-and-education.json","url":"/works/dewey-experience-and-education/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Dewey's teacher must judge, from knowledge of both pupil and situation, which experiences will lead toward further growth, as Chapter 3 requires."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Chapter 5 makes self-control, the power to stop and think before acting on impulse, the true aim of a free education."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Chapter 7 calls for steady, progressive organization of subject matter rather than activity for its own sake."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"faraday-experimental-researches-in-electricity","title":"Experimental Researches in Electricity, Volume 1","author":"Michael Faraday","year":"1839","sortYear":1839,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","technology-modernity","language-storytelling","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["reanimation-galvanism","mind-body","hysteria","trauma-shell-shock"],"blurb":"Experimental Researches in Electricity gathers the numbered papers that Michael Faraday read to the Royal Society and printed in its Philosophical Transactions, in which he discovered electromagnetic induction, showed that all kinds of electricity are one, and found the quantitative laws of electrolysis. Volume 1, first published in London in 1839, collects the first fourteen Series, written between 1831 and 1838, in 1,748 numbered paragraphs, with a preface, an index and plates; the library text is the 1849 second edition reprint.","lessonTitles":["Asking the symmetrical question","Naming things well","One force in many forms","Measurement turns a mystery into a law"],"comparisons":["faraday-chemical-history-of-a-candle","gilbert-de-magnete","principia","einstein-relativity","lavoisier-elements-of-chemistry"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/faraday-experimental-researches-in-electricity.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #14986","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14986","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"michael-faraday","caption":"Portrait of Michael Faraday (1842).","credit":"Thomas Phillips; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Michael Faraday","title":"M Faraday Th Phillips oil 1842","creator":"Thomas Phillips","date":"1842","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Thomas Phillips, 1842","localPath":"site/public/portraits/michael-faraday.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q8750 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":556,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/faraday-experimental-researches-in-electricity.json","url":"/works/faraday-experimental-researches-in-electricity/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Faraday ran thousands of trials over seven years, recording each in numbered paragraphs."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"In paragraph 869 he declines to claim knowledge of atoms that his experiments could not support."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In the Seventh Series he coins new terms chosen not to imply theories he had not proved."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"mendel-experiments-in-plant-hybridisation","title":"Experiments in Plant Hybridisation (in Bateson's Mendel's Principles of Heredity)","author":"Gregor Mendel; William Bateson","year":"1866","sortYear":1866,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Mendel's paper is short; ratios and tables."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","nature-landscape","family","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["heredity-degeneration"],"blurb":"Gregor Mendel's 'Experiments in Plant Hybridisation' was read to the Natural History Society of Brünn (now Brno, in the Czech Republic) at its meetings of 8 February and 8 March 1865 and printed in the Society's proceedings, which appeared in 1866. Mendel, an Augustinian friar and schoolteacher, reported eight years of crossing varieties of the garden pea in his monastery garden.","lessonTitles":["Choose the right material","Counting reveals hidden order","Hypothesis and test","Neglect, rediscovery and controversy"],"comparisons":["on-the-origin-of-species","the-descent-of-man","bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine","whewell-novum-organon-renovatum","lavoisier-elements-of-chemistry"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/mendel-experiments-in-plant-hybridisation.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #69362","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69362","translator":"William Bateson (Royal Horticultural Society translation, revised)","translationYear":1902},"portrait":{"ref":"gregor-mendel","caption":"Gregor Mendel (c. 1862).","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Gregor Mendel","title":"Gregor Mendel with cross","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"c. 1862","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Gregor_Mendel_with_cross.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gregor_Mendel_with_cross.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.g2conline.info/content/c16/16163/16163_075prelate.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/gregor-mendel.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q37970 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":416,"height":666}},"path":"content/works/mendel-experiments-in-plant-hybridisation.json","url":"/works/mendel-experiments-in-plant-hybridisation/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Mendel grew and counted thousands of pea plants over eight years before reporting a result, as his introductory remarks note."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Mendel leaves to 'the friendly decision of the reader' whether his plan of experiment was the best suited to its end."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Mendel writes that it requires courage to undertake a labour of such extent, and he carried it through without recognition."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Bateson's Defence insists that Mendel be judged by his own records rather than by a critic's misreading of them."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"fahrenheit-451","title":"Fahrenheit 451","author":"Ray Bradbury","year":"1953","sortYear":1953,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["technology-modernity","utopia-dystopia","education","language-storytelling","isolation-alienation","identity-self","power-politics","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["sleep-insomnia","pharmacology-poisons","suicide","melancholia-depression","physicians-doctors","medical-ethics","death-dying","childbirth-maternal"],"blurb":"Fahrenheit 451 is set in an American city of an unspecified future where houses are fireproof and firemen no longer put out fires but start them, burning books and the houses of people who hide them. Guy Montag, a fireman of ten years, loves the work.","lessonTitles":["Censorship begins with indifference","Distraction and despair","Courage and cowardice in a scholar","Memory as a library"],"comparisons":["we","animal-farm","latimer-selected-sermons","the-tyger","the-republic","the-master-and-margarita"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"fahrenheit-451","caption":"Portrait of Ray Bradbury.","credit":"Alan Light; CC BY 2.0.","media":{"subject":"Ray Bradbury","title":"Ray Bradbury (1975) -cropped-","creator":"Alan Light","date":"1975-08","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC BY 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Ray_Bradbury_%281975%29_-cropped-.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ray_Bradbury_(1975)_-cropped-.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/alan-light/332925230/ (cropped - lossless - by High on a tree)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/fahrenheit-451.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":586,"height":720,"bytes":51712,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/fahrenheit-451.json","url":"/works/fahrenheit-451/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Montag reads Dover Beach aloud to Mildred's friends, refuses to surrender Faber to Beatty, and flees the Hound on a numbed leg."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Faber confesses to Montag that he saw the burnings coming and kept silent out of cowardice, and then risks his safety to help."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Granger's book-people memorize their books and walk back toward the bombed city at dawn to begin rebuilding."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"fairy-and-folk-tales-of-the-irish-peasantry","title":"Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry","author":"W. B. Yeats (editor)","year":"1888","sortYear":1888,"era":"19th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"5–12","minGrade":5,"maxGrade":12,"note":"some eerie tales"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["the-supernatural","language-storytelling","faith-religion","death-mortality","home-exile","nature-landscape","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","physicians-doctors","death-dying","mind-body"],"blurb":"Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry is an anthology of Irish fairy lore, ghost stories, legends and comic tales chosen and introduced by the young W. B. Yeats. Rather than collecting stories himself, Yeats gathered the best versions already printed by nineteenth-century Irish writers and folklorists: Thomas Crofton Croker, William Carleton, Samuel Lover, Patrick Kennedy, Lady Wilde, Letitia Maclintock, Douglas Hyde and others, along with poems by William Allingham, Samuel Ferguson, Edward Walsh and Yeats himself.","lessonTitles":["Kindness rewarded, greed undone","A people's memory in story","Christian faith and older lore side by side","Wit as a weapon"],"comparisons":["grimms-fairy-tales","st-patricks-writings","the-second-coming","the-picture-of-dorian-gray","christ-legends"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/fairy-and-folk-tales-of-the-irish-peasantry.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #33887, Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33887","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"w-b-yeats","caption":"Portrait of W. B. Yeats.","credit":"George Charles Beresford; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"W. B. Yeats","title":"William Butler Yeats by George Charles Beresford","creator":"George Charles Beresford","date":"1911-07-15","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/William_Butler_Yeats_by_George_Charles_Beresford.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Butler_Yeats_by_George_Charles_Beresford.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"National Portrait Gallery","localPath":"site/public/portraits/w-b-yeats.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q40213 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":504,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/fairy-and-folk-tales-of-the-irish-peasantry.json","url":"/works/fairy-and-folk-tales-of-the-irish-peasantry/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Countess Kathleen O'Shea gives away her wealth and finally her soul to save her people from the demon merchants."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Lusmore, shunned for his deformity, adds modestly to the fairies' song and is rewarded, while the grasping Jack Madden is punished.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Oonagh in A Legend of Knockmany saves Fin M'Coul from the giant Cucullin by cleverness rather than strength."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Jack Dogherty in The Soul Cages releases the drowned souls kept by the merrow so they may go to their rest."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"andersen-fairy-tales","title":"Fairy Tales (Selection)","author":"Hans Christian Andersen","year":"1835–1872","sortYear":1844,"era":"19th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"Danish","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":2,"maxGrade":5,"note":"read-aloud; some sad endings"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["childhood","faith-religion","virtue-ethics","the-supernatural","identity-self","love-desire","death-mortality","satire-folly"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["death-dying","pain","disability-deformity","physicians-doctors","starvation-nutrition","grief"],"blurb":"This selection gathers fourteen of Hans Christian Andersen's most loved fairy tales, written between 1835 and 1845, in the English versions revised and partly newly translated by the Scottish scholar W. A. Craigie for Oxford University Press in 1914. In The Tinder-Box a returning soldier fetches a magic tinder-box from a hollow tree for a witch, keeps it, and with the help of three dogs with enormous eyes wins a princess and a kingdom.","lessonTitles":["The courage to say what is true","Real beauty and false glitter","Faithful love that suffers","Humility after hardship","Contentment and the present moment"],"comparisons":["grimms-fairy-tales","christ-legends","aesops-fables","a-christmas-carol","the-princess-and-the-goblin","on-fairy-stories"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/andersen-fairy-tales.txt","source":"H. C. Andersen, Fairy Tales and Other Stories, revised and in part newly translated by W. A. Craigie (Oxford University Press, 1914), Internet Archive","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/fairytalesandoth00andeuoft","translator":"W. A. 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Its subject is Genesis 22, in which God commands Abraham to take his son Isaac to Mount Moriah and offer him as a burnt offering.","lessonTitles":["Faith is harder than its admirers admit","Resignation and faith are two different movements","When ethics cannot be spoken","The tragic hero versus the single individual"],"comparisons":["the-sickness-unto-death","the-bible","pensees","groundwork-of-the-metaphysics-of-morals","the-oresteia","letters-and-papers-from-prison"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"soren-kierkegaard","caption":"Portrait of Soren Kierkegaard.","credit":"La Biblioteca Real de Dinamarca; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Soren Kierkegaard","title":"Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) - (cropped)","creator":"La Biblioteca Real de Dinamarca","date":"circa 1840","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_%281813-1855%29_-_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_(1813-1855)_-_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/45270502@N06/9645352916/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/soren-kierkegaard.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q6512; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":510,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/fear-and-trembling.json","url":"/works/fear-and-trembling/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"fides-et-ratio","title":"Fides et Ratio","author":"John Paul II","year":"1998","sortYear":1998,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":true,"curricula":["classical-11th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","science-knowledge","doubt-meaning","education","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["medical-ethics","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"Fides et Ratio is John Paul II's 1998 encyclical on the relation between faith and reason. 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Written in 1945 for the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer project, it describes a general-purpose electronic digital computer in which numerical data and operating instructions occupy the same high-speed memory.","lessonTitles":["Architecture can outlive hardware","Priority can be obscured by circulation","Stored instructions changed what machines were"],"comparisons":["computable-numbers-and-computing-machinery","mathematical-theory-of-communication","destruction-and-creation-and-the-ooda-loop","logical-calculus-of-ideas-immanent-in-nervous-activity"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"first-draft-of-a-report-on-the-edvac","caption":"Portrait of John von Neumann.","credit":"LANL; Attribution.","media":{"subject":"John von Neumann","title":"JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos","creator":"LANL","date":"01/20/08","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Attribution","licenseUrl":"","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.lanl.gov/history/atomicbomb/images/NeumannL.GIF (archive copy at the Wayback Machine)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/first-draft-of-a-report-on-the-edvac.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":490,"height":639,"bytes":47982,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/first-draft-of-a-report-on-the-edvac.json","url":"/works/first-draft-of-a-report-on-the-edvac/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"fdr-first-inaugural-address","title":"First Inaugural Address (\"The only thing we have to fear\")","author":"Franklin D. 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About a quarter of the work force was unemployed, farm prices had collapsed, and in the weeks before the ceremony a wave of bank runs had led governors in most states to close or restrict their banks.","lessonTitles":["Naming the real enemy","Wealth and its proper place","Emergency and constitutional limits"],"comparisons":["lincoln-second-inaugural-address","pearl-harbor-address","kennedy-inaugural-address","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/fdr-first-inaugural-address.txt","source":"The Avalon Project, Yale Law School","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/froos1.asp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"fdr-first-inaugural-address","caption":"Franklin D. 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Chief Justice John Marshall administered the oath.","lessonTitles":["A peaceful transfer of power","Majority rule and minority rights","Difference of opinion and difference of principle","A creed of political faith"],"comparisons":["jefferson-selected-writings","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","lincoln-second-inaugural-address","virginia-statute-for-religious-freedom","the-federalist-papers","the-founding-documents"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/jefferson-first-inaugural-address.txt","source":"The Avalon Project, Yale Law School (Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States)","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jefinau1.asp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-jefferson","caption":"Portrait of Thomas Jefferson.","credit":"Rembrandt Peale; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Jefferson","title":"Rembrandt Peale - Thomas Jefferson","creator":"Rembrandt Peale","date":"1800","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800)(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/galleries/presidential-portraits","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-jefferson.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q11812; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":586,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/jefferson-first-inaugural-address.json","url":"/works/jefferson-first-inaugural-address/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Jefferson opens by declaring the task above his talents and later asks indulgence for errors he expects to make through defect of judgment."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"After a bitter defeat of his opponents he declares that all are Republicans and all are Federalists and promises to conciliate those who did not vote for him."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"He names equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, as the first essential principle of the government."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"He asks citizens to restore to social life the harmony and affection without which liberty itself is a dreary thing."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"cicero-first-catilinarian","title":"First Oration Against Catiline","author":"Marcus Tullius Cicero","year":"63 BC","sortYear":-63,"era":"ancient","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","crime-punishment","leadership","honor-shame","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection"],"blurb":"The First Oration Against Catiline is the speech Cicero, as consul, delivered to the Roman senate on 8 November 63 BC in the temple of Jupiter Stator, with Lucius Sergius Catilina himself sitting among the senators. Catiline, twice defeated for the consulship and deep in debt, had been organizing a rising: his ally Gaius Manlius was raising an army in Etruria, and on the night of 6-7 November conspirators met at the house of Marcus Laeca, where two men undertook to murder Cicero at his morning reception.","lessonTitles":["Vigilance as a duty of office","Restraint in the use of power","The force of silence and shame"],"comparisons":["the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","friends-romans-countrymen","give-me-liberty-or-give-me-death","pericles-funeral-oration"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/cicero-first-catilinarian.txt","source":"Perseus Digital Library (Tufts), from The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, literally translated by C. D. Yonge (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856)","sourceUrl":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0019:text=Catil.:speech=1","translator":"C. D. 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Nesbit","year":"1902","sortYear":1902,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["childhood","family","the-supernatural","money-wealth","satire-folly","virtue-ethics","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["nursing-caregiving","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"Cyril, Anthea, Robert, and Jane, with their baby brother the Lamb, have come from two years in Camden Town to a white house in the Kent countryside near Rochester, between a chalk-quarry and a gravel-pit. Their father is called away on business and their mother goes to nurse their sick grandmother, leaving them in the care of the nursemaid Martha and the other servants.","lessonTitles":["Be careful what you wish for","Words spoken in anger can hurt","Honesty when no one will believe you"],"comparisons":["the-railway-children","the-magicians-nephew","the-arabian-nights","the-last-of-the-mohicans","peter-pan"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/five-children-and-it.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #778","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/778","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"five-children-and-it","caption":"Portrait of E. Nesbit.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"E. 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Modern editions number them according to Hermann Diels and Walther Kranz (DK), and the reference edition presents them in a fresh translation with commentary.","lessonTitles":["Change is the condition of being","Opposites depend on each other","Most people sleepwalk"],"comparisons":["meditations","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","the-bhagavad-gita","the-histories","the-waves"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/fragments.txt","source":"Internet Archive fragmentsofworko00hera","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/fragmentsofworko00hera","translator":"G. T. W. 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Walton rescues a dying stranger, Victor Frankenstein, who has been pursuing a gigantic figure across the frozen sea, and who tells his story as a warning to a man whose ambition resembles his own.","lessonTitles":["Responsibility does not end at creation","Ambition without companionship turns pathological","Monstrosity is made, not born","Silence and guilt compound harm"],"comparisons":["the-vampyre","dracula","the-age-of-alexander","wuthering-heights","metamorphoses"],"quoteCount":14,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/frankenstein.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #84","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/84","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"mary-shelley","caption":"Portrait of Mary Shelley.","credit":"Richard Rothwell; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Mary Shelley","title":"Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley","creator":"Richard Rothwell","date":"1830s","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Richard_Rothwell_%281800-1868%29_-_Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_-_NPG_1235_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Rothwell_(1800-1868)_-_Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_-_NPG_1235_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Art UK","localPath":"site/public/portraits/mary-shelley.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q47152; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":590,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/frankenstein.json","url":"/works/frankenstein/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/365427654518","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Victor’s ambition to create life ends in ruin, and he warns Walton against the same pride.","vices":["pride"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"freedom-and-the-law","title":"Freedom and the Law","author":"Bruno Leoni","year":"1961","sortYear":1961,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","money-wealth","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Freedom and the Law is a short book of legal and political philosophy by the Italian jurist Bruno Leoni, based on lectures he gave at Claremont Men's College in California in 1958 at a summer institute on freedom and competitive enterprise. It was published in English in 1961 by D. Van Nostrand in the William Volker Fund series in the humane studies.","lessonTitles":["Two kinds of legal certainty","Law discovered, not made","Legislation and planning"],"comparisons":["commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","magna-carta","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-wealth-of-nations","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"freedom-and-the-law","caption":"Portrait of Bruno Leoni.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Bruno Leoni","title":"Bruno Leoni (1913-1967)","creator":"Unknown author","date":"before 1967","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Bruno_Leoni_%281913-1967%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bruno_Leoni_(1913-1967).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruno_Leoni_(1913-1967).jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/freedom-and-the-law.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":275,"height":520,"bytes":17071,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/freedom-and-the-law.json","url":"/works/freedom-and-the-law/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Leoni prefers rules tested over generations, like Roman private law, to statutes that can be rewritten at every session."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"He describes the Roman jurisconsults and English judges as discovering what each party could rightly claim in a particular case rather than imposing a new rule."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"His comparison of legislation with central planning rests on the limits of any lawmaker's knowledge of the lives of millions."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"frog-and-toad-are-friends","title":"Frog and Toad Are Friends","author":"Arnold Lobel","year":"1970","sortYear":1970,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","animals","childhood","language-storytelling","nature-landscape","isolation-alienation"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"Frog and Toad Are Friends is a book of five short stories about two friends who live near each other by a meadow and a stream. In \"Spring,\" Frog runs to Toad's house in April to wake him from his winter sleep, but Toad, who has been in bed since November, will not get up and asks Frog to come back at about half past May.","lessonTitles":["A friend notices sadness","Making things right","Taking turns caring","Waiting is better together"],"comparisons":["little-bear","the-wind-in-the-willows","winnie-the-pooh","charlottes-web","owl-at-home"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"frog-and-toad-are-friends","caption":"A frog: the book's title characters are a frog and a toad.","credit":"Petar Milošević; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Frog and Toad Are Friends","title":"Agile frog (Rana dalmatina)","creator":"Petar Milošević","date":"2017-09-29 11:26:21","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Agile_frog_%28Rana_dalmatina%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agile_frog_(Rana_dalmatina).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/frog-and-toad-are-friends.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":598,"bytes":141056,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/frog-and-toad-are-friends.json","url":"/works/frog-and-toad-are-friends/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Frog writes Toad a letter when he learns Toad has never received mail, then waits on the porch with him until the snail arrives."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Toad sews all the buttons found during the search onto his jacket and gives it to Frog as a thank-you."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"After shouting at his helpers, Toad finds his own button on the floor at home and sets about making amends."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Frog keeps calling Toad out of his winter sleep until the two of them go out together into spring."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"galen-selected-works","title":"Galen: Selected Works","author":"Galen","year":"c. 160–210 CE","sortYear":180,"era":"ancient","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"research text"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","illness-body","virtue-ethics","education","power-politics","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","humoral-medicine","physicians-doctors","anatomy-dissection","pharmacology-poisons","opium-laudanum","surgery","mind-body","melancholia-depression","mania","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"Galen: Selected Works introduces a physician whose ambition was encyclopedic. The surviving Galenic corpus ranges from technical anatomy and pulse lore to philosophical defenses of method, from therapeutics and compound drugs to autobiography and polemic against rivals.","lessonTitles":["Medicine needs method","Authority can preserve and freeze knowledge","Mind and body share one vocabulary"],"comparisons":["hippocratic-writings","de-materia-medica","meditations"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/galen-selected-works.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #43383","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43383","translator":"Arthur John Brock","translationYear":1916},"portrait":{"ref":"galen","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Galen.","credit":"Georg Paul Busch (engraver); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Galen","title":"Galenus","creator":"Georg Paul Busch (engraver)","date":"18 th century","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Galenus.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galenus.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"The Lancet image Much better source with US-GOV license: 2037x3566 TIFF JPG","localPath":"site/public/portraits/galen.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q8778; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":435,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/galen-selected-works.json","url":"/works/galen-selected-works/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"galileo-selected-writings","title":"Galileo: The Starry Messenger, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, and Two New Sciences (First Day)","author":"Galileo Galilei","year":"1610-1638","sortYear":1610,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"Italian","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Varied: observation report, letter, dialogue."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","faith-religion","nature-landscape","education","power-politics","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"This volume gathers three works from the three stages of Galileo's career: the discoverer, the defender, and the old master of mechanics. The Starry Messenger (Sidereus Nuncius), printed at Venice in March 1610 and here read in Edward Stafford Carlos's 1880 English version, reports what Galileo saw through a telescope he had built and improved after hearing of a Dutch spyglass.","lessonTitles":["Look, record, and let others look","Two books from one Author","Argument as well as experiment","Wonder at the large and the small"],"comparisons":["copernicus-on-the-revolutions","ptolemy-almagest","kepler-new-astronomy-and-harmony-of-the-world","aristotle-posterior-analytics-and-physics","principia","kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/galileo-selected-writings.txt","source":"The Sidereal Messenger, trans. Edward Stafford Carlos (London: Rivingtons, 1880), Project Gutenberg #46036; Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, trans. Thomas Salusbury, Mathematical Collections and Translations (London, 1661), EEBO-TCP A61244 (CC0); Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, trans. Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio (New York: Macmillan, 1914), via the Internet Archive (dialoguesconcern00galiuoft)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46036","translator":"Edward Stafford Carlos; Thomas Salusbury; Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"galileo-galilei","caption":"Galileo Galilei, painted by Justus Sustermans (c. 1640).","credit":"Justus Sustermans; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Galileo Galilei","title":"Galileo.arp.300pix","creator":"Justus Sustermans","date":"circa 1640","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.nmm.ac.uk/mag/pages/mnuExplore/PaintingDetail.cfm?ID=BHC2700 (originally; archive); see also http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/14174.html","localPath":"site/public/portraits/galileo-galilei.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q307 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":586,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/galileo-selected-writings.json","url":"/works/galileo-selected-writings/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Galileo observed Jupiter night after night for two months, recording each configuration before drawing his conclusion about its moons."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In the Letter he urges, with Augustine, that interpreters avoid binding the faith to natural claims that later evidence might overturn."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"He frames the Letter as service to the Church and declares that his book may be torn and burnt if it contains anything not pious and Catholic."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"In the First Day Salviati offers his theory of fire and vacua as a passing thought, still immature, and invites his friends to judge it."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"rabelais-gargantua-and-pantagruel","title":"Gargantua and Pantagruel","author":"François Rabelais","year":"1532-1564","sortYear":1532,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"satire","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Mature content: bawdy and scatological humour."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["satire-folly","education","war-violence","faith-religion","science-knowledge","travel-journey","marriage","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","humoral-medicine","ancient-medicine","childbirth-maternal","anatomy-dissection","pharmacology-poisons","alcohol","grief"],"blurb":"Gargantua and Pantagruel is the collective title of five comic books about a dynasty of giants, written by François Rabelais and published between 1532 and 1564. Pantagruel appeared first, at Lyon in 1532, under the anagram pen-name Alcofribas Nasier; Gargantua, about the father, followed in 1534 or 1535 and is now printed as Book I. The Third Book (1546) and the Fourth Book (complete 1552) bore Rabelais's own name, and a Fifth Book was published in 1564, eleven years after his death; how much of it he wrote is disputed.","lessonTitles":["Two schools for one giant","A war over cakes","Theleme and free will","Seeking counsel without hearing it"],"comparisons":["don-quixote","utopia","essays-montaigne","gullivers-travels","candide"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/rabelais-gargantua-and-pantagruel.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1200","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1200","translator":"Thomas Urquhart and Peter Motteux","translationYear":1653},"portrait":{"ref":"francois-rabelais","caption":"François Rabelais, anonymous sixteenth-century portrait.","credit":"anonymous / Unidentified painter; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"François Rabelais","title":"Francois Rabelais - Portrait","creator":"anonymous / Unidentified painter","date":"circa 1501-1600","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Francois_Rabelais_-_Portrait.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Francois_Rabelais_-_Portrait.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.banqueimages.crcv.fr/fullscreenimage.aspx?rank=1&numero=MV4046","localPath":"site/public/portraits/francois-rabelais.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q131018 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":582,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/rabelais-gargantua-and-pantagruel.json","url":"/works/rabelais-gargantua-and-pantagruel/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Grangousier sends embassies and restores the stolen cakes many times over before he will fight Picrochole."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"In his speech to the vanquished, Gargantua frees the prisoners and treats Picrochole's people with clemency instead of revenge."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Friar John alone defends the abbey vineyard against Picrochole's plunderers while the other monks sing in the choir."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Under Ponocrates, Gargantua spends every hour from early morning to night in reading, observation, exercise and conversation."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"pasteur-and-lister-germ-theory-papers","title":"Germ Theory Papers (Pasteur and Lister)","author":"Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister","year":"1857-1880","sortYear":1857,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Scientific papers; laboratory and surgical detail."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","illness-body","death-mortality","education","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["fever-infection","surgery","childbirth-maternal","public-health-sanitation","physicians-doctors","pharmacology-poisons","death-dying"],"blurb":"Germ Theory Papers gathers four scientific papers that the Harvard Classics printed together in 1910, in the volume of Scientific Papers that also contains Harvey: one by the Glasgow surgeon Joseph Lister and three by the French chemist Louis Pasteur. Each comes with the series' brief introductory note on its author.","lessonTitles":["One discovery can serve another field","Proof requires more than correlation","Results speak in the wards","Welcoming criticism"],"comparisons":["hempel-philosophy-of-natural-science","bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine","harvey-on-the-motion-of-the-heart-and-blood","lavoisier-elements-of-chemistry","hippocratic-writings"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/pasteur-and-lister-germ-theory-papers.txt","source":"The Harvard Classics, vol. 38: Scientific Papers (New York: P. F. Collier and Son, 1910), Project Gutenberg #5694","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5694","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"louis-pasteur","caption":"Portrait of Louis Pasteur (c. 1878).","credit":"Paul Nadar; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Louis Pasteur","title":"Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895), microbiologist and chemist Wellcome V0026980","creator":"Paul Nadar","date":"c. 1878","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Louis_Pasteur_%281822_-_1895%29%2C_microbiologist_and_chemist_Wellcome_V0026980.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_(1822_-_1895),_microbiologist_and_chemist_Wellcome_V0026980.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/d8/c6/67f06fb28c3d4605eefbe9bee6b1.jpg Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/V0026980.html Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-31): https","localPath":"site/public/portraits/louis-pasteur.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q529 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":510,"height":719}},"path":"content/works/pasteur-and-lister-germ-theory-papers.json","url":"/works/pasteur-and-lister-germ-theory-papers/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Lister measures his method by the lives and limbs of his patients, reporting that limbs once condemned to amputation could now be kept."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Pasteur closes his 1880 paper by admitting that medicine and veterinary practice are foreign to him and asking for judgment and criticism."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Pasteur grows the anthrax organism through twelve successive cultures before claiming proof that it causes the disease."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Pasteur dedicates his studies to the memory of his father, calling them the fruit of his counsel and example."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"gibbons-v-ogden","title":"Gibbons v. Ogden","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1824","sortYear":1824,"era":"19th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","money-wealth","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"After Robert Fulton's steamboat made its run up the Hudson in 1807, the New York legislature confirmed and extended an exclusive right, held by Fulton and Robert R. Livingston, to navigate all state waters with vessels propelled by steam. Anyone else needed their license.","lessonTitles":["Defining a single word","Where national and state power meet","Deciding no more than necessary","Monopoly, invention and the public"],"comparisons":["wickard-v-filburn","mcculloch-v-maryland","articles-of-confederation","the-federalist-papers","the-anti-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/gibbons-v-ogden.txt","source":"Gibbons v. 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Wainwright","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1963","sortYear":1963,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"7–12","minGrade":7,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","crime-punishment","class-society","money-wealth"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In June 1961 someone broke into the Bay Harbor Poolroom in Panama City, Florida, and took coins from a cigarette machine and a jukebox. Clarence Earl Gideon, a fifty-one-year-old drifter with a record of earlier convictions, was charged with breaking and entering with intent to commit a misdemeanor, a felony under Florida law.","lessonTitles":["Equal before the law","One prisoner's petition","Case-by-case or a clear rule?","The guiding hand"],"comparisons":["the-founding-documents","magna-carta","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","mapp-v-ohio","miranda-v-arizona","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/gideon-v-wainwright.txt","source":"Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-hugo-black","caption":"Portrait of Hugo Black.","credit":"Harris & Ewing photography firm; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Hugo Black","title":"HugoLaFayetteBlack","creator":"Harris & Ewing photography firm","date":"1937-11-18","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3a34024.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-hugo-black.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q459752 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":571,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/gideon-v-wainwright.json","url":"/works/gideon-v-wainwright/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The Court holds that every defendant must stand equal before the law, whatever his means."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Gideon pressed his claim from a prison cell in his own handwriting, against a precedent that seemed to settle the question against him."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Abe Fortas and his firm served without fee to argue the case of a stranger the Court had assigned to them."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"gitlow-v-new-york","title":"Gitlow v. New York","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1925","sortYear":1925,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","language-storytelling","war-violence"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In 1902, after the assassination of President McKinley by an avowed anarchist, New York made it a felony to advocate, by speech or writing, the doctrine that organized government should be overthrown by force, violence or any unlawful means. In June 1919 the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party held a national conference in New York City, and its National Council, of which Benjamin Gitlow was a member, issued a Left Wing Manifesto.","lessonTitles":["Bringing the Bill of Rights to the states","Advocacy, incitement and abstract doctrine","Who measures the danger?","Free speech and the long run"],"comparisons":["schenck-v-united-states","near-v-minnesota","barron-v-baltimore","the-communist-manifesto","on-liberty","the-founding-documents"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/gitlow-v-new-york.txt","source":"Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-edward-sanford","caption":"Portrait of Edward Terry Sanford.","credit":"Harris & Ewing, Inc; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Edward Terry Sanford","title":"Justice Edward Terry Sanford","creator":"Harris & Ewing, Inc.","date":"Unknown date","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Justice_Edward_Terry_Sanford.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Justice_Edward_Terry_Sanford.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. CALL NUMBER: LOT 11735 [item] [P&P] DIGITAL ID: cph 3b09856","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-edward-sanford.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q1293854 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":551,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/gitlow-v-new-york.json","url":"/works/gitlow-v-new-york/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Sanford argues that a state need not wait for a revolutionary spark to become a conflagration before acting to protect public order."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Holmes defends a hearing even for doctrines he plainly regards as redundant discourse, trusting the community to weigh them."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The Court, for the first time, treats freedom of speech as a liberty the states themselves must respect."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"give-me-liberty-or-give-me-death","title":"Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death","author":"Patrick Henry","year":"delivered 1775; text published 1817","sortYear":1775,"era":"18th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","war-violence","faith-religion","leadership","fate-free-will"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"On 23 March 1775 the Second Virginia Convention, meeting in St. John's Church in Richmond to stay clear of the royal governor at Williamsburg, debated Patrick Henry's resolutions to put the colony into a posture of defense by forming and arming a militia. Several respected delegates had urged patience while petitions to the king were pending.","lessonTitles":["Facing a painful truth","Arguing from experience","Courage and providence"],"comparisons":["common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","paul-reveres-ride","the-anti-federalist-papers","pericles-funeral-oration"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/give-me-liberty-or-give-me-death.txt","source":"The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, from William Wirt, Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry (Philadelphia, 1817)","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/patrick.asp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"give-me-liberty-or-give-me-death","caption":"Patrick Henry delivering his \"Give me liberty, or give me death!\" speech, Currier & Ives (1876).","credit":"Currier & Ives; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death","title":"Give me liberty, or give me death! 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Like most of his poems it went unpublished in his lifetime; Robert Bridges printed it in 1918, almost thirty years after the poet's death.","lessonTitles":["Creation as a charged world","The weariness of trodden ground","Hope grounded in the Spirit"],"comparisons":["tintern-abbey","the-tyger","the-bible","paradise-lost"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/gods-grandeur.txt","source":"Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins, ed. Robert Bridges (London: Humphrey Milford, 1918), as in the library text of Hopkins's Poems (Project Gutenberg #22403)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22403","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"gods-grandeur","caption":"Portrait of Gerard Manley Hopkins.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Gerard Manley Hopkins","title":"GerardManleyHopkins","creator":"Unknown author","date":"before 1889","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/GerardManleyHopkins.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GerardManleyHopkins.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://9-poeticfingers.org/2011/07/28/gerald-manley-hopkins-failed-his-final-happy-birthday-anyway/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/gods-grandeur.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":350,"height":470,"bytes":34364,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/gods-grandeur.json","url":"/works/gods-grandeur/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The sonnet's opening claim that the world is charged with God's grandeur calls the reader to reverent attention to the Creator in ordinary things like foil and oil."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"The sestet grounds confidence that morning will spring again not in human effort but in the Holy Ghost brooding over the bent world."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"The picture of a land seared with trade and smeared with toil warns against a life so absorbed in getting and working that the senses go numb, being shod.","vices":["intemperance"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"gonzales-v-raich","title":"Gonzales v. Raich","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"2005","sortYear":2005,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","illness-body","power-politics","money-wealth","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["addiction","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"In 1996 California voters approved Proposition 215, the Compassionate Use Act, which exempted from state prosecution seriously ill patients and their caregivers who possessed or grew marijuana for medical use on a physician's recommendation. Angel Raich and Diane Monson, two California residents with serious medical conditions, used marijuana on the advice of their doctors.","lessonTitles":["The aggregation principle","Limits on federal power","States as laboratories","Medicine, law and the democratic process"],"comparisons":["wickard-v-filburn","mcculloch-v-maryland","gibbons-v-ogden","nfib-v-sebelius","linder-v-united-states","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/gonzales-v-raich.txt","source":"Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005), U.S. Reports text via Legal Information Institute (Cornell)","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/03-1454","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-john-paul-stevens","caption":"Portrait of John Paul Stevens.","credit":"Steve Petteway, photographer for the US Supreme Court; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Paul Stevens","title":"John Paul Stevens, SCOTUS photo portrait","creator":"Steve Petteway, photographer for the US Supreme Court","date":"2006","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/John_Paul_Stevens%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Paul_Stevens,_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://thewellnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Official_Justice_Stevens.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-john-paul-stevens.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q11109 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":576,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/gonzales-v-raich.json","url":"/works/gonzales-v-raich/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Stevens holds that a single national rule must apply evenly, while the dissenters insist that the Constitution's division of powers be honored."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The majority acknowledges the patients' strong arguments yet declines to decide medical questions it leaves to Congress, agencies and voters."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Raich's caregivers supplied her medicine without charge, and the Court treats the patients' suffering with evident sympathy."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"grace-abounding","title":"Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners","author":"John Bunyan","year":"1666","sortYear":1666,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"17th-century prose; intense spiritual struggle."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","guilt-sin","doubt-meaning","identity-self","madness-mind","justice-law","stoicism-endurance","family"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","obsession-monomania","neurosis-anxiety","dreams-nightmares","tuberculosis-consumption","grief","mind-body","disability-deformity"],"blurb":"Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners is John Bunyan's account of his own conversion, written in the Bedford county jail and first published in 1666. It is told in 339 numbered paragraphs, opened by a preface addressed to the members of his congregation, whom he calls his children in the faith, and to whom he sends what he calls honey taken from the carcase of a lion.","lessonTitles":["Outward religion is not the new birth","Temptation can be survived by the Word","Righteousness outside oneself","Conscience and the cost of obedience"],"comparisons":["the-pilgrims-progress","confessions","journal-of-john-woolman","apologia-pro-vita-sua","surprised-by-joy","story-of-a-soul"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/grace-abounding.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #654","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/654","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-bunyan","caption":"Portrait of John Bunyan (1684).","credit":"Thomas Sadler; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Bunyan","title":"John Bunyan by Thomas Sadler 1684","creator":"Thomas Sadler","date":"1684","medium/type":"painting, drawing or print","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/John_Bunyan_by_Thomas_Sadler_1684.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Bunyan_by_Thomas_Sadler_1684.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. This may be due to recogn","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-bunyan.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q108206 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":601,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/grace-abounding.json","url":"/works/grace-abounding/","virtues":[{"virtue":"faith","reason":"After years of despair Bunyan rests his hope on Christ's righteousness at God's right hand rather than on his own feelings (§229)."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He tells Justice Keelin that he would preach again the day after his release, knowing it means continued imprisonment."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"He calls himself a poor painted hypocrite for his early pride in godliness and learns from poor women at a Bedford door."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"In prison his strongest grief is for his blind daughter Mary and the hardship his family may suffer (§§327-328)."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"grasshopper-on-the-road","title":"Grasshopper on the Road","author":"Arnold Lobel","year":"1978","sortYear":1978,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["travel-journey","animals","satire-folly","identity-self","nature-landscape","childhood"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["obsession-monomania"],"blurb":"Grasshopper on the Road is an easy-reader book of six short linked stories about a grasshopper who decides one morning to follow a road wherever it leads, and about the creatures he meets on the way, each of whom has made one idea the whole of life.\n\nIn \"The Club,\" a crowd of beetles welcomes him to their We Love Morning club and chants the praises of dew and sunrise, until Grasshopper admits that he also likes afternoon and night; they throw him out, and he walks on.","lessonTitles":["A club that shuts people out","When a good habit takes over","Slow enough to see","Kindness to the stubborn"],"comparisons":["aesops-fables","frog-and-toad-are-friends","owl-at-home","mouse-soup","the-pilgrims-progress"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"grasshopper-on-the-road","caption":"A Carolina grasshopper.","credit":"D. Gordon E. Robertson; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Grasshopper on the Road","title":"Carolina Grasshopper","creator":"D. Gordon E. Robertson","date":"2009-09-08","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Carolina_Grasshopper.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carolina_Grasshopper.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/grasshopper-on-the-road.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":582,"bytes":81749,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/grasshopper-on-the-road.json","url":"/works/grasshopper-on-the-road/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Grasshopper enjoys morning, afternoon and evening alike, while the beetles, the housefly and the dragonflies each let one thing take over their lives."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Grasshopper carries the mosquito across the puddle in his own boat rather than mocking the little ferryman's rule."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"When the dragonflies pity him for being slow, Grasshopper does not boast back but simply says how much he sees along the way."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"great-expectations","title":"Great Expectations","author":"Charles Dickens","year":"1860-61","sortYear":1861,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["ambition","class-society","money-wealth","guilt-sin","coming-of-age","crime-punishment","love-desire","friendship"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","grief","obsession-monomania","fever-infection","nursing-caregiving","death-dying","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"Great Expectations is the first-person story of Philip Pirrip, called Pip, an orphan brought up by hand by his harsh elder sister and her gentle husband Joe Gargery, the village blacksmith on the Kent marshes. On Christmas Eve, in the churchyard where his parents lie, an escaped convict seizes Pip and makes him bring a file and food; Pip steals both from his sister's house, and the convict is later recaptured struggling with another fugitive.","lessonTitles":["The gentleman and the true gentleman","Ingratitude recognized","Revenge that ruins its maker","Forgiveness and faithful love"],"comparisons":["david-copperfield","silas-marner","a-christmas-carol","the-count-of-monte-cristo"],"quoteCount":13,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/great-expectations.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1400","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1400","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"great-expectations","caption":"Early edition of Great Expectations (1861).","credit":"Chapman & Hall; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Great Expectations","title":"Greatexpectations vol1","creator":"Chapman & Hall","date":"1861","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Greatexpectations_vol1.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greatexpectations_vol1.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Heritage Auction Galleries","localPath":"site/public/portraits/great-expectations.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":440,"height":720,"bytes":18812,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/great-expectations.json","url":"/works/great-expectations/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Joe nurses Pip through his fever and secretly pays his debts after Pip has neglected him for years."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Pip comes to recognize his ingratitude, holds the convict's hand as he dies and asks Joe and Biddy to forgive him."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Herbert Pocket stands by Pip through debt and danger and helps him shelter Magwitch."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"After losing his fortune Pip works for years as a clerk and then partner in Herbert's firm and pays his way."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"griswold-v-connecticut","title":"Griswold v. Connecticut","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1965","sortYear":1965,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"mature subject: contraception and marital privacy; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["marriage","illness-body","justice-law","power-politics","family"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["medical-ethics"],"blurb":"Because it concerns contraception and marriage, the case is best studied with a teacher's guidance. Since 1879 Connecticut law had made it a crime for any person to use a drug or device to prevent conception, and a general accessory statute allowed anyone who assisted or counseled such use to be punished as a principal.","lessonTitles":["Rights named and unnamed","A foolish law and a constitutional law","The shadow of Lochner","Marriage and the home"],"comparisons":["roe-v-wade","dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health-organization","lochner-v-new-york","pierce-v-society-of-sisters","buck-v-bell","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/griswold-v-connecticut.txt","source":"Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-william-o-douglas","caption":"Portrait of William O. Douglas.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"William O. 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Date unknown (Commons date field gave only an upload timestamp).","width":390,"height":500}},"path":"content/works/griswold-v-connecticut.json","url":"/works/griswold-v-connecticut/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Black and Stewart vote to uphold a law they personally consider offensive and silly, subordinating their own views to their understanding of the judicial office."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The majority seeks to protect the marriage relationship from intrusion by the criminal law into the home."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Harlan argues that judges must be guided by history, tradition and the structure of government rather than by abstract formulas or personal preference."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"groundwork-of-the-metaphysics-of-morals","title":"Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals","author":"Immanuel Kant","year":"1785","sortYear":1785,"era":"18th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"hard philosophy; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["virtue-ethics","fate-free-will","justice-law","identity-self","death-mortality","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["medical-ethics","suicide","melancholia-depression","grief","physicians-doctors","surgery","pain"],"blurb":"Kant's Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785), translated by Abbott as Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, is a short book with a narrow and ambitious aim: to identify and establish the supreme principle of morality. 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Title VIII levied an excise on employers and an income tax on employees, both measured by wages and paid into the Treasury like other revenue.","lessonTitles":["Hamilton and Madison on the general welfare","Who decides what is general?","Federalism and the race among the states","Power, not wisdom"],"comparisons":["the-federalist-papers","hamiltons-reports-and-opinion-on-the-bank","west-coast-hotel-v-parrish","nfib-v-sebelius","democracy-in-america"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/helvering-v-davis.txt","source":"Helvering v. Davis, 301 U.S. 619 (1937), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Helvering_v._Davis","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-benjamin-cardozo","caption":"Portrait of Benjamin N. Cardozo.","credit":"Harris & Ewing, Inc; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Benjamin N. 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In Act I the king, hoping to lead a crusade to atone for Richard's fall, hears instead of war on the Welsh and Scottish borders, and envies the Earl of Northumberland his son Harry Percy, called Hotspur, who has won a victory at Holmedon, while his own heir, Prince Hal, wastes his days in the taverns of Eastcheap with the fat old knight Sir John Falstaff.","lessonTitles":["Redeeming the time","Three views of honour","Fathers and sons","Truth and counterfeits"],"comparisons":["henry-v","richard-iii","the-prince","the-iliad","julius-caesar"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/henry-iv-part-1.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1516","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1516","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"henry-iv-part-1","caption":"Edwin Austin Abbey's painting of Henry IV and Prince Hal (Act III, scene ii).","credit":"Edwin Austin Abbey; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Henry IV, Part 1","title":"King Henry IV, Part I: The King to the Prince of Wales: “Thou shalt have charge and sovereign trust herein.”, (Act III, Scene ii)","creator":"Edwin Austin Abbey","date":"1905","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Edwin_Austin_Abbey_-_King_Henry_IV%2C_Part_I%2C_The_King_to_the_Prince_of_Wales%2C_%E2%80%9CThou_shalt_have_charge_and_sovereign_trust_herein.%E2%80%9D%2C_%28Act_III%2C_Scene_ii%29_-_1937.1171_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_Austin_Abbey_-_King_Henry_IV,_Part_I,_The_King_to_the_Prince_of_Wales,_%E2%80%9CThou_shalt_have_charge_and_sovereign_trust_herein.%E2%80%9D,_(Act_III,_Scene_ii)_-_1937.1171_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/61234","localPath":"site/public/portraits/henry-iv-part-1.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":490,"height":720,"bytes":42175,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/henry-iv-part-1.json","url":"/works/henry-iv-part-1/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Wounded at Shrewsbury, Hal refuses to withdraw and goes back into the fight to save his father from Douglas."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Hal praises the dead Hotspur, covers his face with his own favours, and later frees Douglas for his valour."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Rebuked by his father in Act 3, Scene 2, Hal asks pardon and vows to prove at Shrewsbury that he is the king's true son."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The king offers the rebels pardon before the battle rather than spill English blood needlessly."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"henry-v","title":"Henry V","author":"William Shakespeare","year":"1599","sortYear":1599,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["leadership","war-violence","heroism","power-politics","faith-religion","justice-law","honor-shame","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["death-dying","fever-infection","humoral-medicine","war-wounds","plague-epidemic","alcohol"],"blurb":"Henry V follows the young King Henry, once the tavern-haunting Prince Hal, as he leads England to war with France and wins the battle of Agincourt in 1415. A Chorus opens each act, asking the audience to let their imaginations fill the small wooden theatre with the vasty fields of France.","lessonTitles":["The burden of command","Words that make men brave","Justice without favor","Victory given to God"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","julius-caesar","the-art-of-war","macbeth"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/henry-v.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1521","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1521","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"henry-v","caption":"Early edition of Henry V (1600).","credit":"William Shakespeare; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Henry V","title":"Henry V 1600 Q titlepage","creator":"William Shakespeare","date":"1600","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Henry_V_1600_Q_titlepage.JPG?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_V_1600_Q_titlepage.JPG","institution":"","creditLine":"Title page Henry V","localPath":"site/public/portraits/henry-v.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":399,"height":557,"bytes":62618,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/henry-v.json","url":"/works/henry-v/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Henry leads a sick, outnumbered army into battle and refuses to wish for more men."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"He condemns the Southampton traitors and the church-robber Bardolph without regard to friendship."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"After Agincourt Henry forbids boasting and gives the victory to God with Non nobis."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"He prays before battle and orders psalms after it."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"He calls the soldiers who fight with him his brothers."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"hepburn-v-griswold","title":"Hepburn v. 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Ovid claimed to have invented the form.","lessonTitles":["The other side of the epic","Faithfulness under pressure","Persuasion and self-deception","Love as an illness"],"comparisons":["metamorphoses","the-odyssey","the-aeneid","medea-and-other-plays","the-iliad","apollodorus-library"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/ovid-heroides.txt","source":"Theoi Classical Texts Library transcription of Grant Showerman's translation, Ovid: Heroides and Amores (Loeb Classical Library 41, 1914)","sourceUrl":"https://www.theoi.com/Text/OvidHeroides1.html","translator":"Grant Showerman","translationYear":1914},"portrait":{"ref":"ovid","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Ovid.","credit":"Lucasaw; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Ovid","title":"Ovid by an anonymous sculptor","creator":"Lucasaw","date":"2020-08-05","medium/type":"sculpture","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Ovid_by_an_anonymous_sculptor.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ovid_by_an_anonymous_sculptor.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/ovid.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q7198; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":540,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/ovid-heroides.json","url":"/works/ovid-heroides/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Hypermnestra endures chains rather than kill her husband and refuses to say she repents."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Penelope keeps waiting for Ulysses years after Troy has fallen and the other Greeks have come home."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Hypermnestra's refusal to obey an unjust command to murder sets right above her father's will."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"hippocratic-writings","title":"Hippocratic Writings","author":"Hippocrates","year":"c. 5th–4th century BCE","sortYear":-400,"era":"ancient","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"research text"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","illness-body","virtue-ethics","death-mortality","education","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","humoral-medicine","physicians-doctors","medical-ethics","surgery","pharmacology-poisons","melancholia-depression","mania","madness-psychosis","epilepsy-seizures","fever-infection","mind-body"],"blurb":"Hippocratic Writings is not a single book but a library of early Greek medicine: case histories, ethical rules, theoretical essays, surgical manuals, dietetic advice, aphorisms and polemics against rival healers. Its strongest works begin from the sickbed.","lessonTitles":["Observation precedes theory","Natural explanation can be humane","Ethics is part of technique"],"comparisons":["galen-selected-works","the-histories","meditations"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/hippocratic-writings.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #72583","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/72583","translator":"Francis Adams","translationYear":1849},"portrait":{"ref":"hippocrates","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Hippocrates.","credit":"Paulus Pontius / After Peter Paul Rubens; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Hippocrates","title":"Hippocrates rubens","creator":"Paulus Pontius / After Peter Paul Rubens","date":"1638","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Hippocrates_rubens.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocrates_rubens.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine [1] .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/hippocrates.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q5264; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":516,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/hippocratic-writings.json","url":"/works/hippocratic-writings/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"procopius-history-of-the-wars-persian-war","title":"History of the Wars, Books I-II (The Persian War)","author":"Procopius of Caesarea","year":"c. 550 CE","sortYear":550,"era":"medieval","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Military narrative; includes the account of the plague of 542."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","power-politics","leadership","illness-body","death-mortality","faith-religion","fate-free-will","colonialism-empire"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","fever-infection","physicians-doctors","anatomy-dissection","madness-psychosis","childbirth-maternal","death-dying","public-health-sanitation","nursing-caregiving","disability-deformity","dreams-nightmares","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"The first two books of Procopius's History of the Wars tell the long contest between the Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinople, and Sasanian Persia, from the early fifth century to 549. Procopius opens by declaring that he writes so that great deeds will not be lost, that he was an eyewitness as adviser to Belisarius, and that truth alone suits history.","lessonTitles":["Truth alone is appropriate to history","Courage in a council","A careful observer before a plague he cannot explain","Factions, fear and the common good"],"comparisons":["the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","procopius-secret-history","justinian-institutes","harper-the-fate-of-rome","camus-the-plague","gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/procopius-history-of-the-wars-persian-war.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #16764 (History of the Wars, Books I and II, trans. H. B. Dewing, Loeb Classical Library, 1914)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16764","translator":"H. B. 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In Herbert Grierson's 1912 edition, followed here, it is Holy Sonnet X; the numbering differs among manuscripts and early printings.","lessonTitles":["Arguing with death","Cutting death down to size","The resurrection as the ground of courage"],"comparisons":["donne-sermons-and-devotions","because-i-could-not-stop-for-death","the-collar","psalm-23","shakespeares-sonnets"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/death-be-not-proud.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #48688: The Poems of John Donne, ed. Herbert J. C. 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Now in his fifties, Charlie is distracted, spiritually restless and steadily losing his money.","lessonTitles":["America and the poet","Guilt and repair","Comedy and metaphysics"],"comparisons":["death-of-a-salesman","the-new-york-trilogy","the-master-and-margarita","on-the-road"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"saul-bellow","caption":"Portrait of Saul Bellow.","credit":"Zoran Tucić; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Saul Bellow","title":"Saul Bellow","creator":"Zoran Tucić","date":"1999","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Saul_Bellow.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saul_Bellow.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Book Razgovori (Conversations), Književna reč, Belgrade, 1999","localPath":"site/public/portraits/saul-bellow.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Modern author image selected from an explicit Creative Commons photographer license rather than a public-domain jacket claim. Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":711,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/humboldts-gift.json","url":"/works/humboldts-gift/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/254566717950","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"i-am-prepared-to-die","title":"I Am Prepared to Die","author":"Nelson Mandela","year":"1964","sortYear":1964,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","race-slavery","power-politics","stoicism-endurance","leadership","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["trauma-shell-shock","public-health-sanitation","medical-ethics","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"I Am Prepared to Die is Nelson Mandela's statement from the dock during the Rivonia Trial in 1964. Facing charges that could lead to death, Mandela uses the courtroom not primarily to plead for mercy but to explain the political history and moral logic of resistance to apartheid.","lessonTitles":["A trial can become testimony","Strategy must answer conditions","Moral clarity can be disciplined"],"comparisons":["sermons-and-letter-from-birmingham-jail","letters-and-papers-from-prison","narrative-and-fourth-of-july"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"nelson-mandela","caption":"Portrait of Nelson Mandela.","credit":"Kingkongphoto & www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel; CC BY-SA 2.0.","media":{"subject":"Nelson Mandela","title":"Nelson Mandela 1994","creator":"Kingkongphoto & www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel","date":"Taken on 4 October 1994","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Flickr : NELSON MANDELA","localPath":"site/public/portraits/nelson-mandela.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q8023; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":556,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/i-am-prepared-to-die.json","url":"/works/i-am-prepared-to-die/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"i-have-a-dream","title":"I Have a Dream","author":"Martin Luther King Jr.","year":"1963","sortYear":1963,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["race-slavery","justice-law","faith-religion","power-politics","leadership","utopia-dystopia"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Martin Luther King Jr. gave this address on 28 August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, near the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The march, led by A. Philip Randolph and organized chiefly by Bayard Rustin, drew roughly a quarter of a million people to the Mall to press for civil rights legislation then before Congress and for economic opportunity.","lessonTitles":["Holding a nation to its own promise","Righteous urgency without hatred","Prophetic vision in the language of Scripture"],"comparisons":["gettysburg-address","sermons-and-letter-from-birmingham-jail","the-founding-documents","narrative-and-fourth-of-july"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"i-have-a-dream","caption":"Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963.","credit":"Rowland Scherman; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"I Have a Dream","title":"Martin Luther King - March on Washington","creator":"Rowland Scherman","date":"1963-08-28","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/i-have-a-dream.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":664,"height":720,"bytes":60247,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/i-have-a-dream.json","url":"/works/i-have-a-dream/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"King demands that the nation pay the debt of equal citizenship promised in the Declaration and the Constitution.","vices":["injustice"]},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"He will not concede that the nation has nothing left to pay in justice, and he closes with a vision of reconciliation grounded in Isaiah's prophecy.","vices":["despair"]},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"He warns his followers against bitterness and hatred and welcomes the white marchers as allies whose destiny is tied to their own.","vices":["hatred"]},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He honors the veterans of suffering and jail and sends the marchers back to Mississippi and Alabama to continue the struggle.","vices":["cowardice"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"i-will-fight-no-more-forever","title":"I Will Fight No More Forever","author":"Chief Joseph","year":"1877","sortYear":1877,"era":"19th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","death-mortality","leadership","family","stoicism-endurance","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["grief","death-dying","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"I Will Fight No More Forever is the message of surrender that Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce sent to General Oliver O. Howard and Colonel Nelson A. Miles on 5 October 1877, at the end of the siege at the Bear Paw Mountains in Montana Territory. Since June the non-treaty Nez Perce bands, some 750 people including many women, children, and elderly, had retreated more than a thousand miles from Idaho, through the Bitterroot Mountains, across Yellowstone, and north toward refuge in Canada, fighting a series of engagements with the army along the way.","lessonTitles":["Strength in laying down arms","A leader measured by the weakest","Words carried across languages"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","lincoln-second-inaugural-address","luckiest-man-speech","elizabeth-speech-at-tilbury"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/i-will-fight-no-more-forever.txt","source":"Harper's Weekly, vol. 21, no. 1090 (17 November 1877), p. 906, via ushistory.education; variant from Project Gutenberg #58781, Norman B. 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Written for a general educated readership, they set out a theory of inquiry, a rule for clarifying the meaning of ideas, a frequency account of probability, and a three-part classification of inference.","lessonTitles":["How beliefs get settled","Meaning shows itself in consequences","Good reasoning is a shared enterprise","Three ways to reason"],"comparisons":["discourse-on-method","mill-system-of-logic-book-iii","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","on-the-origin-of-species","popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/peirce-illustrations-of-the-logic-of-science.txt","source":"Chance, Love, and Logic: Philosophical Essays, ed. Morris R. 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By the traditional account, McCrae wrote it the day after burying his friend and former student Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, killed by a shell on 2 May, in a small cemetery near his dressing station beside the Yser canal, where wild poppies were blooming among the graves.","lessonTitles":["The dead are owed fidelity","Ordinary lives behind the crosses","Nature continuing amid war"],"comparisons":["pericles-funeral-oration","gettysburg-address","o-captain-my-captain","testament-of-youth"],"quoteCount":4,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/in-flanders-fields.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #353: In Flanders Fields and Other Poems (New York: G. P. 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Robert Frost had just recited The Gift Outright from memory when glare kept him from reading the poem he had written for the day.","lessonTitles":["Rights from the hand of God","Strength and civility together","Citizenship as service"],"comparisons":["fdr-first-inaugural-address","gettysburg-address","lincoln-second-inaugural-address","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/kennedy-inaugural-address.txt","source":"The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, from Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States (US Government Printing Office, 1989)","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kennedy.asp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"kennedy-inaugural-address","caption":"John F. 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The library text opens with the Prefatory Address to Francis I, which pleads that the Reformers teach nothing new but the faith of Scripture and the early fathers, and with Calvin's Epistle to the Reader, dated Geneva, 1 August 1559, in which he says he was never satisfied until the work was set in its present order.","lessonTitles":["Knowledge of God and knowledge of self belong together","The heart makes idols","We are not our own","Doctrine and comfort","Two kinds of government"],"comparisons":["calvin-selected-sermons","luther-bondage-of-the-will","erasmus-on-free-will","city-of-god","summa-theologica","the-pilgrims-progress"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/calvin-institutes.txt","source":"Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL), Institutes of the Christian Religion, translated by Henry Beveridge","sourceUrl":"https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes","translator":"Henry Beveridge","translationYear":1845},"portrait":{"ref":"john-calvin","caption":"Portrait of John Calvin.","credit":"Anonymous ( France ) Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Calvin","title":"Dutch: Portret van Johannes Calvijn (1509-1564) Portrait of John Calvin","creator":"Anonymous ( France ) Unknown author","date":"Circa 1550","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png","institution":"","creditLine":"www.catharijneconvent.nl : Home : Info","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-calvin.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q37577; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":518,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/calvin-institutes.json","url":"/works/calvin-institutes/","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Calvin defines the goal of all his teaching as true godliness and opens with the claim that wisdom begins in knowing God."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"In Book IV, chapter 17 he confesses that he rather feels than understands how Christ feeds believers in the Supper."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The Prefatory Address defends persecuted French believers before their king, and the final section urges courage when rulers command what God forbids."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Book III, chapter 2 defines faith as a firm and sure knowledge of God's favour, sealed on the heart by the Spirit."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Book III, chapter 10 teaches believers to use food, clothing and pleasures with gratitude and moderation, neither rejecting God's gifts nor indulging in them."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"instructions-for-his-generals","title":"Instructions for His Generals","author":"Frederick the Great","year":"1747 (Phillips translation 1944)","sortYear":1747,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","leadership","power-politics","class-society","science-knowledge","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["starvation-nutrition","alcohol","war-wounds","public-health-sanitation","neurosis-anxiety"],"blurb":"Frederick wrote the treatise known in English as Instructions for His Generals in the winter of 1746–1747, after the first two Silesian Wars had won and held the rich Austrian province of Silesia. Its French title was Les Principes généraux de la guerre; a German version, Die General-Principia vom Kriege, was printed in 1748 in a small number of copies for Prussian generals, who were bound to keep it secret.","lessonTitles":["Logistics decides what strategy can attempt","Discipline built on mistrust","Concentrate rather than disperse","A commander who learns from his own errors"],"comparisons":["napoleons-maxims-of-war","the-art-of-war","on-war","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","the-prince","the-conquest-of-gaul"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"instructions-for-his-generals","caption":"Portrait of Frederick the Great.","credit":"Johann Georg Ziesenis; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Frederick the Great","title":"Friedrich der Große Portrait of Friedrich II of Prussia","creator":"Johann Georg Ziesenis","date":"1763","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Friedrich_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_-_Johann_Georg_Ziesenis_-_Google_Cultural_Institute_%28cropped_2%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_-_Johann_Georg_Ziesenis_-_Google_Cultural_Institute_(cropped_2).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Google Arts & Culture — friedrich-der-gro%C3%9Fe/zAG2oXnnMYo6fA","localPath":"site/public/portraits/instructions-for-his-generals.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":522,"height":720,"bytes":48043,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/instructions-for-his-generals.json","url":"/works/instructions-for-his-generals/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays","title":"Iphigenia in Aulis and Other Plays","author":"Euripides","year":"c. 430–405 BC","sortYear":-405,"era":"ancient","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"sacrifice and war violence; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","family","faith-religion","madness-mind","justice-law","fate-free-will","heroism","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","nursing-caregiving","sleep-insomnia","epilepsy-seizures","mind-body","suicide","grief","pharmacology-poisons","alcohol","dementia-memory"],"blurb":"This volume completes the library's surviving plays of Euripides with eleven works in Edward P. Coleridge's prose translation of 1891. Iphigenia in Aulis, produced after the poet's death in 405 BC, opens at night on the shore of Aulis, where the Greek fleet is held back by windless weather.","lessonTitles":["A sacrifice freely offered","Friendship in ruin","Law, burial and the city","Appearance and truth"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","the-oresteia","euripides-trojan-women-and-other-plays","medea-and-other-plays","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-odyssey"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays.txt","source":"Perseus Digital Library TEI transcriptions (canonical-greekLit, tlg0006) of E. P. Coleridge, The Plays of Euripides (London: George Bell & Sons, 1891)","sourceUrl":"https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/tree/master/data/tlg0006","translator":"E. P. Coleridge","translationYear":1891},"portrait":{"ref":"euripides","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Euripides.","credit":"Marie-Lan Nguyen; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Euripides","title":"Euripides Pio-Clementino Inv302","creator":"Marie-Lan Nguyen","date":"2006","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Euripides_Pio-Clementino_Inv302.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euripides_Pio-Clementino_Inv302.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/euripides.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q48305; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":541,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays.json","url":"/works/euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Iphigenia overcomes her terror and goes willingly to the altar for the sake of Hellas."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Theseus refuses to abandon Heracles after the killings, takes his hand, and leads him to Athens."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"In The Suppliants Theseus defends written law and wins burial for the Argive dead."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Electra tends her raving brother night and day in the opening of Orestes."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"island-of-the-blue-dolphins","title":"Island of the Blue Dolphins","author":"Scott O'Dell","year":"1960","sortYear":1960,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["isolation-alienation","stoicism-endurance","nature-landscape","animals","friendship","coming-of-age","home-exile","family"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["nursing-caregiving","pain","grief","death-dying"],"blurb":"Island of the Blue Dolphins is narrated by Karana, a girl of about twelve who lives in the village of Ghalas-at on a small island off the California coast in the early nineteenth century; her people call it the Island of the Blue Dolphins. A red-sailed ship brings Captain Orlov, a Russian, and a crew of Aleut hunters, who ask Karana's father, Chief Chowig, to let them take sea otter in exchange for goods.","lessonTitles":["Courage without witnesses","Mercy toward an enemy","Friendship across a divide","Care for creatures"],"comparisons":["robinson-crusoe","my-side-of-the-mountain","the-swiss-family-robinson","the-sign-of-the-beaver","the-call-of-the-wild"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"island-of-the-blue-dolphins","caption":"San Nicolas Island, California, home of the real 'Lone Woman' who inspired the novel.","credit":"U.S. Naval Air Weapons Station, Point Mugu, CA; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Island of the Blue Dolphins","title":"San Nicolas Island Aerial Navy","creator":"U.S. Naval Air Weapons Station, Point Mugu, CA","date":"not specified","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/San_Nicolas_Island_Aerial_Navy.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:San_Nicolas_Island_Aerial_Navy.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.nhm.org/research/anthropology/Pages/chislands/SN.htm","localPath":"site/public/portraits/island-of-the-blue-dolphins.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":400,"height":234,"bytes":20687,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/island-of-the-blue-dolphins.json","url":"/works/island-of-the-blue-dolphins/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Karana builds her house, makes her weapons and faces the wild dogs alone after Ramo's death, keeping on through years of solitude."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Karana carries home and nurses the wounded leader of the dogs that killed her brother instead of finishing him with an arrow."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Karana overcomes her fear of the Aleuts and shares gifts and her secret name with Tutok."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Karana stores food, builds a whale-rib fence and makes weapons, canoe repairs and clothing with her own hands to survive."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Karana leaps from the ship and swims back to the island rather than leave her little brother Ramo alone."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"ivanhoe","title":"Ivanhoe","author":"Walter Scott","year":"1819 (dated 1820)","sortYear":1819,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["class-society","heroism","honor-shame","faith-religion","justice-law","love-desire","war-violence","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving","war-wounds","medical-ethics","pain","sleep-insomnia","death-dying","mind-body"],"blurb":"Ivanhoe is set in England in 1194, when King Richard the Lion-Hearted is making his way home in secret after captivity in Austria and his brother Prince John is scheming to take the crown. More than a century after the Norman Conquest, Saxons and Normans are still bitterly divided.","lessonTitles":["Two kinds of courage","Faithfulness under pressure","Healing the enemy","One people out of two"],"comparisons":["the-merchant-of-venice","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","le-morte-darthur","the-black-arrow","the-last-of-the-mohicans"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/ivanhoe.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #82","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/82","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"ivanhoe","caption":"Statue of Ivanhoe on the Scott Monument, Edinburgh.","credit":"Stephencdickson; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Ivanhoe","title":"Ivanhoe as sculpted on the Scott Monument, Edinburgh","creator":"Stephencdickson","date":"2015-02-09 13:31:06","medium/type":"artwork","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Ivanhoe_as_sculpted_on_the_Scott_Monument%2C_Edinburgh.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ivanhoe_as_sculpted_on_the_Scott_Monument,_Edinburgh.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/ivanhoe.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":479,"height":720,"bytes":68313,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/ivanhoe.json","url":"/works/ivanhoe/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Rebecca stands on the battlement ready to die rather than yield to Bois-Guilbert in Chapter XXIV."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Rebecca nurses the wounded Ivanhoe though his people despise hers, and leaves England to serve the sick."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Wamba exchanges clothes with Cedric at Torquilstone, risking his life so his master can escape."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Ivanhoe rides out still weak from his wound to defend an innocent woman at Templestowe."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Rebecca prays and sings the hymn of the Exodus while awaiting judgment, and refuses to abandon the faith of her fathers."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"jacobson-v-massachusetts","title":"Jacobson v. Massachusetts","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1905","sortYear":1905,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["illness-body","justice-law","power-politics","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"A Massachusetts statute authorized the board of health of any city or town to require the vaccination of its inhabitants when it judged that necessary for public health or safety, and provided a five-dollar penalty for adults who refused; children certified by a physician as unfit for vaccination were exempt. In February 1902, during a smallpox outbreak, the Cambridge board of health ordered all inhabitants who had not been vaccinated since 1897 to be vaccinated, and offered vaccination without charge.","lessonTitles":["Liberty under law","Who decides disputed medical questions?","The limits Harlan placed on his own holding","A precedent with a long reach"],"comparisons":["buck-v-bell","lochner-v-new-york","on-liberty","gibbons-v-ogden"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/jacobson-v-massachusetts.txt","source":"Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jacobson_v._Massachusetts","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-john-marshall-harlan","caption":"Portrait of John Marshall Harlan.","credit":"Mathew Brady or Levin Handy; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Marshall Harlan","title":"JudgeJMHarlan","creator":"Mathew Brady or Levin Handy","date":"between 1865 and 1880","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/JudgeJMHarlan.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JudgeJMHarlan.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Brady-Handy Photograph Collection (Library of Congress)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-john-marshall-harlan.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q1700972 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":643,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/jacobson-v-massachusetts.json","url":"/works/jacobson-v-massachusetts/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Harlan holds that each person's liberty must be exercised without injury to the safety of neighbors."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The Court entrusts a disputed question of method to a local board acting in an emergency, while reserving protection against arbitrary or cruel enforcement."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The opinion treats submission to a public-health measure as a duty owed for the protection of the whole community."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"jane-eyre","title":"Jane Eyre","author":"Charlotte Brontë","year":"1847","sortYear":1847,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["identity-self","love-desire","faith-religion","coming-of-age","class-society","gender-women","madness-mind","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","asylum-institution","heredity-degeneration","fever-infection","tuberculosis-consumption","starvation-nutrition","physicians-doctors","surgery","disability-deformity","death-dying","public-health-sanitation","vampirism-blood"],"blurb":"Jane Eyre is the life story, told by Jane herself, of an orphan girl who grows into a governess and finally a wife, keeping her conscience and her self-respect through poverty, temptation and grief. At ten Jane lives at Gateshead Hall with her aunt by marriage, Mrs. Reed, who resents her, and her bullying cousin John.","lessonTitles":["Principles are for moments of temptation","Helen's forbearance and Jane's fire","Equal souls","Two ways of serving God"],"comparisons":["wuthering-heights","the-pilgrims-progress","pride-and-prejudice","great-expectations","the-secret-garden","villette","the-tenant-of-wildfell-hall"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/jane-eyre.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1260","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1260","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"jane-eyre","caption":"Early edition of Jane Eyre (1847).","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Jane Eyre","title":"Jane Eyre title page","creator":"Unknown author","date":"Original publication date is 1847","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Jane_Eyre_title_page.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jane_Eyre_title_page.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"wikisource:Page:Jane Eyre (1st edition), Volume 1.djvu/7","localPath":"site/public/portraits/jane-eyre.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":420,"height":720,"bytes":25338,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/jane-eyre.json","url":"/works/jane-eyre/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Jane leaves Thornfield at dawn with no money, rather than stay unlawfully with the man she loves."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Jane forgives the dying Mrs. Reed and divides her uncle's twenty thousand pounds equally with her newfound cousins."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"She governs her passion for Rochester when every feeling urges her to yield."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Jane insists to Rochester that she is his equal in soul and refuses to be dressed up or kept as an ornament."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Rochester at Ferndean acknowledges God's judgment on his pride and thanks God for Jane's return."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"jewish-antiquities","title":"Jewish Antiquities","author":"Flavius Josephus","year":"c. 93-94 CE","sortYear":94,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"long; best read in excerpts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","power-politics","justice-law","leadership","family","war-violence","language-storytelling","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","fever-infection","pain","death-dying","physicians-doctors","starvation-nutrition","public-health-sanitation","childbirth-maternal","leprosy","mind-body","grief","war-wounds"],"blurb":"Jewish Antiquities is Josephus' twenty-book retelling of Jewish history from creation to the outbreak of revolt against Rome in 66 CE. It is not simply a paraphrase of the Bible, though its first half follows Genesis through the monarchy, exile and restoration.","lessonTitles":["Apologetic history still preserves evidence","Ancient identity is argued through age","Small notices can carry enormous weight","Bodies make politics memorable"],"comparisons":["the-jewish-war","the-bible","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-twelve-caesars","the-history-of-the-church","early-christian-writings"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/jewish-antiquities.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2848","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2848","translator":"William Whiston","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"jewish-antiquities","caption":"Illuminated opening of Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews, medieval Florentine manuscript.","credit":"Josephus; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Jewish Antiquities","title":"Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae, Florence, Plut. 66.5","creator":"Josephus","date":"11th century","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Flavius_Josephus%2C_Antiquitates_Iudaicae%2C_Florence%2C_Plut._66.5.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flavius_Josephus,_Antiquitates_Iudaicae,_Florence,_Plut._66.5.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"2d copy","localPath":"site/public/portraits/jewish-antiquities.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":493,"height":720,"bytes":114655,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/jewish-antiquities.json","url":"/works/jewish-antiquities/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"mccullough-john-adams","title":"John Adams","author":"David McCullough","year":"2001","sortYear":2001,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"biography","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Long narrative biography."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["leadership","power-politics","marriage","family","friendship","justice-law","honor-shame","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","fever-infection","surgery","alcohol","physicians-doctors","aging-senescence","grief","death-dying"],"blurb":"David McCullough's John Adams is a full narrative biography of the second president of the United States, built largely on the Adams family papers and especially on the letters between John and Abigail Adams. It follows Adams from his boyhood on a farm in Braintree, Massachusetts, where he was born in 1735, through Harvard College, schoolteaching in Worcester and the law, to his marriage in 1764 to Abigail Smith, whom McCullough presents as his closest adviser and equal partner.","lessonTitles":["Defending the unpopular in the name of law","A marriage of equals","Choosing peace over party","Friendship restored"],"comparisons":["adams-selected-writings","a-defence-of-the-constitutions","jefferson-selected-writings","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","the-founding-documents","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"john-adams","caption":"Portrait of John Adams (circa 1800).","credit":"Gilbert Stuart; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Adams","title":"John Adams","creator":"Gilbert Stuart","date":"circa 1800","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/John_Adams_A18236.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Adams_A18236.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C., online collection","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-adams.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q11806; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":593,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/mccullough-john-adams.json","url":"/works/mccullough-john-adams/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Adams defends the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre because he believes every accused person deserves counsel."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He crosses the Atlantic in wartime with his young son and endures a grave illness in Amsterdam to win Dutch support."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In 1799 he sends a peace mission to France against his party's wishes and avoids a full war."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"After years of estrangement he resumes his correspondence with Jefferson in 1812 and keeps it up until both men die."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"johnny-tremain","title":"Johnny Tremain","author":"Esther Forbes","year":"1943","sortYear":1943,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["coming-of-age","power-politics","war-violence","honor-shame","illness-body","friendship","identity-self","justice-law"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","surgery","physicians-doctors","pain","war-wounds","death-dying","madness-psychosis"],"blurb":"Johnny Tremain follows a Boston apprentice from the summer of 1773 to the first day of the American Revolution in April 1775. Johnny, fourteen, is the most gifted of the three apprentices in the silversmith shop of old Ephraim Lapham, a pious man who warns him about pride by having him read Leviticus 26:19; the next two chapters take their titles from that verse.","lessonTitles":["Pride before a fall","Finding a calling after loss","Why men fight","Friendship with an enemy's servant"],"comparisons":["carry-on-mr-bowditch","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","the-red-badge-of-courage","across-five-aprils"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"johnny-tremain","caption":"Portrait of Esther Forbes.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Esther Forbes","title":"Esther Forbes","creator":"Unknown author","date":"1938-09-25","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Esther_Forbes.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Esther_Forbes.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1938-09-25/ed-1/?sp=70&q=esther+forbes&r=0.091,-0.003,0.778,0.429,0","localPath":"site/public/portraits/johnny-tremain.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":466,"height":720,"bytes":33082,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/johnny-tremain.json","url":"/works/johnny-tremain/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"After his crippled hand ends his trade, Johnny slowly learns to accept help from Rab and to stop scorning others."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Johnny rides and spies through occupied Boston and crosses to Lexington to find Rab despite the danger."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Rab takes in the injured and friendless Johnny and at his death leaves him his musket."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Johnny protects Dove instead of taking revenge for the crucible."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"journey-of-the-magi","title":"Journey of the Magi","author":"T. S. Eliot","year":"1927","sortYear":1927,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","travel-journey","death-mortality","home-exile","doubt-meaning","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Journey of the Magi is a dramatic monologue in which one of the wise men of Matthew 2, now old, remembers the journey to Bethlehem and asks what it meant. T. S. Eliot wrote it in 1927, the year he was baptized and confirmed in the Church of England, and Faber and Gwyer published it that August as the eighth of its Ariel Poems, small illustrated pamphlets sold as Christmas cards, with a drawing by E. McKnight Kauffer.","lessonTitles":["The cost of the journey","Signs the travelers cannot read","A birth that is a death"],"comparisons":["the-bible","the-second-coming","the-dream-of-the-rood","tennyson-ulysses"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/journey-of-the-magi.txt","source":"Academy of American Poets, poets.org (\"This poem is in the public domain\"), following the Ariel Poems pamphlet (London: Faber & Gwyer, 1927)","sourceUrl":"https://poets.org/poem/journey-magi","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"journey-of-the-magi","caption":"Early edition of Journey of the Magi (1927).","credit":"Edward McKnight Kauffer (1890–1954); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Journey of the Magi","title":"T S Eliot 1927 The Journey of the Magi No 8 Ariel Poems Faber","creator":"Edward McKnight Kauffer (1890–1954)","date":"August 1927","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/T_S_Eliot_1927_The_Journey_of_the_Magi_No_8_Ariel_Poems_Faber.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_S_Eliot_1927_The_Journey_of_the_Magi_No_8_Ariel_Poems_Faber.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.prbm.com/bookpics/e/eliot_27434_cvr1a.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/journey-of-the-magi.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":261,"height":381,"bytes":17689,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/journey-of-the-magi.json","url":"/works/journey-of-the-magi/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The Magi press on through the very dead of winter despite deserting camel men and voices calling it folly."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Though the signs give no information, the travelers keep going and the speaker affirms there was a Birth, certainly."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The old Magus admits he cannot fully interpret what he saw and sets down his question honestly instead of claiming understanding."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"journey-to-the-west-a-mission-to-heaven","title":"Journey to the West (A Mission to Heaven)","author":"Wu Cheng'en","year":"c. 1592","sortYear":1592,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"Chinese","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":"abridged 1913 version"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["travel-journey","faith-religion","the-supernatural","virtue-ethics","heroism","satire-folly","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","physicians-doctors","pharmacology-poisons","grief","mind-body","death-dying"],"blurb":"Journey to the West is the great Ming-dynasty comic and religious novel about the monk Xuanzang's pilgrimage from Tang China to India to bring back Buddhist scriptures, guarded by a band of supernatural disciples. The library text is not a full translation.","lessonTitles":["Power without humility","A journey that trains the travelers","Unlike companions on one road","Reading a work through a translator's eyes"],"comparisons":["the-pilgrims-progress","the-odyssey","don-quixote","the-travels-of-marco-polo","the-faerie-queene"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/journey-to-the-west-a-mission-to-heaven.txt","source":"A Mission to Heaven: A Great Chinese Epic and Allegory, trans. Timothy Richard (Shanghai: Christian Literature Society, 1913), via the Internet Archive (cu31924074502034)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924074502034","translator":"Timothy Richard","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"sun-wukong","caption":"Portrait of Sun Wukong (illustration from Journey to the West).","credit":"Anonymous; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Sun Wukong (illustration from Journey to the West)","title":"Xiyou","creator":"Anonymous","date":"19th century","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Xiyou.PNG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xiyou.PNG","institution":"","creditLine":"The Chinese work Illustrations for the Original Gist of the Journey to the West (西遊原旨圖像 Xiyou Yuanzhǐ Tuxiang)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/sun-wukong.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q11773777 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":506,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/journey-to-the-west-a-mission-to-heaven.json","url":"/works/journey-to-the-west-a-mission-to-heaven/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The Monkey who called himself Equal of Heaven discovers he has never left Buddha's palm and must later serve a weak monk as his disciple.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The pilgrims travel ten thousand li through eighty-one trials, and Kwanyin adds one more rather than let the count fall short.","vices":["cowardice"]},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"After the Master dismisses Sun for killing the disguised demon, the horse and Pa Kiel fetch him back and Sun returns to rescue his master.","vices":["disloyalty"]},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Pa Kiel's ravenous eating and the Monkey's theft of the peaches and pills set appetite against the discipline the pilgrimage requires.","vices":["gluttony"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"jude-the-obscure","title":"Jude the Obscure","author":"Thomas Hardy","year":"1895","sortYear":1895,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"mature themes: despair, deaths of children, troubled marriages"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","faith-religion","doubt-meaning","marriage","class-society","ambition","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["quackery-charlatans","suicide","melancholia-depression","alcohol","heredity-degeneration","grief","death-dying"],"blurb":"Jude Fawley is an orphan boy raised by his great-aunt Drusilla in the downland village of Marygreen. When the schoolmaster Richard Phillotson leaves for the university city of Christminster, Jude fixes his hopes on following him.","lessonTitles":["Longing for learning","The letter and the spirit","Two crossings of belief","Suffering and the question of Job"],"comparisons":["far-from-the-madding-crowd","middlemarch","on-liberty","the-bible","great-expectations"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/jude-the-obscure.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #153, Jude the Obscure","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/153","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-hardy","caption":"Portrait of Thomas Hardy.","credit":"Bain News Service, publisher; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Hardy","title":"Thomashardy restored","creator":"Bain News Service, publisher","date":"Unknown date","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Thomashardy_restored.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomashardy_restored.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.13585.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached w","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-hardy.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q132805 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":496,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/jude-the-obscure.json","url":"/works/jude-the-obscure/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Jude teaches himself Latin and Greek over years while baking and cutting stone, reading even as he drives the bread cart."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Mrs. Edlin keeps faith with Jude and Sue when others shun them, and comes to Jude at the end."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Phillotson, at the cost of his post, refuses to hold Sue against her will, judging that conscience outweighs his claim."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"julius-caesar","title":"Julius Caesar","author":"William Shakespeare","year":"1599","sortYear":1599,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–10","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":10,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","ambition","honor-shame","friendship","fate-free-will","language-storytelling","justice-law","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["epilepsy-seizures","sleep-insomnia","dreams-nightmares","suicide","disability-deformity","humoral-medicine"],"blurb":"Julius Caesar, Shakespeare's tragedy of the assassination of 44 BC, begins as Rome celebrates Caesar's triumph over the sons of Pompey. The tribunes rebuke the fickle crowd, a soothsayer warns Caesar to beware the Ides of March, and Caesar is offered a crown three times by Mark Antony and refuses it, then falls in a fit of the falling sickness.","lessonTitles":["Good men can reason their way to wrong","The power of rhetoric","Friendship tested by power","Fate, omen and choice"],"comparisons":["the-civil-war","plutarch-lives","macbeth","the-prince"],"quoteCount":13,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/julius-caesar.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1522","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1522","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"julius-caesar-play","caption":"Edwin Austin Abbey, Within the Tent of Brutus: Enter the Ghost of Caesar (Act IV, scene iii).","credit":"Edwin Austin Abbey; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Julius Caesar","title":"Within the Tent of Brutus: Enter the Ghost of Caesar, Julius Caesar, Act IV, Scene III","creator":"Edwin Austin Abbey","date":"1905","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Edwin_Austin_Abbey_-_Within_the_Tent_of_Brutus%2C_Enter_the_Ghost_of_Caesar%2C_Julius_Caesar%2C_Act_IV%2C_Scene_III_-_1937.1148_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_Austin_Abbey_-_Within_the_Tent_of_Brutus,_Enter_the_Ghost_of_Caesar,_Julius_Caesar,_Act_IV,_Scene_III_-_1937.1148_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/61227","localPath":"site/public/portraits/julius-caesar-play.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":472,"height":720,"bytes":33266,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/julius-caesar.json","url":"/works/julius-caesar/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Brutus acts from love of Rome rather than envy, and Antony calls him the noblest Roman of them all."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The play shows the cost of its absence as Brutus spares Antony and lets him speak against Cassius's advice."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Brutus and Cassius reconcile after their quarrel and stand together to the end at Philippi."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Portia proves her constancy by a self-inflicted wound to be trusted with her husband's secret."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"just-so-stories","title":"Just So Stories","author":"Rudyard Kipling","year":"1902","sortYear":1902,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–5","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":5,"note":"read-aloud for younger grades"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["animals","language-storytelling","childhood","nature-landscape","virtue-ethics","satire-folly"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","pain","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"Just So Stories is Rudyard Kipling's collection of comic tales that explain, in the voice of a father talking to a child he calls O Best Beloved, how things in the world came to be the way they are. Each story is followed by a poem.","lessonTitles":["Questions can lead somewhere","Idleness gives you the hump","Pride gets a surprise","Pictures and words need care"],"comparisons":["the-jungle-book","aesops-fables","metamorphoses","alices-adventures-in-wonderland","winnie-the-pooh"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/just-so-stories.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2781","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2781","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"just-so-stories","caption":"Early edition of Just So Stories (1902).","credit":"w:Rudyard Kipling; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Just So Stories","title":"Just So Stories Kipling 1902","creator":"w:Rudyard Kipling","date":"1902","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Just_So_Stories_Kipling_1902.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Just_So_Stories_Kipling_1902.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.biblio.com/just-so-stories-by-kipling-rudyard/work/732","localPath":"site/public/portraits/just-so-stories.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":200,"height":262,"bytes":12995,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/just-so-stories.json","url":"/works/just-so-stories/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The Djinn makes the Camel work to make up the three days he spent saying Humph while the other animals worked double."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Stickly-Prickly and Slow-Solid help each other learn to swim and curl until they both become Armadillos."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Suleiman-bin-Daoud falls on his face and admits he gave his great dinner only to show off."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Balkis quietly turns the Butterfly's boast into a lesson that ends the quarrelling of the queens."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kalevala","title":"Kalevala","author":"Elias Lönnrot (compiler)","year":"1835; enlarged 1849","sortYear":1849,"era":"19th-century","genre":"epic","originalLanguage":"Finnish","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Long trochaic verse with repetition; Finnish names."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["language-storytelling","art-creation","family","the-supernatural","nature-landscape","revenge","love-desire","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","plague-epidemic","war-wounds","pain","grief","death-dying","suicide","pharmacology-poisons"],"blurb":"The Kalevala is the national epic of Finland, compiled by the physician and folklorist Elias Lönnrot from oral songs he and others gathered in Finnish and Russian Karelia. Its fifty runes, or cantos, follow the deeds of the people of Kalevala, chiefly the old singer and sage Väinämöinen, the smith Ilmarinen and the reckless Lemminkäinen, and their long rivalry with Louhi, mistress of the cold northern land of Pohjola.","lessonTitles":["The power of the word","A mother's love","Nurture and the tragedy of Kullervo","Wealth, rivalry and the lost Sampo"],"comparisons":["the-song-of-hiawatha","poetic-edda","argonautica","the-lord-of-the-rings","the-odyssey","the-nibelungenlied"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/kalevala.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #5186","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5186","translator":"John Martin Crawford","translationYear":1888},"portrait":{"ref":"kalevala","caption":"The Defence of the Sampo, by Akseli Gallen-Kallela (1896), a scene from the Kalevala.","credit":"Akseli Gallen-Kallela; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.","media":{"subject":"The Defence of the Sampo, Akseli Gallen-Kallela (1896)","title":"The Defence of the Sampo","creator":"Akseli Gallen-Kallela","date":"1896","medium/type":"painting","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Gallen-Kallela_The_defence_of_the_Sampo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallen-Kallela_The_defence_of_the_Sampo.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1896, via Wikimedia Commons","localPath":"site/public/portraits/kalevala.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Commons file; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":520,"height":499}},"path":"content/works/kalevala.json","url":"/works/kalevala/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Lemminkäinen's mother wades into the river of death and rakes it again and again until she recovers her son.","vices":["indifference"]},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Väinämöinen wins his contests by knowledge of origins and spells, as when he defeats Joukahainen with song rather than blows."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Ilmarinen works his forge for days, breaking every flawed creation, until the Sampo rises from the fire."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Kullervo's unchecked anger after the stone in his bread leads to destruction on all sides and finally his own death.","vices":["wrath"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"keep-the-lights-burning-abbie","title":"Keep the Lights Burning, Abbie","author":"Peter and Connie Roop","year":"1985","sortYear":1985,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","heroism","stoicism-endurance","nature-landscape","childhood","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["nursing-caregiving","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"Keep the Lights Burning, Abbie is a short easy-reader history book about Abbie Burgess, the teenage daughter of the lighthouse keeper on Matinicus Rock, a bare island far out in the sea off the coast of Maine. In January 1856 Abbie's mother is sick, the family is running low on food and on oil for the lamps, and Captain Burgess must sail his small boat to the mainland town of Rockland for supplies and medicine.","lessonTitles":["Faithful when no one is watching","Other people depend on the light","Caring for the family","A father's trust"],"comparisons":["the-bears-on-hemlock-mountain","the-courage-of-sarah-noble","carry-on-mr-bowditch","little-house-in-the-big-woods"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"keep-the-lights-burning-abbie","caption":"Abbie Burgess, the Maine lighthouse keeper whose story the book tells.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Keep the Lights Burning, Abbie","title":"AbbieBurgess(1)","creator":"Unknown author","date":"before 1892","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/AbbieBurgess%281%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AbbieBurgess(1).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Abbie_Burgess.asp","localPath":"site/public/portraits/keep-the-lights-burning-abbie.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":547,"height":718,"bytes":23119,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/keep-the-lights-burning-abbie.json","url":"/works/keep-the-lights-burning-abbie/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Abbie climbs the icy towers night after night through a storm that lasts for weeks and does not let a single lamp go out."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"She fills the lamps, trims the wicks and scrapes the frozen windows again and again while also doing the housework for her family."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"She nurses her sick mother and looks after her little sisters, and her lights protect sailors she will never meet."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"When the waves start breaking over the rock, she sees that the family's food depends on the hens and brings them to safety in time."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kidnapped","title":"Kidnapped","author":"Robert Louis Stevenson","year":"1886","sortYear":1886,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","coming-of-age","travel-journey","power-politics","justice-law","honor-shame","money-wealth","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["alcohol","fever-infection","starvation-nutrition","physicians-doctors","death-dying","pharmacology-poisons"],"blurb":"Kidnapped is narrated by David Balfour, a seventeen-year-old Lowland Scot who in June 1751, after his father's death, leaves the village of Essendean with a letter for the House of Shaws. The minister Mr. Campbell sends him off with a shilling, a Bible and a handwritten recipe for lily-of-the-valley water, and with the news that he is a Balfour of Shaws.","lessonTitles":["Friendship across a deep divide","Pride on the road","Justice against a usurper","Courage that grows"],"comparisons":["treasure-island","robinson-crusoe","the-odyssey"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/kidnapped.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #421","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/421","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"kidnapped","caption":"Early edition of Kidnapped (1886).","credit":"Robert Louis Stevenson; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Kidnapped","title":"RLS Kidnapped 1886 US","creator":"Robert Louis Stevenson","date":"1886","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/RLS_Kidnapped_1886_US.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RLS_Kidnapped_1886_US.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.americancollectiblesmuseum.org/firsteditions.htm","localPath":"site/public/portraits/kidnapped.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":532,"height":720,"bytes":46189,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/kidnapped.json","url":"/works/kidnapped/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"David and Alan keep faith with each other through the round-house fight, the flight in the heather and a bitter quarrel."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"David endures kidnapping, shipwreck, starvation on Earraid and a long flight while sick without abandoning Alan."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"David recovers his rightful estate by lawful means through Mr. Rankeillor and resolves to testify for the innocent James Stewart."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Both David and Alan must swallow pride to end their quarrel, and Alan apologizes first."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"king-lear","title":"King Lear","author":"William Shakespeare","year":"c. 1606","sortYear":1606,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classical-11th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"violence: blinding scene"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","power-politics","madness-mind","justice-law","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","aging-senescence","dementia-memory","trauma-shell-shock","grief"],"blurb":"King Lear begins with a political and familial error: Lear divides Britain according to a public love test, accepts the fluent flattery of Goneril and Regan, rejects Cordelia's plain truth, and banishes Kent for trying to correct him. The abdication leaves Lear with the name of king but without the substance of rule, and the tragedy strips away retinue, shelter, authority, sanity, and finally family.","lessonTitles":["King Lear: formed attention","King Lear: order and disorder","King Lear: body and soul"],"comparisons":["the-brothers-karamazov","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/king-lear.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1532","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1532","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"king-lear","caption":"Ford Madox Brown, Cordelia's Portion (1866).","credit":"Ford Madox Brown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"King Lear","title":"Cordelia's Portion","creator":"Ford Madox Brown","date":"1866","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cordelia%27s_Portion.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cordelia%27s_Portion.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.english.emory.edu/classes/Shakespeare_Illustrated/Brown.Portion.html","localPath":"site/public/portraits/king-lear.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":509,"bytes":82623,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/king-lear.json","url":"/works/king-lear/","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Cordelia and Edgar remain faithful to fathers who wronged them.","vices":["impiety"]},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Kent serves Lear in disguise after being banished.","vices":["flattery"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kokoro","title":"Kokoro","author":"Natsume Sōseki","year":"1914","sortYear":1914,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"Japanese","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"mature themes: suicide"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["guilt-sin","friendship","isolation-alienation","love-desire","death-mortality","technology-modernity","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["suicide","melancholia-depression","death-dying","grief","nursing-caregiving","physicians-doctors","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"Kokoro, a word meaning heart, mind or the core of things, is in three parts. In the first, 'Sensei and I', a young university student in Tokyo meets an older man at the seaside resort of Kamakura and is drawn to him, calling him Sensei, 'teacher'.","lessonTitles":["Guilt can hollow a life","Loneliness of the modern self","Choosing between duties"],"comparisons":["the-meek-one","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","on-friendship","siddhartha","botchan"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"natsume-soseki","caption":"Portrait of Natsume Sōseki.","credit":"Ogawa Kazumasa; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Natsume Sōseki","title":"Natsume Soseki photo","creator":"Ogawa Kazumasa","date":"1912-09","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Natsume_Soseki_photo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Natsume_Soseki_photo.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"1. Jiten [1] , 2. The Japan Times article, The University Art Museum, Tokyo University of the Arts [2]","localPath":"site/public/portraits/natsume-soseki.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q180903; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":527,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/kokoro.json","url":"/works/kokoro/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/255400292370","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Sensei’s testament recalls his betrayal of his friend K and his lifelong remorse.","vices":["disloyalty"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"korematsu-v-united-states","title":"Korematsu v. United States","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1944","sortYear":1944,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","justice-law","power-politics","race-slavery","home-exile","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214, decided on 18 December 1944, upheld the criminal conviction of an American citizen for remaining in his home area after the Army ordered all persons of Japanese ancestry to leave it.","lessonTitles":["Rigid scrutiny announced and applied","Deciding only the question presented","Courts, war and the limits of review","Guilt that is personal","How a nation revisits a decision"],"comparisons":["ex-parte-milligan","youngstown-sheet-and-tube-v-sawyer","united-states-v-wong-kim-ark","the-federalist-papers","the-founding-documents"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/korematsu-v-united-states.txt","source":"Korematsu v. 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In the Yorkshire mining village of Greenall Bridge, Lassie belongs to Sam Carraclough, and every man in the village agrees she is the finest collie he has ever seen.","lessonTitles":["Honest when it hurts","Faithfulness that keeps going","Kindness from strangers","Generosity that saves face"],"comparisons":["the-call-of-the-wild","white-fang","where-the-red-fern-grows","the-secret-garden","black-beauty"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"lassie-come-home","caption":"A rough collie, Lassie's breed.","credit":"Unknown; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Lassie Come-Home","title":"Rough Collie 600","creator":"Unknown","date":"","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Rough_Collie_600.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rough_Collie_600.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"","localPath":"site/public/portraits/lassie-come-home.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":600,"height":480,"bytes":71808,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/lassie-come-home.json","url":"/works/lassie-come-home/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Lassie keeps walking south from the Highlands through hunger, storms, a cold river and lameness until she reaches the school gate."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Sam Carraclough returns Lassie to the Duke every time she escapes, because she was honestly sold.","vices":["dishonor"]},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Dan'l and Dally Fadden take in a starving stray collie, nurse her, and let her go when they see she must."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"The Duke declares the returned dog is not his and gives Sam a kennelman's place, so the family keeps both Lassie and its pride."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"plato-laws","title":"Laws","author":"Plato","year":"c. 348 BC","sortYear":-348,"era":"ancient","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Very long dialogue; Jowett's Victorian prose."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","education","faith-religion","virtue-ethics","crime-punishment","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","medical-ethics","ancient-medicine","madness-psychosis","alcohol","pharmacology-poisons","epilepsy-seizures","sleep-insomnia","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"The Laws is Plato's last and longest dialogue, twelve books of conversation in which three elderly men design the constitution and legal code of a new city. On a midsummer day an unnamed Athenian Stranger walks from Knossos toward the cave and shrine of Zeus with Cleinias, a Cretan, and Megillus, a Spartan.","lessonTitles":["Laws should aim at the whole of virtue, not victory in war","Persuasion before command","Rulers are servants of the law","Education forms the loves before the reasons","Belief about the gods is a matter of public concern"],"comparisons":["the-republic","plato-statesman","politics","cicero-republic-and-laws","hippocratic-writings","the-spirit-of-the-laws"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/plato-laws.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1750 (The Dialogues of Plato, trans. 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Uther Pendragon, with Merlin's help, begets Arthur on Igraine, and the child is raised secretly by Sir Ector.","lessonTitles":["An oath that measures every knight","The best knight of the world and the holiest","Divided loyalties","Penitence at the end"],"comparisons":["the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","the-sword-in-the-stone","the-faerie-queene","ivanhoe","don-quixote"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/le-morte-darthur.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1251 + #1252","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1251","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"le-morte-darthur","caption":"Early edition of Le Morte d'Arthur (1893).","credit":"Cedric Chivers / Aubrey Beardsley; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Le Morte d'Arthur","title":"The Birth, Life, and Acts of King Arthur","creator":"Cedric Chivers / Aubrey Beardsley","date":"1893","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/The_Birth%2C_Life%2C_and_Acts_of_King_Arthur.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Birth,_Life,_and_Acts_of_King_Arthur.png","institution":"","creditLine":"https://pictures.abebooks.com/inventory/30649265604.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/le-morte-darthur.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":639,"height":720,"bytes":80935,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/le-morte-darthur.json","url":"/works/le-morte-darthur/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Gareth serves a year in Arthur's kitchen as Beaumains and bears the damsel Linet's insults without complaint before revealing his birth."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Galahad asks God to let him die once he has seen the mysteries of the Grail at Sarras."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Arthur grieves more for the broken fellowship of his knights than for the loss of his queen in Book XX."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Launcelot prays over the wounded Sir Urre, asking that the healing be God's work and not his own."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"The knights renew each Pentecost their oath to give mercy, flee treason and never fight in a wrongful quarrel."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kuyper-lectures-on-calvinism","title":"Lectures on Calvinism","author":"Abraham Kuyper","year":"1898","sortYear":1898,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Lecture prose; theology and history; OCR."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","power-politics","science-knowledge","art-creation","justice-law","education"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Lectures on Calvinism are the six Stone Lectures that the Dutch theologian and politician Abraham Kuyper delivered at Princeton Theological Seminary in October 1898, during a visit to the United States. Kuyper's aim was to present Calvinism not as a narrow church party or a set of doctrines about predestination but as a complete life-system, a view of the world able to shape every area of human life, comparable in scope to paganism, Islam, Roman Catholicism and the modernism that he saw spreading from the French Revolution of 1789.","lessonTitles":["A world-view, not only a creed","Sphere sovereignty","Common grace and the goodness of ordinary life","Two kinds of science"],"comparisons":["calvin-institutes","democracy-in-america","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","chesterton-orthodoxy","lewis-the-abolition-of-man","city-of-god"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/kuyper-lectures-on-calvinism.txt","source":"Abraham Kuyper, Calvinism: Six Stone-Lectures (English edition, c. 1898-1899; the scanned copy lacks its title page), via the Internet Archive (calvinismsixst00kuyp, Princeton Theological Seminary Library)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/calvinismsixst00kuyp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"abraham-kuyper","caption":"Portrait of Abraham Kuyper (1905).","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Abraham Kuyper","title":"Abraham Kuyper 1905 (1)","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"1905","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Abraham_Kuyper_1905_%281%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Kuyper_1905_(1).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://josdouma.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/kuyper-75.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/abraham-kuyper.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q320014 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":504,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/kuyper-lectures-on-calvinism.json","url":"/works/kuyper-lectures-on-calvinism/","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Kuyper describes religion as existing for God's sake and places the confession of God's sovereignty first in every area of life."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"In Lecture III he assigns the state the duty of protecting each sphere of society and the conscience of each person rather than absorbing them."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"He ends the series by insisting that the renewal of life is the prerogative of God, not the achievement of scholars or statesmen."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Lecture IV honours the Dutch love of learning, from Leiden's scholars onward, as faithful work in a world that belongs to God."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry","title":"Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry","author":"Emil Kraepelin","year":"1904 English translation","sortYear":1904,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classic-psychiatry"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"research text"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["madness-mind","illness-body","science-knowledge","education","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","mania","melancholia-depression","dementia-memory","alcohol","epilepsy-seizures","heredity-degeneration","asylum-institution","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"Kraepelin's Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry introduces readers to psychiatric diagnosis through bedside cases and disease course. Rather than beginning with abstract definitions, the lectures proceed from patients: mood disturbance, excitement, confusion, delusions, hallucinations, deterioration, alcoholism, epilepsy, paralysis, dementia praecox, manic-depressive insanity, and other clinical groupings.","lessonTitles":["Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry teaches historical caution","Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry links evidence and authority","Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry complicates mind and body","Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["mental-pathology-and-therapeutics","dementia-praecox-or-the-group-of-schizophrenias","the-psychology-of-dementia-praecox","the-principles-of-psychology"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry.txt","source":"Internet Archive scan of Thomas Johnstone 1904 translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/lecturesonclinic00kraeuoft","translator":"Thomas Johnstone","translationYear":1904},"portrait":{"ref":"lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry","caption":"Portrait of Emil Kraepelin.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Emil Kraepelin","title":"Emil Kraepelin 1926","creator":"Unknown author","date":"circa 1920","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Emil_Kraepelin_1926.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emil_Kraepelin_1926.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1926) [1]","localPath":"site/public/portraits/lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":484,"height":720,"bytes":42007,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry.json","url":"/works/lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"lectures-on-revivals-of-religion","title":"Lectures on Revivals of Religion","author":"Charles Finney","year":"1835","sortYear":1835,"era":"19th-century","genre":"sermons","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","power-politics","leadership","class-society","justice-law","madness-mind"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["neurosis-anxiety","altered-states","medical-ethics","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"Lectures on Revivals of Religion is Finney's manual of revival as method. 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The English volumes gather Salpetriere lectures on spinal cord disease, paralysis, tremor, sclerosis, locomotor ataxia, hysteria, epilepsy, and related nervous disorders.","lessonTitles":["Lectures on the Diseases of the Ne teaches historical caution","Lectures on the Diseases of the Ne links evidence and authority","Lectures on the Diseases of the Ne complicates mind and body","Lectures on the Diseases of the Ne warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["studies-on-hysteria","the-major-symptoms-of-hysteria","the-psychology-of-dementia-praecox","the-principles-of-psychology"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system.txt","source":"Internet Archive scan of New Sydenham Society English edition","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/lecturesondiseas00char","translator":"New Sydenham Society translators","translationYear":1881},"portrait":{"ref":"lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system","caption":"Portrait of Jean-Martin Charcot.","credit":"Unidentified photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Jean-Martin Charcot","title":"Jean-Martin Charcot","creator":"Unidentified photographer","date":"19th century","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Jean-Martin_Charcot.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Martin_Charcot.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101425121 Jean-Martin Charcot's Legion of Honour Dossier","localPath":"site/public/portraits/lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":516,"height":720,"bytes":35057,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system.json","url":"/works/lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"legal-tender-cases","title":"Legal Tender Cases","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1871","sortYear":1871,"era":"19th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","justice-law","power-politics","war-violence"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In Hepburn v. Griswold (February 1870) a divided Court had held that the Legal Tender Act of 1862 could not make paper United States notes a legal tender for debts incurred before the act.","lessonTitles":["Sovereignty and self-preservation","Powers drawn from many grants together","Precedent and a changed Court","What a lender agrees to"],"comparisons":["hepburn-v-griswold","mcculloch-v-maryland","norman-v-baltimore-and-ohio-railroad","hamiltons-reports-and-opinion-on-the-bank","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/legal-tender-cases.txt","source":"Legal Tender Cases (Knox v. Lee; Parker v. 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Brady-Handy Photograph Collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cwpbh.04963. 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It retells in English prose the romances that grew up around Charlemagne and his twelve peers, or paladins, chiefly as the Italian Renaissance poets Luigi Pulci, Matteo Maria Boiardo and Ludovico Ariosto shaped them.","lessonTitles":["Orlando's wits on the moon","Orlando's horn at Roncesvalles","Rinaldo, Bayard and the humble end","Old stories reused by new poets"],"comparisons":["the-song-of-roland","two-lives-of-charlemagne","le-morte-darthur","the-faerie-queene","don-quixote","bulfinch-age-of-fable"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/bulfinch-legends-of-charlemagne.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #4927, Legends of Charlemagne","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4927","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-bulfinch","caption":"Portrait of Thomas Bulfinch.","credit":"Bulfinch; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Bulfinch","title":"ThomasBulfinch","creator":"Bulfinch","date":"1896","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/ThomasBulfinch.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasBulfinch.png","institution":"","creditLine":"Life and Letters of Charles Bulfinch, Architect. 1896. https://books.google.com/books?id=nXQ5AAAAMAAJ","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-bulfinch.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q943991 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":383,"height":508}},"path":"content/works/bulfinch-legends-of-charlemagne.json","url":"/works/bulfinch-legends-of-charlemagne/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Rinaldo, once the proudest of the paladins, hides his name and works for a penny a day carrying stone for the church at Cologne."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Orlando fights on at Roncesvalles until all his strength is spent and dies having made his confession to Turpin."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Zerbino gives his life defending the abandoned sword of the mad Orlando, who had once rescued him and Isabella."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Alardo begs his brothers to spare Bayard a little longer in the starving castle, trusting that God may yet help them."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"lemon-v-kurtzman","title":"Lemon v. Kurtzman","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1971","sortYear":1971,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","faith-religion","justice-law","money-wealth","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"By the late 1960s Catholic parochial schools educated a large share of children in states such as Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and rising lay-teacher salaries strained their budgets. Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1968 authorized the state to purchase secular educational services from private schools, reimbursing teachers' salaries, textbooks and materials for courses in mathematics, modern foreign languages, physical science and physical education, with state approval of materials and audited accounts.","lessonTitles":["Building a test from earlier cases","The teacher is not a textbook","Religion and political division","Appreciation and limits"],"comparisons":["everson-v-board-of-education","abington-school-district-v-schempp","zelman-v-simmons-harris","pierce-v-society-of-sisters","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/lemon-v-kurtzman.txt","source":"Lemon v. 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Transfer was stated to be made by User:TCY.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-warren-burger.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q346685 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":328,"height":500}},"path":"content/works/lemon-v-kurtzman.json","url":"/works/lemon-v-kurtzman/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Burger acknowledges that total separation is impossible and asks courts to weigh each relationship between government and religion by its circumstances."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"White argues that families who educate their children in religious schools still perform a public function the state may fairly support."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Burger takes care to honor the enormous contribution of church schools and the sacrifice of the faithful who sustain them, even while ruling against the aid."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"lepanto","title":"Lepanto","author":"G. K. Chesterton","year":"1911","sortYear":1911,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","faith-religion","heroism","power-politics","leadership","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons","madness-psychosis"],"blurb":"Lepanto is G. K. Chesterton's ballad of the naval battle fought on 7 October 1571 in the Gulf of Patras, off western Greece, where the galleys of the Holy League, assembled by Pope Pius V and led by Don John of Austria, defeated the Ottoman fleet. Chesterton published it in The Eye-Witness in October 1911 and collected it in his Poems of 1915.","lessonTitles":["Sound as meaning","One knight against indifference","The freeing of the captives"],"comparisons":["the-song-of-roland","don-quixote","st-crispins-day-speech","the-raven"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/lepanto.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #31184: G. K. 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Valjean has served nineteen years in the galleys at Toulon, five for stealing a loaf of bread for his sister's hungry children and the rest for attempts to escape.","lessonTitles":["The candlesticks: mercy that creates a debt of love","A tempest in a skull","Javert: law without mercy","The poor are neighbors, not a category","Fatherhood chosen"],"comparisons":["a-tale-of-two-cities","crime-and-punishment","the-count-of-monte-cristo","oliver-twist","the-idiot"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/les-miserables.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #135, Les Misérables (Hapgood translation)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/135","translator":"Isabel Florence Hapgood","translationYear":1887},"portrait":{"ref":"victor-hugo","caption":"Portrait of Victor Hugo.","credit":"Étienne Carjat; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Victor Hugo","title":"Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876 - full","creator":"Étienne Carjat","date":"1876","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","localPath":"site/public/portraits/victor-hugo.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q535 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":585,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/les-miserables.json","url":"/works/les-miserables/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Bishop Myriel gives Valjean the candlesticks after he has stolen the silver, and Valjean spends his fortune on Fantine and Cosette."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Valjean walks into the court at Arras and names himself so that Champmathieu will not be condemned in his place."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Valjean carries the unconscious Marius for hours through the sewers of Paris."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Valjean withdraws from Cosette's married life rather than let his past shadow her happiness."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"letters-and-papers-from-prison","title":"Letters and Papers from Prison","author":"Dietrich Bonhoeffer","year":"1943-1945 (published 1951)","sortYear":1944,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","isolation-alienation","friendship","power-politics","death-mortality","guilt-sin","identity-self","stoicism-endurance"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["asylum-institution","neurosis-anxiety","trauma-shell-shock","melancholia-depression","sleep-insomnia","death-dying","nursing-caregiving","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"Letters and Papers from Prison was assembled after the war by Eberhard Bethge, Bonhoeffer's closest friend, former student and nephew by marriage, and published in 1951 as Widerstand und Ergebung ('Resistance and Submission'). It gathers what Bonhoeffer wrote during two years of imprisonment by the Nazi state, together with the essay 'After Ten Years', composed at Christmas 1942 as a stocktaking for fellow conspirators.","lessonTitles":["God at the centre of life, not its edges","The divided self under strain","Responsible action means accepting guilt","Disciplines for surviving confinement"],"comparisons":["the-cost-of-discipleship","the-consolation-of-philosophy","alone-in-berlin","fear-and-trembling","letters-from-a-stoic","the-sickness-unto-death"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"dietrich-bonhoeffer","caption":"Portrait of Dietrich Bonhoeffer.","credit":"Unknown author Unknown author; CC BY-SA 3.0 de.","media":{"subject":"Dietrich Bonhoeffer","title":"Dietrich Bonhoeffer","creator":"Unknown author","date":"1939","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0 de","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16%2C_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-074-16,_Dietrich_Bonhoeffer.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project . The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/dietrich-bonhoeffer.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q76326; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":454,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/letters-and-papers-from-prison.json","url":"/works/letters-and-papers-from-prison/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Bonhoeffer writes from prison with steadiness and faith before his execution."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Bonhoeffer’s letters keep hope in God under confinement."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"letters-from-a-farmer-in-pennsylvania","title":"Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania","author":"John Dickinson","year":"1767-1768","sortYear":1767,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","money-wealth","virtue-ethics","leadership","friendship"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania is a series of twelve public letters that John Dickinson printed in the Pennsylvania Chronicle beginning with the issue of November 30–December 3, 1767, and continuing weekly into February 1768. Writing as a modest farmer settled near the Delaware River, a man of small estate, a good library and a contented mind, Dickinson addressed his countrymen in the British colonies about the measures Parliament had passed in 1767 under Charles Townshend.","lessonTitles":["The purpose of a law tells you what it is","Resistance with dignity","Small precedents and the habit of vigilance","The cause of one is the cause of all"],"comparisons":["the-founding-documents","articles-of-confederation","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","second-treatise-of-government","the-wealth-of-nations"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/letters-from-a-farmer-in-pennsylvania.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #47111 (Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, with an historical introduction by R. T. H. Halsey, New York: The Outlook Company, 1903)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47111","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-dickinson","caption":"Portrait of John Dickinson.","credit":"Charles Willson Peale; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Dickinson","title":"JohnDickinson","creator":"Charles Willson Peale","date":"1780","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/JohnDickinson.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohnDickinson.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000037.htm","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-dickinson.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q878687 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":537,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/letters-from-a-farmer-in-pennsylvania.json","url":"/works/letters-from-a-farmer-in-pennsylvania/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Letter III sets out an ordered course of resistance, petitions first and force only at the last extremity."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Dickinson grants Parliament its lawful power over trade while denying the power to tax, giving each authority its due."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Letter XI calls for perpetual vigilance and Letter XII for firm opposition to the duties, even when submission would be easier."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Letter I asks Pennsylvania to stand by New York, since a wise man does not watch unconcerned while his neighbour's house burns."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"letters-from-a-stoic","title":"Letters from a Stoic","author":"Seneca","year":"c. 63–65 CE","sortYear":64,"era":"ancient","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"discusses suicide"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["stoicism-endurance","virtue-ethics","friendship","death-mortality","money-wealth","education","doubt-meaning"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["philosophy-as-therapy","neurosis-anxiety","death-dying","pain","grief","sleep-insomnia","suicide","aging-senescence","mind-body"],"blurb":"Letters from a Stoic selects from Seneca’s Moral Letters to Lucilius, a sequence of philosophical letters that turn daily life into training for freedom. Seneca writes as an older adviser to a younger friend, but the letters are also exercises for himself.","lessonTitles":["Practice before crisis","External goods are unstable","Counsel needs candor"],"comparisons":["meditations","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-nicomachean-ethics"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/letters-from-a-stoic.txt","source":"Internet Archive adluciliumepistu01sene/adluciliumepistu02sene/adluciliumepistu03sene","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/adluciliumepistu01sene ; https://archive.org/details/adluciliumepistu02sene ; https://archive.org/details/adluciliumepistu03sene","translator":"Richard M. Gummere","translationYear":1917},"portrait":{"ref":"seneca","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Seneca.","credit":"Calidius; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Seneca","title":"Duble herma of Socrates and Seneca Antikensammlung Berlin 07","creator":"Calidius","date":"2004-05-21","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_07.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_07.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/seneca.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q2054; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":583,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/letters-from-a-stoic.json","url":"/works/letters-from-a-stoic/","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Seneca counsels moderation in wealth, food, and pleasure, and practice in going without."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Seneca writes as a friend to Lucilius and discusses what true friendship requires."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"letters-of-napoleon","title":"Letters of Napoleon","author":"Napoleon Bonaparte","year":"1796-1821","sortYear":1810,"era":"19th-century","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","war-violence","ambition","love-desire","marriage","family","leadership","colonialism-empire"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","war-wounds","fever-infection","physicians-doctors","starvation-nutrition","death-dying","pharmacology-poisons","obsession-monomania"],"blurb":"Napoleon dictated or wrote tens of thousands of letters, often several dozen a day, to generals, ministers, prefects, bishops, kings, his family and the women he loved. Napoleon III's government published a thirty-two-volume Correspondance de Napoléon Ier between 1858 and 1870, pruning letters that embarrassed the dynasty; the Fondation Napoléon's complete edition, begun in 2004, runs to more than forty thousand items.","lessonTitles":["Command as correspondence","The lover and the conqueror in one voice","Family as an instrument of empire","What the bulletins leave out"],"comparisons":["napoleons-maxims-of-war","on-war","the-twelve-caesars","the-conquest-of-gaul","instructions-for-his-generals","persian-letters"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"napoleon-bonaparte","caption":"Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte.","credit":"Jacques-Louis David; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Napoleon Bonaparte","title":"The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries","creator":"Jacques-Louis David","date":"1812","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"zQEbF0AA9NhCXQ at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level","localPath":"site/public/portraits/napoleon-bonaparte.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q517; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":432,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/letters-of-napoleon.json","url":"/works/letters-of-napoleon/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"leviathan","title":"Leviathan","author":"Thomas Hobbes","year":"1651","sortYear":1651,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"best read in excerpts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","war-violence","justice-law","faith-religion","madness-mind","science-knowledge","death-mortality","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","melancholia-depression","neurosis-anxiety","alcohol","dreams-nightmares","mind-body","epilepsy-seizures","fever-infection","asylum-institution","suicide","anatomy-dissection","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil was published in London in 1651, two years after the execution of Charles I, and its famous frontispiece shows a giant crowned sovereign whose body is made of hundreds of tiny subjects, holding a sword and a bishop's crozier above a peaceful town. The Introduction states the governing analogy: as art can make automata with springs for hearts and strings for nerves, so human art creates the commonwealth, an artificial man whose soul is sovereignty.","lessonTitles":["Fear as the founding political emotion","Madness as passion in excess","Words govern before swords do","The body politic and its diseases"],"comparisons":["second-treatise-of-government","the-social-contract","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-prince","ethics","the-anatomy-of-melancholy"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/leviathan.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #3207","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3207","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-hobbes","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Thomas Hobbes.","credit":"John Michael Wright; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Hobbes","title":"Thomas Hobbes (copy after an original of c.1669–1670)","creator":"John Michael Wright","date":"2008-11-16 05:44:48","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hobbes_(portrait).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof . This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . Please see Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag for more information.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-hobbes.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q37621; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":683,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/leviathan.json","url":"/works/leviathan/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"lex-rex","title":"Lex, Rex","author":"Samuel Rutherford","year":"1644","sortYear":1644,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"1644 spelling and scholastic disputation; very long."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","faith-religion","leadership","war-violence"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","suicide"],"blurb":"Lex, Rex: The Law and the Prince is Samuel Rutherford's answer, printed in London in October 1644, to Sacro-sancta Regum Majestas, a defence of royal absolutism by John Maxwell, the deposed bishop of Ross whom the Glasgow Assembly of 1638 had excommunicated. Rutherford wrote while Scotland and the English Parliament were allied against Charles I under the Solemn League and Covenant, and his long subtitle presents the book as a justification of Scotland's defensive wars and of its army's march to help its brethren in England.","lessonTitles":["The ruler stands under the law he enforces","Authority comes from God by way of the people","Distinguishing the office from the person","Disputation as a way of reasoning in public"],"comparisons":["calvin-institutes","second-treatise-of-government","leviathan","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","hooker-laws-of-ecclesiastical-polity","magna-carta"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/lex-rex.txt","source":"Samuel Rutherford, Lex, Rex: The Law and the Prince (London: John Field, 1644), keyboarded by the Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP A57975; CC0)","sourceUrl":"https://github.com/textcreationpartnership/A57975","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"samuel-rutherford","caption":"Portrait of Samuel Rutherford (17th century).","credit":"Unidentified painter / Robert Walker; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Samuel Rutherford","title":"Samuel Rutherford St. Andrews","creator":"Unidentified painter / Robert Walker","date":"17th century","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Samuel_Rutherford_St._Andrews.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Rutherford_St._Andrews.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Art UK","localPath":"site/public/portraits/samuel-rutherford.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Commons file; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":684,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/lex-rex.json","url":"/works/lex-rex/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Question XXVI insists that the king himself is bound by the law that made him king, so that no one stands outside justice."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The preface accepts the name of traitor, as Christ and the apostles bore it, rather than abandon what Rutherford believed true."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Question XXXI orders the means of defence (supplication first, then flight where possible, force last), following David's conduct toward Saul."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Question XLII places every Christian king under Christ, and the whole argument is tested first against Scripture."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"life-of-st-martin","title":"Life of St. Martin","author":"Sulpitius Severus; Alexander Roberts","year":"c. 397; Roberts translation 1894","sortYear":397,"era":"ancient","genre":"hagiography","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["saints","faith-religion","illness-body","death-mortality","the-supernatural","virtue-ethics","power-politics","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["leprosy","fever-infection","pharmacology-poisons","madness-psychosis","death-dying","nursing-caregiving","pain","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"Sulpitius Severus's Life of St. Martin made Martin of Tours one of the defining saints of the Latin West. The narrative begins with Martin's birth in Pannonia, upbringing in Italy, and reluctant military service.","lessonTitles":["Charity begins before office","Illness becomes a test of presence","Possession language has social work to do","A deathbed can become a final teaching"],"comparisons":["early-christian-lives","golden-legend-popular-saints","city-of-god","confessions","the-varieties-of-religious-experience"],"quoteCount":4,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/life-of-st-martin.txt","source":"Alexander Roberts's NPNF public-domain translation of Sulpitius Severus","sourceUrl":"https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3501.htm","translator":"Alexander Roberts","translationYear":1894},"portrait":{"ref":"martin-of-tours","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Martin of Tours.","credit":"Simone Martini; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Martin of Tours","title":"Freskenzyklus mit Szenen aus dem Leben des Hl. Martin von Tours, Kapelle in Unterkirche San Francesco in Assisi, Szene: Der meditierende Heilige, Detail","creator":"Simone Martini","date":"1322-1326","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Simone_Martini_040.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simone_Martini_040.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"The Yorck Project (2002) 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei (DVD-ROM), distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. ISBN : 3936122202 .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/martin-of-tours.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Medieval devotional image used as an imagined/posthumous likeness. Wikidata Q133704; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":588,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/life-of-st-martin.json","url":"/works/life-of-st-martin/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Martin divides his cloak with a freezing beggar at Amiens."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"As bishop Martin lives simply in a monastery and accepts toil for his people."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"life-on-the-mississippi","title":"Life on the Mississippi","author":"Mark Twain","year":"1883","sortYear":1883,"era":"19th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["memory-time","nature-landscape","education","technology-modernity","travel-journey","death-mortality","satire-folly","coming-of-age"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving","pain","death-dying","grief","fever-infection","plague-epidemic","public-health-sanitation","opium-laudanum"],"blurb":"Life on the Mississippi is Mark Twain's book about the great river in two eras: the steamboat age of his youth and the changed river he revisited in 1882. 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His father, Charles, has a persistent cough from his work in a New Hampshire mill, and when a cousin, Phil, who sells gold stock in Denver, promises better prospects, the family leaves East Rochester for a run-down rented ranch near Fort Logan, southwest of Denver.","lessonTitles":["A man's word","Work that makes a man","Neighbors and fairness","Grief and responsibility"],"comparisons":["farmer-boy","little-house-on-the-prairie","shane","my-antonia","carry-on-mr-bowditch"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"little-britches","caption":"A Colorado ranch in the early 1900s, the setting of Little Britches.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Little Britches","title":"View of Tarryall Mountains near Tim Borden Ranch in Park County, Colorado, early 1900s - DPLA - 26bf4f6d9df415f978fa72c19092342a","creator":"Unknown","date":"1900?-1905?","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/View_of_Tarryall_Mountains_near_Tim_Borden_Ranch_in_Park_County%2C_Colorado%2C_early_1900s_-_DPLA_-_26bf4f6d9df415f978fa72c19092342a.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Tarryall_Mountains_near_Tim_Borden_Ranch_in_Park_County,_Colorado,_early_1900s_-_DPLA_-_26bf4f6d9df415f978fa72c19092342a.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Catalog record","localPath":"site/public/portraits/little-britches.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":329,"bytes":45355,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/little-britches.json","url":"/works/little-britches/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"honor","reason":"After lying about the trapped pheasant, Ralph confesses to the sheriff and promises Father never to lie again."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Ralph herds cows for Mrs. Corcoran, hays, threshes beans and trains Sky High, earning wages to help the family."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Father first negotiates a fair sharing of the ditch water with the upstream ranchers before taking them to court."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"When Father dies of pneumonia, eleven-year-old Ralph takes up the duties of the man of the family."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"little-house-in-the-big-woods","title":"Little House in the Big Woods","author":"Laura Ingalls Wilder","year":"1932","sortYear":1932,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":"read-aloud"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","childhood","nature-landscape","memory-time","home-exile","animals","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["nursing-caregiving","pain","fever-infection"],"blurb":"Little House in the Big Woods follows one year in the life of a pioneer family in a log house in the forests of Wisconsin, seen through the eyes of Laura, who is about five. She lives with Pa, who hunts, traps and farms; Ma, who keeps the house; her older sister Mary; baby Carrie; and Jack, the brindle bulldog.","lessonTitles":["Work done together makes a home","Obedience keeps us safe","Fear and courage in the dark","Kindness and jealousy between sisters"],"comparisons":["farmer-boy","little-house-on-the-prairie","the-courage-of-sarah-noble","heidi","little-women"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"little-house-in-the-big-woods","caption":"Portrait of Laura Ingalls Wilder.","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Laura Ingalls Wilder","title":"Laura Ingalls Wilder cropped sepia2","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"circa 1885","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder_cropped_sepia2.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_Ingalls_Wilder_cropped_sepia2.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2511787","localPath":"site/public/portraits/little-house-in-the-big-woods.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":269,"height":358,"bytes":12427,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/little-house-in-the-big-woods.json","url":"/works/little-house-in-the-big-woods/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Ma keeps to her round of washing, ironing, mending, churning, cleaning and baking through the whole winter, and the girls help her churn."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Ma stays calm when she finds a bear at the barnyard gate in the dark and carries Laura safely back to the house."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Laura and Mary each save half of Mrs. Peterson's cookies for baby Carrie."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The family sets Sunday apart from work and play for Bible stories and quiet, and Pa answers Laura's complaint with the story of how Grandpa's family kept the Sabbath."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"little-house-on-the-prairie","title":"Little House on the Prairie","author":"Laura Ingalls Wilder","year":"1935","sortYear":1935,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":"period attitudes toward Native Americans"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","home-exile","nature-landscape","travel-journey","childhood","illness-body","friendship"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["fever-infection","physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"Little House on the Prairie follows the Ingalls family through roughly a year in Kansas, on land the book calls Indian Territory, around 1869 and 1870. Pa sells the little house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin because the woods are filling with people and the game is growing scarce.","lessonTitles":["Making a home with your hands","Neighbors in a lonely place","Courage that stays calm","Two peoples on the same land"],"comparisons":["little-house-in-the-big-woods","farmer-boy","the-sign-of-the-beaver","my-antonia","the-courage-of-sarah-noble"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"little-house-on-the-prairie","caption":"Portrait of Laura Ingalls Wilder.","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Laura Ingalls Wilder","title":"Laura Ingalls Wilder cropped sepia2","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"circa 1885","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder_cropped_sepia2.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_Ingalls_Wilder_cropped_sepia2.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2511787","localPath":"site/public/portraits/little-house-on-the-prairie.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":269,"height":358,"bytes":12427,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/little-house-on-the-prairie.json","url":"/works/little-house-on-the-prairie/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Pa builds the cabin, door, chimney, roof and floor by hand from creek-bottom timber, working from dawn until dark."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Dr. Tan and Mrs. Scott tend the whole sick family in the fever chapter, and Mr. Edwards swims a flooded creek to bring the girls their Christmas."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Ma stays calm when strangers come into her kitchen, when the chimney catches fire, and through nights of war cries."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Pa and Mr. Edwards trade labor on each other's cabins and share music, food and danger as the nearest neighbors on the prairie."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"little-lord-fauntleroy","title":"Little Lord Fauntleroy","author":"Frances Hodgson Burnett","year":"1886 (serialized 1885-86)","sortYear":1886,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","class-society","virtue-ethics","childhood","innocence-experience","money-wealth","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","public-health-sanitation","pain","disability-deformity","mind-body"],"blurb":"Cedric Errol is a curly-haired American boy of seven, living with his widowed mother in a modest side street of New York. He calls her Dearest, as his father did, and his best friends are Mr. Hobbs, the corner grocer who rails against earls as grasping tyrants, and Dick Tipton, a bootblack.","lessonTitles":["Trust that calls out goodness","Power is for the people under it","A mother's quiet strength","Old friends are kept, not traded"],"comparisons":["a-christmas-carol","heidi","the-prince-and-the-pauper","the-secret-garden","pollyanna","a-little-princess"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/little-lord-fauntleroy.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #479","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/479","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"little-lord-fauntleroy","caption":"Early edition of Little Lord Fauntleroy (1886).","credit":"Reginald Birch (illustrator); Charles Scribner's Sons; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Little Lord Fauntleroy","title":"Fauntleroy-FC-1886","creator":"Reginald Birch (illustrator); Charles Scribner's Sons","date":"1886","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Fauntleroy-FC-1886.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fauntleroy-FC-1886.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"The Manhattan Rare Book Company","localPath":"site/public/portraits/little-lord-fauntleroy.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":378,"height":500,"bytes":35623,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/little-lord-fauntleroy.json","url":"/works/little-lord-fauntleroy/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Cedric spends his first money as heir on Bridget's rent, Dick's business and the apple-woman, and later asks for crutches for the lame boy Hartle."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"He persuades the Earl to spare the farmer Higgins and to pull down the fever-ridden cottages of Earl's Court.","vices":["indifference"]},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"When told he may lose the title, Cedric's only worry is whether he can still be his grandfather's boy."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Cedric never forgets Mr. Hobbs and Dick, and Dick's loyalty in turn saves his inheritance."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"little-women","title":"Little Women","author":"Louisa May Alcott","year":"1868–1869","sortYear":1868,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"5–8","minGrade":5,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","coming-of-age","gender-women","art-creation","virtue-ethics","death-mortality","money-wealth"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["fever-infection","nursing-caregiving","death-dying","grief","physicians-doctors","war-wounds","childbirth-maternal","pharmacology-poisons"],"blurb":"Little Women follows the four March sisters growing up in a New England town during and after the American Civil War, while their father serves as an army chaplain. Meg, the eldest, is pretty and longs for fine things; Jo, a tomboyish aspiring writer with a quick temper, is the heart of the book; Beth is shy, gentle and musical; and Amy, the youngest, is artistic and vain.","lessonTitles":["Growing up is a moral journey","Women's work and ambition","Grief within a family"],"comparisons":["david-copperfield","the-secret-garden","testament-of-youth","persuasion","my-antonia"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/little-women.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #514","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/514","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"louisa-may-alcott","caption":"Portrait of Louisa May Alcott.","credit":"Adam Cuerden; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Louisa May Alcott","title":"Louisa May Alcott, c. 1870 - Warren's Portraits, Boston","creator":"Adam Cuerden","date":"1870","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Louisa_May_Alcott%2C_c._1870_-_Warren%27s_Portraits%2C_Boston.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Louisa_May_Alcott,_c._1870_-_Warren%27s_Portraits,_Boston.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ppmsca.53264 . 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This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . 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Ohio","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1961","sortYear":1961,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"the seized materials were obscene; described only in general terms"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","crime-punishment","power-politics","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"On 23 May 1957 three Cleveland police officers came to the home of Dollree Mapp looking for a man wanted for questioning about a bombing and for gambling slips. 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The new bank opened a branch in Baltimore.","lessonTitles":["A constitution, not a legal code","What does necessary mean?","The power to destroy","Sovereignty divided"],"comparisons":["hamiltons-reports-and-opinion-on-the-bank","jefferson-selected-writings","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-federalist-papers","virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions","gibbons-v-ogden"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/mcculloch-v-maryland.txt","source":"McCulloch v. 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Medea begins after Jason has abandoned his foreign wife and children to marry the Corinthian princess.","lessonTitles":["Injury can become strategy","The powerless may know the system best","Sympathy has limits"],"comparisons":["the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-theban-plays","macbeth","euripides-trojan-women-and-other-plays","euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/medea-and-other-plays.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #35451/#8418/#10523/#14322","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35451 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8418 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10523 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14322","translator":"Gilbert Murray","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"euripides","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Euripides.","credit":"Marie-Lan Nguyen; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Euripides","title":"Euripides Pio-Clementino Inv302","creator":"Marie-Lan Nguyen","date":"2006","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Euripides_Pio-Clementino_Inv302.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euripides_Pio-Clementino_Inv302.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/euripides.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q48305; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":541,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/medea-and-other-plays.json","url":"/works/medea-and-other-plays/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","title":"Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind","author":"Benjamin Rush","year":"1812","sortYear":1812,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"research text"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["madness-mind","illness-body","science-knowledge","justice-law","virtue-ethics","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","melancholia-depression","mania","hypochondria","asylum-institution","bloodletting","medical-ethics","mind-body"],"blurb":"Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind is often called the first American psychiatry textbook. Benjamin Rush gathers observations, classifications, causes, and treatments for mania, melancholy, hypochondria, derangement, moral faculties, memory, and related conditions.","lessonTitles":["Medicalization can humanize and control","Classification organizes care and authority","Reform can mix care and coercion"],"comparisons":["the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-principles-of-psychology","narrative-of-yellow-fever-1793"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind.txt","source":"Internet Archive medicalinquiries1812rush","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/medicalinquiries1812rush","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"benjamin-rush","caption":"Portrait of Benjamin Rush.","credit":"Charles Willson Peale; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Benjamin Rush","title":"Portrait of Benjamin Rush","creator":"Charles Willson Peale","date":"1783","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Benjamin_Rush_Painting_by_Peale_1783.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Rush_Painting_by_Peale_1783.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Copied from here .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/benjamin-rush.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q656478; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":573,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind.json","url":"/works/medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"meditations","title":"Meditations","author":"Marcus Aurelius","year":"c. 170–180 CE","sortYear":170,"era":"ancient","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["stoicism-endurance","virtue-ethics","death-mortality","leadership","doubt-meaning","memory-time","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["philosophy-as-therapy","pain","death-dying","physicians-doctors","ancient-medicine","plague-epidemic","melancholia-depression","sleep-insomnia","opium-laudanum","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"The Meditations, which Marcus Aurelius may have titled simply 'To Himself', is a private notebook of philosophical reflections written in Greek, probably during his military campaigns on the Danube in the 170s CE. It was not intended for publication and consists of twelve books of entries ranging from single sentences to short essays, often repeated and varied as exercises to fix principles in the mind.","lessonTitles":["Judgments, not events, disturb us","Power without corruption","Mortality as a guide"],"comparisons":["the-bhagavad-gita","confessions","fragments","plutarch-essays","the-last-days-of-socrates"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/meditations.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2680","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2680","translator":"George Long","translationYear":1862},"portrait":{"ref":"marcus-aurelius","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Marcus Aurelius.","credit":"Marie-Lan Nguyen (2011); CC BY 2.5.","media":{"subject":"Marcus Aurelius","title":"Marcus Aurelius Louvre MR561 n02","creator":"Marie-Lan Nguyen (2011)","date":"circa 161–169 AD","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY 2.5","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_Louvre_MR561_n02.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Marie-Lan Nguyen (2011)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/marcus-aurelius.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q1430; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":480,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/meditations.json","url":"/works/meditations/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/365427548995","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Marcus Aurelius trains himself to master anger, desire, and fear by reason.","vices":["wrath"]},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Marcus repeatedly reminds himself that he was made for the common good and to act justly toward others."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The emperor reminds himself that fame is brief and that he is a small part of the whole."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"meditations-on-first-philosophy","title":"Meditations on First Philosophy","author":"Rene Descartes","year":"1641","sortYear":1641,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"demanding philosophy; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["doubt-meaning","identity-self","faith-religion","science-knowledge","madness-mind","illness-body"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["mind-body","madness-psychosis","dreams-nightmares","pain","surgery","physicians-doctors","anatomy-dissection","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"Meditationes de prima philosophia, published in Paris in 1641, compresses Descartes's metaphysics into six meditations, each imagined as a day's reflection by a solitary thinker seated by the fire in a dressing gown. The book was issued with six sets of Objections from learned readers (Caterus, Mersenne's circle, Hobbes, Arnauld, Gassendi and others) and Descartes's Replies, which are longer than the Meditations themselves; a second edition (Amsterdam, 1642) added the Jesuit Bourdin's Seventh Objections.","lessonTitles":["Doubt used as a method, not a mood","The self known as a thinking thing","Not a pilot in a ship","When a healthy design misleads"],"comparisons":["discourse-on-method","the-passions-of-the-soul","essays-montaigne","ethics","leviathan","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"rene-descartes","caption":"Portrait of Rene Descartes.","credit":"After Frans Hals; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Rene Descartes","title":"Portrait of the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes (1596-1650)","creator":"After Frans Hals","date":"1649","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"André Hatala [e.a.] (1997) De eeuw van Rembrandt , Bruxelles: Crédit communal de Belgique, ISBN 2-908388-32-4 .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/rene-descartes.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q9191; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":588,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/meditations-on-first-philosophy.json","url":"/works/meditations-on-first-philosophy/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"shermans-memoirs","title":"Memoirs","author":"William Tecumseh Sherman","year":"1875","sortYear":1875,"era":"19th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","leadership","memory-time","honor-shame","death-mortality","justice-law","madness-mind","family"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["war-wounds","fever-infection","grief","melancholia-depression","madness-psychosis","physicians-doctors","surgery","public-health-sanitation","trauma-shell-shock","death-dying"],"blurb":"Sherman's Memoirs, published in two volumes in 1875 and revised in 1886, present themselves less as history than as testimony; in the preface to the second edition he says he writes as a witness before the tribunal of history, supplying material for some future historian. The first volume, the text stored in this library, runs from his Ohio boyhood to the Meridian campaign of February 1864.","lessonTitles":["A public label of insanity can outlast its evidence","Logistics is the hidden plot of war","Assigning the costs of war to those who began it","Private grief inside a public command"],"comparisons":["personal-memoirs","the-conquest-of-gaul","on-war","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","whitman-complete-poems","the-river-war"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/shermans-memoirs.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2616","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2616","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"william-tecumseh-sherman","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of William Tecumseh Sherman.","credit":"Mathew Benjamin Brady; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"William Tecumseh Sherman","title":"William Tecumseh Sherman","creator":"Mathew Benjamin Brady","date":"2007-12-18 02:57:39","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/William_Tecumseh_Sherman.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Tecumseh_Sherman.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Library of Congress , Prints and Photographs Division , Brady-Handy Collection , reproduction number LC-DIG-cwpbh-04445 .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/william-tecumseh-sherman.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q188936; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":563,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/shermans-memoirs.json","url":"/works/shermans-memoirs/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"usama-ibn-munqidh-memoirs","title":"Memoirs of Usama ibn Munqidh","author":"Usama ibn Munqidh","year":"c. 1183","sortYear":1183,"era":"medieval","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"Arabic","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Memoir of the Crusades era; includes violence."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","faith-religion","fate-free-will","memory-time","illness-body","honor-shame","animals","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","surgery","humoral-medicine","madness-psychosis","war-wounds","bloodletting","pharmacology-poisons","aging-senescence","dreams-nightmares","death-dying","medical-ethics","grief"],"blurb":"Usama ibn Munqidh dictated these reminiscences, known in Arabic as the Kitab al-I'tibar (the Book of Learning by Example), when he was nearly ninety lunar years old and living in Damascus under Saladin's patronage. The book is not a continuous autobiography but a sequence of anecdotes, grouped loosely by subject and linked by association, meant to teach that the length of each life is fixed by God and that neither daring nor caution can change it.","lessonTitles":["The appointed term of life","Seeing an enemy as neighbors","Two kinds of medicine, fairly reported","Losses borne and remembered"],"comparisons":["villehardouin-conquest-of-constantinople","anna-komnene-alexiad","avicenna-canon-of-medicine-book-i","al-razi-treatise-on-smallpox-and-measles","ghazali-deliverance-from-error","ibn-battuta-travels"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/usama-ibn-munqidh-memoirs.txt","source":"An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah ibn-Munqidh, trans. Philip K. Hitti (New York: Columbia University Press, 1929), via the Internet Archive (arabsyriangentle00usma)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/arabsyriangentle00usma","translator":"Philip K. 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S. Lewis","year":"1952","sortYear":1952,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","virtue-ethics","doubt-meaning","guilt-sin","justice-law","love-desire","marriage","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["psychology-unconscious","madness-psychosis","neurosis-anxiety","mind-body"],"blurb":"Mere Christianity is C. S. Lewis's case for, and plain explanation of, the beliefs held in common by Christians of most denominations. In the preface Lewis borrows the phrase \"mere Christianity\" from the Puritan writer Richard Baxter and compares the shared faith to a hall from which doors open into the rooms of the separate churches; he says he is describing the hall, not recommending a room, and that people must eventually live in a room rather than in the hall.","lessonTitles":["Arguing from the quarrel to the lawgiver","The trilemma and its critics","Pride as the great sin","Virtue as a settled character"],"comparisons":["calvin-institutes","the-screwtape-letters","the-pilgrims-progress","the-consolation-of-philosophy","pensees","the-nicomachean-ethics"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"that-hideous-strength","caption":"Portrait of C. S. Lewis.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. 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Nebraska","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1923","sortYear":1923,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","family","childhood","justice-law","language-storytelling","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In April 1919, months after the armistice ending the First World War, Nebraska enacted a statute forbidding any teacher in a private, parochial or public school to teach any subject in a language other than English, and forbidding instruction in foreign languages as such until a pupil had passed the eighth grade. 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Orphaned at ten, Jim travels from Virginia to live with his grandparents on the prairie near the town of Black Hawk.","lessonTitles":["Memory shapes and idealises","Immigrants built the land","Hardship and despair on the frontier"],"comparisons":["little-women","east-of-eden","ceremony","persuasion","the-odyssey"],"quoteCount":4,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/my-antonia.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #19810","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19810","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"willa-cather","caption":"Portrait of Willa Cather.","credit":"Photographer: Aime Dupont Studio, New York; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Willa Cather","title":"Willa Cather ca. 1912 wearing necklace from Sarah Orne Jewett (cropped)","creator":"Photographer: Aime Dupont Studio, New York","date":"1912","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Willa_Cather_ca._1912_wearing_necklace_from_Sarah_Orne_Jewett_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Willa_Cather_ca._1912_wearing_necklace_from_Sarah_Orne_Jewett_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Willa Cather Pioneer Memorial and Educational Foundation","localPath":"site/public/portraits/willa-cather.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q229480; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":301,"height":384,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/my-antonia.json","url":"/works/my-antonia/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/256966614922","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"my-fathers-dragon","title":"My Father's Dragon","author":"Ruth Stiles Gannett","year":"1948","sortYear":1948,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["childhood","animals","travel-journey","friendship","heroism","justice-law"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["pain","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"My Father's Dragon is told by a narrator about the boyhood adventure of their father, Elmer Elevator. 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Sam had told his father he meant to go to the old Gribley farm, land his great-grandfather once worked near the town of Delhi, and his father laughed and let him try, sure he would be back by morning.","lessonTitles":["Knowledge before courage","Work makes a home","Alone, but not meant to stay alone","Taking and tending"],"comparisons":["walden","robinson-crusoe","the-sign-of-the-beaver","the-swiss-family-robinson","where-the-red-fern-grows"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"my-side-of-the-mountain","caption":"Portrait of Jean Craighead George.","credit":"Budfester; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Jean Craighead George","title":"Jean Craighead George, Barrow, AK, 1994","creator":"Budfester","date":"2017-09-28 12:04:12","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Jean_Craighead_George%2C_Barrow%2C_AK%2C_1994.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Craighead_George,_Barrow,_AK,_1994.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/my-side-of-the-mountain.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":687,"height":720,"bytes":52854,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/my-side-of-the-mountain.json","url":"/works/my-side-of-the-mountain/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Sam burns and scrapes out the hemlock by hand and spends the autumn smoking meat and storing roots and nuts for winter."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Before going into the woods Sam studies maps and books on wild food at the Delhi library, and after the smoke nearly overcomes him he cuts a vent."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Sam stays on the mountain through deep snow and loneliness rather than giving up and going home."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Sam welcomes the lost teacher Bando into his camp, and Bando climbs back up the mountain at Christmas to see him."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"napoleons-maxims-of-war","title":"Napoleon's Maxims of War","author":"Napoleon Bonaparte","year":"1827","sortYear":1827,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","leadership","heroism","education","honor-shame","stoicism-endurance"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["war-wounds","starvation-nutrition","neurosis-anxiety","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"Napoleon's Maxims of War is not a book Napoleon wrote but a compilation made by a French officer, General Burnod, who in 1827 published Maximes de guerre de Napoléon, drawn from the emperor's memoirs dictated on St Helena and other sources. The British officer George Charles D'Aguilar translated it into English in 1831, adding explanatory notes with examples from the campaigns of Gustavus Adolphus, Turenne, Montecuccoli, Frederick the Great and Napoleon himself.","lessonTitles":["Speed as a multiplier of strength","Endurance before bravery","Decide alone, consult separately","Maxims need cases"],"comparisons":["letters-of-napoleon","on-war","the-art-of-war","instructions-for-his-generals","the-art-of-war-machiavelli","personal-memoirs"],"quoteCount":10,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/napoleons-maxims-of-war.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #50750","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50750","translator":"Burnod and D'Aguilar","translationYear":"19th century"},"portrait":{"ref":"napoleon-bonaparte","caption":"Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte.","credit":"Jacques-Louis David; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Napoleon Bonaparte","title":"The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries","creator":"Jacques-Louis David","date":"1812","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"zQEbF0AA9NhCXQ at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level","localPath":"site/public/portraits/napoleon-bonaparte.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q517; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":432,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/napoleons-maxims-of-war.json","url":"/works/napoleons-maxims-of-war/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"narrative-and-fourth-of-july","title":"Narrative of the Life and What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?","author":"Frederick Douglass","year":"1845 / 1852","sortYear":1845,"era":"19th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"8–12","minGrade":8,"maxGrade":12,"note":"violence of slavery"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["race-slavery","justice-law","language-storytelling","identity-self","faith-religion","war-violence"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["trauma-shell-shock","war-wounds","starvation-nutrition","pain","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"This Douglass entry pairs the 1845 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass with the 1852 speech commonly known as What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? The Narrative tells Douglass's movement from enslaved childhood in Maryland through violence, literacy, skilled labor, resistance, escape, and public abolitionist identity.","lessonTitles":["Testimony can become prosecution","Literacy can wound and liberate","National ideals need hostile readers"],"comparisons":["the-founding-documents","jefferson-selected-writings","sermons-and-letter-from-birmingham-jail"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/narrative-and-fourth-of-july.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #23; Wikisource (Oration, delivered in Corinthian Hall, Rochester)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23 ; https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Oration,_delivered_in_Corinthian_Hall,_Rochester","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"frederick-douglass","caption":"Portrait of Frederick Douglass.","credit":"Engraved by J.C. 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Two provisions drew constitutional challenge.","lessonTitles":["Activity and inactivity","Labels and substance","Federal money and state independence","Deference and duty"],"comparisons":["wickard-v-filburn","gonzales-v-raich","mcculloch-v-maryland","helvering-v-davis","pollock-v-farmers-loan-and-trust","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/nfib-v-sebelius.txt","source":"National Federation of Independent Business v. 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Pliny wants to collect nature and human use together: stars, lands, peoples, animals, plants, metals, pigments, stones, medicines, marvels and technologies all belong to one vast inventory.","lessonTitles":["Compilation is a form of power","Nature is medicine and temptation","Error has historical value"],"comparisons":["de-materia-medica","the-histories","galen-selected-works"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/natural-history-a-selection.txt","source":"Perseus Bostock & Riley Natural History","sourceUrl":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=7 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=20 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=21 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=22 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=23 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=24 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=25 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=26 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=27 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=28 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=29 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=30 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=31 ; https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=32","translator":"John Bostock and H. 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Minnesota","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1931","sortYear":1931,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"the newspaper at issue printed bigoted material; described, not quoted"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","language-storytelling","crime-punishment"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In 1925 Minnesota enacted a Public Nuisance Law allowing a court to abate, as a public nuisance, any business of regularly publishing an obscene, lewd and lascivious or a malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspaper or periodical. Truth published with good motives and for justifiable ends was a defense.","lessonTitles":["Prior restraint and subsequent punishment","Looking at what a law does","Protecting a press one may not admire","Federal protection and state responsibility"],"comparisons":["gitlow-v-new-york","schenck-v-united-states","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions","new-york-times-v-sullivan","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/near-v-minnesota.txt","source":"Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-charles-evans-hughes","caption":"Portrait of Charles Evans Hughes.","credit":"Underwood & Underwood; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Charles Evans Hughes","title":"Charles Evans Hughes cph.3b15401 (3x4a)","creator":"Underwood & Underwood","date":"Taken on 9 September 1931","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401_%283x4a%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401_(3x4a).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3b15401.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-charles-evans-hughes.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q313252 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":540,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/near-v-minnesota.json","url":"/works/near-v-minnesota/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Hughes holds that even a scandal sheet must be answered through libel trials on what it actually printed rather than silenced in advance."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Hughes makes no defense of the paper's contents yet extends to it the same shield the Constitution gives every newspaper that exposes official misconduct."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Butler urges that states, which know their own conditions, must be free to adopt just measures against abuses of the press."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kepler-new-astronomy-and-harmony-of-the-world","title":"New Astronomy and The Harmony of the World","author":"Johannes Kepler","year":"1609-1619","sortYear":1609,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","faith-religion","art-creation","nature-landscape","stoicism-endurance"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"This record joins two Latin books by Johannes Kepler that together contain the three laws of planetary motion and the religious vision that drove his astronomy. The library does not store a text: the English translations of both books (William Donahue's New Astronomy, 1992; E. J. Aiton, A. M. Duncan and J. V. Field's Harmony of the World, 1997; and Charles Glenn Wallis's earlier version of Harmony Book V) are under copyright, and no public-domain English translation is available, so the record gives a summary and guide only.","lessonTitles":["Eight minutes of arc","Asking why, not only how","Science as praise","Truth mixed with error"],"comparisons":["copernicus-on-the-revolutions","ptolemy-almagest","gilbert-de-magnete","galileo-selected-writings","principia","timaeus"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"johannes-kepler","caption":"Johannes Kepler (copy of a 1610 portrait).","credit":"Unknown artist; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Johannes Kepler","title":"JKepler","creator":"Unknown artist","date":"1610 (later copy)","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/JKepler.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JKepler.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Kepler-Museum in Weil der Stadt","localPath":"site/public/portraits/johannes-kepler.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q8963 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":501,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/kepler-new-astronomy-and-harmony-of-the-world.json","url":"/works/kepler-new-astronomy-and-harmony-of-the-world/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Kepler persisted for years through dozens of failed calculations in what he called his war on Mars."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"He abandoned his own carefully built circular model of Mars rather than doubt Tycho's observations by eight minutes of arc."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"He closes Book V of the Harmony of the World with a prayer of thanks to the Creator whose order he believed he had uncovered."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"new-york-times-v-sullivan","title":"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1964","sortYear":1964,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","language-storytelling","power-politics","race-slavery","honor-shame"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"On 29 March 1960 the New York Times printed a full-page advertisement titled Heed Their Rising Voices. Paid for by the Committee to Defend Martin Luther King and the Struggle for Freedom in the South, it described student demonstrations, accused unnamed Southern violators of meeting Dr. King's peaceful protests with intimidation, and asked for money.","lessonTitles":["Breathing space for error","The lesson of 1798","Reputation and the right to criticize","How far does the First Amendment reach?"],"comparisons":["virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions","madison-selected-writings","the-founding-documents","on-liberty","near-v-minnesota","sermons-and-letter-from-birmingham-jail"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/new-york-times-v-sullivan.txt","source":"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), U.S. Reports text via Legal Information Institute (Cornell Law School)","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/376/254","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-william-brennan","caption":"Portrait of William J. 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DIGITAL ID: cph 3b07877","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-william-brennan.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q717401 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":498,"height":719}},"path":"content/works/new-york-times-v-sullivan.json","url":"/works/new-york-times-v-sullivan/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Brennan seeks a rule that protects officials from deliberate lies while leaving citizens free to criticize their government."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The four Alabama ministers faced a half-million-dollar judgment for an advertisement they had not authorized, and carried their appeal to the highest court."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Sullivan's suit rested on the ancient conviction that a public servant's good name deserves protection from falsehood."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"nlrb-v-jones-and-laughlin-steel","title":"NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1937","sortYear":1937,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","money-wealth","class-society","power-politics","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, often called the Wagner Act after Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, guaranteed employees the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, defined unfair labor practices by employers, and created a National Labor Relations Board to enforce it. Congress grounded the act in its power over interstate commerce, finding that refusals to bargain led to strikes that obstructed the flow of goods.","lessonTitles":["Direct and indirect effects on commerce","Federalism as a limit","The right to organize and the employer's rights"],"comparisons":["schechter-poultry-v-united-states","wickard-v-filburn","west-coast-hotel-v-parrish","gibbons-v-ogden","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/nlrb-v-jones-and-laughlin-steel.txt","source":"NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Jones_&_Laughlin_Steel_Corporation_(301_U.S._1)","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-charles-evans-hughes","caption":"Portrait of Charles Evans Hughes.","credit":"Underwood & Underwood; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Charles Evans Hughes","title":"Charles Evans Hughes cph.3b15401 (3x4a)","creator":"Underwood & Underwood","date":"Taken on 9 September 1931","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401_%283x4a%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401_(3x4a).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3b15401.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-charles-evans-hughes.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q313252 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":540,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/nlrb-v-jones-and-laughlin-steel.json","url":"/works/nlrb-v-jones-and-laughlin-steel/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Hughes weighs the practical facts of an integrated industry rather than relying on abstract categories, while marking a limit to protect the federal structure."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The opinion holds that workers may choose their representatives as freely as the company chooses its officers."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Hughes stresses that the act compels no agreement and leaves employers free to discharge for proper reasons, keeping the holding within measured bounds."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"sartre-no-exit-and-three-other-plays","title":"No Exit and Three Other Plays","author":"Jean-Paul Sartre","year":"1944-1948","sortYear":1944,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":true,"curricula":["existentialism"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; mature content in some plays."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["fate-free-will","guilt-sin","identity-self","justice-law","power-politics","death-mortality","race-slavery","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["suicide","death-dying","childbirth-maternal","fever-infection"],"blurb":"No Exit and Three Other Plays is an American collection of four of Jean-Paul Sartre's plays from the years of the German occupation and just after it, in which his philosophy of freedom and responsibility is worked out on the stage. Stuart Gilbert translated No Exit and The Flies, and Lionel Abel translated Dirty Hands and The Respectful Prostitute.","lessonTitles":["Freedom and responsibility","Hell is other people, in context","Bad faith","Clean hands and dirty hands"],"comparisons":["the-oresteia","the-divine-comedy","camus-the-stranger","the-brothers-karamazov","to-kill-a-mockingbird","the-sickness-unto-death"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/sartre-no-exit-and-three-other-plays.json","url":"/works/sartre-no-exit-and-three-other-plays/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Orestes faces Zeus and the Furies after the killing in The Flies and refuses to disown his deed."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Lizzie at first refuses to sign the senator's false statement against an innocent man, and hides him from the mob."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Hoederer in Dirty Hands weighs the lives that a coalition would save against the purity of the party line."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"no-treason","title":"No Treason","author":"Lysander Spooner","year":"1867-1870","sortYear":1867,"era":"19th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"radical argument; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","war-violence","race-slavery","money-wealth","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"No Treason is a series of pamphlets that Lysander Spooner, a Boston lawyer and long-time abolitionist, published at his own expense after the Civil War. He planned a longer series but issued only three numbers, No. I and No. II in 1867 and No. VI, The Constitution of No Authority, in 1870; Nos.","lessonTitles":["What consent means","Treason as betrayal","Reasoning from contract","Taxation and responsibility"],"comparisons":["second-treatise-of-government","the-founding-documents","discourse-on-voluntary-servitude","the-anti-federalist-papers","walden","the-social-contract"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/no-treason.txt","source":"Lysander Spooner, No Treason, Nos. I, II and VI (Boston: Published by the Author, 1867-1870); transcription in David M. 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Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. (Gold Clause Cases)","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1935","sortYear":1935,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","justice-law","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"For decades American bonds and mortgages had commonly promised payment in gold coin of the present standard of weight and fineness, a clause designed to protect lenders if the paper dollar lost value. In the banking crisis of 1933 the Roosevelt administration took the country off the gold standard: it required the surrender of gold coin, forbade its export, and, by a joint resolution of Congress on 5 June 1933, declared gold clauses against public policy and made every such obligation dischargeable dollar for dollar in any legal tender.","lessonTitles":["Money as a contract term and as a public institution","Private agreements and public power","Consequences in constitutional reasoning","Honoring a nation's promises"],"comparisons":["legal-tender-cases","hepburn-v-griswold","mcculloch-v-maryland","the-wealth-of-nations","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/norman-v-baltimore-and-ohio-railroad.txt","source":"Norman v. 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This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . 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The first stanza piles up names for the urn, a still unravished bride of quietness, a foster-child of silence and slow time, a sylvan historian, and then a rush of questions about the scene on its side: men or gods, reluctant maidens, mad pursuit, pipes and timbrels, wild ecstasy.","lessonTitles":["What art preserves and what it withholds","The silence of the little town","Beauty and truth"],"comparisons":["ozymandias","elegy-written-in-a-country-churchyard","sonnet-116","tintern-abbey"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/ode-on-a-grecian-urn.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #23684: Keats, Poems Published in 1820, ed. M. 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Erasmus had long hesitated to write against Luther, whose criticism of abuses he partly shared, but by 1524 he was pressed by friends, princes and churchmen to declare himself, and he chose the one doctrine on which he thought Luther had gone furthest: Luther's statement of 1520 that free will after the Fall is a name without a reality.","lessonTitles":["Reading Scripture by collation","Moderation as a theological temper","Grace and human responsibility","Controversy among friends of reform"],"comparisons":["luther-bondage-of-the-will","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","utopia","confessions","the-consolation-of-philosophy","summa-theologica"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"desiderius-erasmus","caption":"Portrait of Erasmus.","credit":"Hans Holbein the Younger; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Erasmus","title":"Holbein-erasmus","creator":"Hans Holbein the Younger","date":"1523","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holbein-erasmus.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Web Gallery of Art: Image Info about artworkwga QS:P11807,\"h/holbein/hans_y/1525/08erasmu\"","localPath":"site/public/portraits/desiderius-erasmus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q43499 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":508,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/erasmus-on-free-will.json","url":"/works/erasmus-on-free-will/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"In the preface Erasmus declines to make firm assertions where he judges Scripture obscure and submits his reading to the Church's judgment."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"He narrows the controversy to a single article and weighs texts on both sides before stating a middle position between Pelagius and Luther."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Writing against Luther, he keeps the form of a scholarly discussion and avoids the personal abuse common in the pamphlets of 1524."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"on-friendship","title":"On Friendship","author":"Michel de Montaigne","year":"1580 (Essays)","sortYear":1580,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","death-mortality","love-desire","identity-self","virtue-ethics","family"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["grief","death-dying","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"This small volume presents Montaigne's celebrated essay on friendship together with other essays from the Essais in M. A. Screech's translation. The title essay, 'Of Friendship' (Book I, Chapter 28 in modern numbering), was written as a memorial to Étienne de La Boétie, the young magistrate and humanist whom Montaigne met in Bordeaux around 1558 and who died in 1563.","lessonTitles":["Friendship as union","Grief for a friend","Comparing loves"],"comparisons":["phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","plutarch-essays","kokoro","meditations"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/on-friendship.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #3600","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3600","translator":"Charles Cotton","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"michel-de-montaigne","caption":"Portrait of Michel de Montaigne.","credit":"anonymous; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Michel de Montaigne","title":"Portrait of Michel de Montaigne by unknown painter in the Musée Condé","creator":"anonymous","date":"1578","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Montaigne-Dumonstier.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Montaigne-Dumonstier.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Unknown source Unknown source","localPath":"site/public/portraits/michel-de-montaigne.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q41568; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":558,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/on-friendship.json","url":"/works/on-friendship/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/265589608119","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Montaigne’s essay on his friendship with La Boetie."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"on-his-blindness","title":"On His Blindness (Sonnet XIX)","author":"John Milton","year":"written c. 1652-1655; published 1673","sortYear":1652,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","illness-body","stoicism-endurance","virtue-ethics","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["disability-deformity"],"blurb":"Milton's sonnet on his blindness is a fourteen-line argument between a complaining heart and a corrective voice. It was written in the early 1650s, after Milton, then in his forties and serving the Commonwealth government, had lost his sight entirely.","lessonTitles":["Usefulness is not the measure of service","Reading Scripture into one's own life","Patience as an active virtue"],"comparisons":["paradise-lost","the-collar","the-bible","death-be-not-proud"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/on-his-blindness.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #31706: Milton, Minor Poems, ed. 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Mill opens by observing that the old struggle between subjects and rulers has been transformed by democracy.","lessonTitles":["Harm to others is the only warrant for coercion","Unchallenged truths decay into dead dogma","Labels, registers and warnings, not prescriptions","Eccentricity as a public good"],"comparisons":["utilitarianism","second-treatise-of-government","the-social-contract","the-last-days-of-socrates","meditations"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/on-liberty.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #34901","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34901","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-stuart-mill","caption":"Portrait of John Stuart Mill.","credit":"London Stereoscopic Company; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Stuart Mill","title":"John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870","creator":"London Stereoscopic Company","date":"circa 1870","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company,_c1870.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Hulton Archive","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-stuart-mill.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q50020; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":573,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/on-liberty.json","url":"/works/on-liberty/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"on-medicine","title":"On Medicine","author":"Aulus Cornelius Celsus","year":"c. 30 CE","sortYear":30,"era":"ancient","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"research text"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","illness-body","death-mortality","virtue-ethics","education"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","surgery","physicians-doctors","pharmacology-poisons","pain","bloodletting","medical-ethics","fever-infection","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"On Medicine, or De Medicina, is the most important surviving Latin medical work before late antiquity. Celsus organizes medicine into diet, drugs and surgery, giving Roman readers a lucid account of Greek medical learning without the dense polemic of specialist schools.","lessonTitles":["Classification guides action","Surgery is courage plus restraint","Regimen is medicine"],"comparisons":["hippocratic-writings","galen-selected-works","de-materia-medica"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/on-medicine.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #64207","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64207","translator":"James Greive","translationYear":1756},"portrait":{"ref":"aulus-cornelius-celsus","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Aulus Cornelius Celsus.","credit":"Georg Paul Busch; CC0.","media":{"subject":"Aulus Cornelius Celsus","title":"Portret van Aulus Cornelius Celsus, RP-P-1908-2809","creator":"Georg Paul Busch","date":"1719","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Portret_van_Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus%2C_RP-P-1908-2809.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus,_RP-P-1908-2809.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.89565","localPath":"site/public/portraits/aulus-cornelius-celsus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q312420; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":426,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/on-medicine.json","url":"/works/on-medicine/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"vesalius-on-the-fabric-of-the-human-body","title":"On the Fabric of the Human Body (Preface)","author":"Andreas Vesalius","year":"1543","sortYear":1543,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","illness-body","education","art-creation","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["anatomy-dissection","surgery","physicians-doctors","ancient-medicine","humoral-medicine","medical-ethics","death-dying"],"blurb":"De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (Seven Books on the Fabric of the Human Body) was printed at Basel by Johannes Oporinus in 1543, when its author, Andreas Vesalius, professor at Padua, was twenty-eight. Its seven books describe the bones and cartilages, the ligaments and muscles, the veins and arteries, the nerves, the organs of nutrition and generation, the heart and the organs of the chest, and the brain and the senses.","lessonTitles":["The hand and the head belong together","Honour a master by testing him","Seeing is part of knowing","The body as a work of wonder"],"comparisons":["galen-selected-works","harvey-on-the-motion-of-the-heart-and-blood","hippocratic-writings","copernicus-on-the-revolutions","novum-organum"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"andreas-vesalius","caption":"Andreas Vesalius, from the Fabrica (1543), attributed to Jan van Calcar.","credit":"Attributed to Jan van Calcar; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Andreas Vesalius","title":"Vesalius Fabrica portrait","creator":"Attributed to Jan van Calcar","date":"1543","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Vesalius_Fabrica_portrait.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vesalius_Fabrica_portrait.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Unknown sourceUnknown source","localPath":"site/public/portraits/andreas-vesalius.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q170267 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":518,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/vesalius-on-the-fabric-of-the-human-body.json","url":"/works/vesalius-on-the-fabric-of-the-human-body/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"In the preface the young Vesalius publishes corrections of Galen while openly expecting opposition from older and more established physicians."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"He describes putting his own hands to the dissection that university professors had left to barbers."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Even while correcting Galen, he honours him as the foremost of ancient anatomists and frames his work as a return to the practice of the ancients."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"on-the-genealogy-of-morality","title":"On the Genealogy of Morality","author":"Friedrich Nietzsche","year":"1887","sortYear":1887,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"hard philosophy; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["virtue-ethics","faith-religion","power-politics","guilt-sin","madness-mind"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["psychology-unconscious","philosophy-as-therapy","pain","melancholia-depression","mind-body"],"blurb":"On the Genealogy of Morality is Nietzsche's most sustained inquiry into the historical and psychological origins of moral values. In three treatises he asks where good and evil came from, how guilt and bad conscience developed, and what ascetic ideals do for priests, philosophers, artists, scientists, and sufferers.","lessonTitles":["On the Genealogy of Morality teaches historical caution","On the Genealogy of Morality links evidence and authority","On the Genealogy of Morality complicates mind and body","On the Genealogy of Morality warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["beyond-good-and-evil","thus-spoke-zarathustra","civilization-and-its-discontents","the-world-as-will-and-representation"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/on-the-genealogy-of-morality.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #52319","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52319","translator":"Horace B. Samuel","translationYear":1913},"portrait":{"ref":"on-the-genealogy-of-morality","caption":"Early edition of On the Genealogy of Morality (1887).","credit":"C. G. 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Naumann, publisher","date":"1887","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Genealogie_der_Moral_cover.gif?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Genealogie_der_Moral_cover.gif","institution":"","creditLine":"Dartmouth College Nietzsche Chronicle, 1887, http://www.dartmouth.edu/~fnchron/1887.html","localPath":"site/public/portraits/on-the-genealogy-of-morality.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":296,"height":424,"bytes":8276,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/on-the-genealogy-of-morality.json","url":"/works/on-the-genealogy-of-morality/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"gilbert-de-magnete","title":"On the Magnet (De Magnete)","author":"William Gilbert","year":"1600","sortYear":1600,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Elizabethan science in translation; many experiments."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","nature-landscape","travel-journey","illness-body","education"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","humoral-medicine","pharmacology-poisons","quackery-charlatans","melancholia-depression"],"blurb":"De Magnete, magneticisque corporibus, et de magno magnete tellure (On the Magnet, Magnetick Bodies Also, and on the Great Magnet the Earth) was published in London in 1600 by William Gilbert, a Colchester-born physician who became president of the College of Physicians that year. It is the first large book devoted to experimental study of magnetism and one of the earliest works of natural philosophy built on systematic, repeated experiment.","lessonTitles":["Learn from things, not only from books","Distinguish what looks alike","A model of the world in the hand","Honest medicine"],"comparisons":["galileo-selected-writings","novum-organum","copernicus-on-the-revolutions","kepler-new-astronomy-and-harmony-of-the-world","harvey-on-the-motion-of-the-heart-and-blood"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/gilbert-de-magnete.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #33810","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33810","translator":"Silvanus P. 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Gregory combines scriptural exegesis, Platonizing philosophy, and late antique physiology to ask why humanity is embodied, rational, sexual, mortal, and capable of divine likeness.","lessonTitles":["On the Making of Man: formed attention","On the Making of Man: order and disorder","On the Making of Man: body and soul"],"comparisons":["confessions","city-of-god"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/on-the-making-of-man.txt","source":"CCEL: NPNF2-05 Gregory of Nyssa","sourceUrl":"https://ccel.org/ccel/s/schaff/npnf205/cache/npnf205.txt","translator":"W. Moore and H. A. Wilson edition","translationYear":1892},"portrait":{"ref":"on-the-making-of-man","caption":"Portrait of Gregory of Nyssa.","credit":"Anonymous; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Gregory of Nyssa","title":"Gregory of Nyssa","creator":"Anonymous","date":"14th century","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Images/ii541&1744.htm","localPath":"site/public/portraits/on-the-making-of-man.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":396,"height":450,"bytes":45923,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/on-the-making-of-man.json","url":"/works/on-the-making-of-man/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Gregory of Nyssa considers man’s place as image of God within creation."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"harvey-on-the-motion-of-the-heart-and-blood","title":"On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (De Motu Cordis)","author":"William Harvey","year":"1628","sortYear":1628,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Short, clear experimental argument; dissection detail."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","illness-body","education","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["anatomy-dissection","physicians-doctors","humoral-medicine","ancient-medicine","bloodletting","fever-infection","pharmacology-poisons","mind-body"],"blurb":"On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals is the short Latin treatise, printed at Frankfurt in 1628, in which William Harvey argued that the blood moves continuously in a circuit, driven out by the heart through the arteries and returned to it by the veins. The library text is Robert Willis's English translation of 1847, as revised by Alexander Bowie and reprinted in 1910 in the Harvard Classics, with that series' introductory note on Harvey's life.","lessonTitles":["Counting can overturn a theory","Respect for the ancients and the duty to correct them","Seeing and inferring","Courage to publish"],"comparisons":["galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings","vesalius-on-the-fabric-of-the-human-body","discourse-on-method","novum-organum","bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/harvey-on-the-motion-of-the-heart-and-blood.txt","source":"The Harvard Classics, vol. 38: Scientific Papers (New York: P. F. 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Lucretius addresses Memmius and invokes Venus, then argues that religion has driven human beings to cruelty, as in the sacrifice of Iphigenia.","lessonTitles":["Explanation can be consolation","Desire has a bodily history","Nature is not centered on us"],"comparisons":["the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-bhagavad-gita","fragments"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/on-the-nature-of-the-universe.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #785","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/785","translator":"William Ellery Leonard","translationYear":1916},"portrait":{"ref":"lucretius","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Lucretius.","credit":"Unknown author Unknown author; CC0.","media":{"subject":"Lucretius","title":"Lucretius1","creator":"Unknown author","date":"2012-04-04","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Lucretius1.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lucretius1.png","institution":"","creditLine":"File:Lucretius1.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/lucretius.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q47154; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":568,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/on-the-nature-of-the-universe.json","url":"/works/on-the-nature-of-the-universe/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"on-the-origin-of-species","title":"On the Origin of Species","author":"Charles Darwin","year":"1859","sortYear":1859,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classical-10th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"best read in excerpts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","nature-landscape","faith-religion","technology-modernity","animals"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["heredity-degeneration","public-health-sanitation","ancient-medicine"],"blurb":"On the Origin of Species argues that species are not fixed, separately created kinds but populations changed over time by variation, inheritance, struggle, natural selection, and descent with modification. Darwin begins with variation under domestication, using pigeons, livestock, and cultivated plants to show how small differences can be preserved and accumulated.","lessonTitles":["On the Origin of Species: formed attention","On the Origin of Species: order and disorder","On the Origin of Species: body and soul"],"comparisons":["principia","the-republic"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/on-the-origin-of-species.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1228","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1228","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"on-the-origin-of-species","caption":"Early edition of On the Origin of Species (1859).","credit":"John Murray, Publisher; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"On the Origin of Species","title":"Origin of Species title page","creator":"John Murray, Publisher","date":"1859","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image has an extracted file: Origin of Species.jpg.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/on-the-origin-of-species.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":448,"height":720,"bytes":32211,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/on-the-origin-of-species.json","url":"/works/on-the-origin-of-species/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"copernicus-on-the-revolutions","title":"On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres","author":"Nicolaus Copernicus","year":"1543","sortYear":1543,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","faith-religion","nature-landscape","education"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium) is the Latin treatise in which Nicolaus Copernicus, a canon of the cathedral of Frombork in Warmia, set the sun near the centre of the universe and made the earth a planet that turns daily on its axis and travels yearly around the sun. It was printed at Nuremberg by Johannes Petreius in 1543.","lessonTitles":["A simpler order can be a reason to believe","Calculating device or true description","Recovering the ancients to go beyond them","Patience in publishing"],"comparisons":["ptolemy-almagest","kepler-new-astronomy-and-harmony-of-the-world","galileo-selected-writings","principia","duhem-the-aim-and-structure-of-physical-theory","kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"nicolaus-copernicus","caption":"Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus (circa 1580).","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Nicolaus Copernicus","title":"Nikolaus Kopernikus MOT","creator":"Unknown","date":"circa 1580","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus_MOT.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus_MOT.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm https://www.welt.de/img/kultur/mobile152954235/1212503297-ci102l-w1024/Kopernikus-Gemaelde-in-Krakau.jpg https://muzeum.torun.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Portert","localPath":"site/public/portraits/nicolaus-copernicus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q619 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":576,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/copernicus-on-the-revolutions.json","url":"/works/copernicus-on-the-revolutions/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The dedication explains that Copernicus withheld his work for many years, weighing the ridicule it might bring, until competent friends urged its publication."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Copernicus credits Bishop Tiedemann Giese and Cardinal Schönberg with pressing him to publish, and Rheticus left his Wittenberg post to study with him and carry the book to press."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Books II to VI work out the motions of sun, moon and planets with new tables and a star catalogue, the product of decades of observation and calculation."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Copernicus submits his work to the judgment of the Pope and of learned mathematicians rather than claiming final authority."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"on-the-road","title":"On the Road","author":"Jack Kerouac","year":"1957","sortYear":1957,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"drug use; sexual content"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["travel-journey","friendship","identity-self","isolation-alienation","art-creation","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["addiction","alcohol","hallucinogens","altered-states","sleep-insomnia","fever-infection","mania","opium-laudanum","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"On the Road is narrated by Sal Paradise, a young writer living with his aunt in New Jersey, and records a series of journeys back and forth across the United States and into Mexico between 1947 and 1950. The engine of the book is Dean Moriarty, a fast-talking, car-stealing, endlessly restless young man from Denver who seems to Sal the embodiment of a wild, joyous American energy.","lessonTitles":["Freedom has costs that others pay","The search for intensity","America as landscape and myth"],"comparisons":["in-patagonia","whitman-complete-poems","don-quixote","humboldts-gift","the-odyssey"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"jack-kerouac","caption":"Portrait of Jack Kerouac.","credit":"Tom Palumbo from New York, NY, USA; CC BY-SA 2.0.","media":{"subject":"Jack Kerouac","title":"Kerouac by Palumbo","creator":"Tom Palumbo from New York, NY, USA","date":"circa 1956","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Kerouac_by_Palumbo.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kerouac_by_Palumbo.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Jack Kerouac","localPath":"site/public/portraits/jack-kerouac.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q160534; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":653,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/on-the-road.json","url":"/works/on-the-road/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/264671595656","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"on-war","title":"On War","author":"Carl von Clausewitz","year":"1832","sortYear":1832,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"dense; best read in excerpts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","power-politics","leadership","heroism","science-knowledge","stoicism-endurance"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["neurosis-anxiety","trauma-shell-shock","mind-body","war-wounds","fever-infection","plague-epidemic","starvation-nutrition","public-health-sanitation","death-dying"],"blurb":"On War (Vom Kriege) is an unfinished philosophical inquiry into the nature of war, written by a Prussian staff officer who had lived through the Napoleonic transformation of warfare. It is organised in eight books, but Clausewitz left a note in 1827 saying that only the first chapter of Book I satisfied him, and he was revising the whole when he died.","lessonTitles":["Every plan meets friction","Violence must answer to a purpose","Judgment under danger and exhaustion","Theory as education, not recipe"],"comparisons":["the-art-of-war","napoleons-maxims-of-war","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","instructions-for-his-generals","personal-memoirs","the-art-of-war-machiavelli"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/on-war.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1946","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1946","translator":"J. J. 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Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, a peasant from the village of Temgenyovo, was captured by the Germans in 1942, escaped back to his own lines, and was charged with treason as a supposed German spy; he signed a confession because refusing meant being shot.","lessonTitles":["Dignity in work","Small goods held fast","Faith in the barracks","The brigade as a society"],"comparisons":["mans-search-for-meaning","the-hiding-place","letters-and-papers-from-prison","animal-farm","the-brothers-karamazov"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"one-day-in-the-life-of-ivan-denisovich","caption":"Portrait of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.","credit":"Bert Verhoeff for Anefo; CC0.","media":{"subject":"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn","title":"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1974crop","creator":"Bert Verhoeff for Anefo","date":"1974-02-14","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn_1974crop.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn_1974crop.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"[1] Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (ANEFO), 1945-1989, Nummer toegang 2.24.01.05 Bestanddeelnummer 927-0019","localPath":"site/public/portraits/one-day-in-the-life-of-ivan-denisovich.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":574,"height":720,"bytes":65779,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/one-day-in-the-life-of-ivan-denisovich.json","url":"/works/one-day-in-the-life-of-ivan-denisovich/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Shukhov stays at the wall after the signal to finish his course of cinder blocks properly."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Shukhov goes out to work in deep frost while feverish after the infirmary turns him away."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Alyoshka reads his copied Gospel in the barracks and thanks God for the chance to think of his soul."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Tyurin fights the camp administration for a fair work report so his brigade will be fed."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"newton-opticks","title":"Opticks","author":"Isaac Newton","year":"1704","sortYear":1704,"era":"18th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Experiments and propositions; 18th-century prose."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","faith-religion","nature-landscape","technology-modernity","education"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["anatomy-dissection","aging-senescence","mind-body","dreams-nightmares","madness-psychosis"],"blurb":"Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light, is Isaac Newton's experimental account of light and colour, written in English and published in London in 1704. Newton opens by announcing that his design is not to explain the properties of light by hypotheses but to propose and prove them by reason and experiments, and the three books carry out that plan.","lessonTitles":["Prove by experiment, not hypothesis","Colour is in the seeing as well as in the light","Ask good questions at the edge of knowledge","Natural philosophy points beyond itself"],"comparisons":["principia","huygens-treatise-on-light","discourse-on-method","novum-organum","faraday-chemical-history-of-a-candle","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/newton-opticks.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #33504 (Opticks, 4th ed., London, 1730)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33504","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"isaac-newton","caption":"Isaac Newton, painted by Godfrey Kneller (1689).","credit":"Godfrey Kneller; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Isaac Newton","title":"GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689","creator":"Godfrey Kneller","date":"1689","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/art/portrait.html","localPath":"site/public/portraits/isaac-newton.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q935 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":512,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/newton-opticks.json","url":"/works/newton-opticks/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Newton refuses to admit objections or conclusions not drawn from experiments and states conclusions only as far as induction warrants, revising them if exceptions appear."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Book II records painstaking measurements of the rings between lenses and plates, repeated and tabulated to fractions of an inch."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Queries 28 and 31 present every true step in natural philosophy as bringing the inquirer nearer to the first cause and to the worship of 'our true Author and Benefactor'."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Newton calls the third book 'imperfect' and leaves his hints 'to be examin'd and improv'd by the farther Experiments' of others."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"d-day-order-of-the-day","title":"Order of the Day, 6 June 1944","author":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","year":"1944","sortYear":1944,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","leadership","heroism","faith-religion","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"General Dwight D. Eisenhower's Order of the Day was the message issued by Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, to the soldiers, sailors, and airmen about to land in Normandy on 6 June 1944. Printed copies were handed to the men of the assault forces on the eve of the invasion, after a day's delay for bad weather, and Eisenhower also recorded it for broadcast.","lessonTitles":["Honesty about the danger","A commander's confidence in his men","The language of crusade and blessing"],"comparisons":["st-crispins-day-speech","elizabeth-speech-at-tilbury","we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches","pearl-harbor-address"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/d-day-order-of-the-day.txt","source":"National Archives, Milestone Documents: General Dwight D. Eisenhower's Order of the Day (1944), Eisenhower Library","sourceUrl":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/general-eisenhowers-order-of-the-day","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"d-day-order-of-the-day","caption":"General Dwight D. Eisenhower speaking with paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division on June 5, 1944.","credit":"Unknown U.S. Army photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Order of the Day, 6 June 1944","title":"Eisenhower d-day","creator":"Unknown U.S. Army photographer","date":"Taken on 5 June 1944","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Eisenhower_d-day.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eisenhower_d-day.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3a26521.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. 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The book opens with the sixteen-year-old Orlando slashing at a Moor's head in the attic of his family's enormous house in the country.","lessonTitles":["Biography as comedy","The spirit of the age","Clothes and the self","One poem over three centuries"],"comparisons":["mrs-dalloway","the-waves","as-you-like-it","gullivers-travels","the-picture-of-dorian-gray"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/orlando.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg Australia eBook #0200331, Orlando","sourceUrl":"https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200331.html","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"virginia-woolf","caption":"Portrait of Virginia Woolf.","credit":"Unknown author Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Virginia Woolf","title":"Virginia Woolf 1927","creator":"Unknown author","date":"circa 1927","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Virginia_Woolf_1927.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_Woolf_1927.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University","localPath":"site/public/portraits/virginia-woolf.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q40909; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":493,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/orlando.json","url":"/works/orlando/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Orlando keeps working at The Oak Tree through three centuries, revising it in Turkey, in London and in the Victorian damp until it is finished."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Among the gypsies Orlando is made to see that her pride in four hundred years of ancestors looks vulgar to people whose lineage is far older."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Walking London at night in the eighteenth century, Orlando finds in Nell and her companions a frank friendship she never found among the wits."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"chesterton-orthodoxy","title":"Orthodoxy","author":"G. K. Chesterton","year":"1908","sortYear":1908,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Paradox-rich, witty Edwardian prose."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","doubt-meaning","madness-mind","identity-self","language-storytelling","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","obsession-monomania","asylum-institution","physicians-doctors","suicide"],"blurb":"Orthodoxy (1908) is G. K. Chesterton's account of how he came to believe the Christian creed. It answers a challenge from the critic G. S. Street, who, after Chesterton's Heretics (1905) had criticized the philosophies of his contemporaries, said he would begin to worry about his own philosophy when Chesterton had given his.","lessonTitles":["Reason needs a larger world than reason","Wonder and gratitude as the beginning of philosophy","Holding opposites together","Loving the world enough to change it"],"comparisons":["lepanto","the-innocence-of-father-brown","apologia-pro-vita-sua","mere-christianity","pensees","lewis-the-abolition-of-man"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/chesterton-orthodoxy.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #130","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/130","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"g-k-chesterton","caption":"Portrait of G. K. Chesterton (1909).","credit":"Ernest Herbert Mills; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"G. K. 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This may be due to recogn","localPath":"site/public/portraits/g-k-chesterton.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q183167 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":561,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/chesterton-orthodoxy.json","url":"/works/chesterton-orthodoxy/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Chapter I admits that the heresy Chesterton thought he had invented was the old creed all along, and Chapter III asks for humility about oneself rather than about the truth."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Chapter VII grounds perpetual reform in a fixed ideal, so that decay is never final and renewal is always possible."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Chapter IX explains why Chesterton trusts the Church as a living teacher after finding it truthful where he could test it."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Chapter VI describes Christian courage as a strong desire for life taking the form of readiness to die."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"othello","title":"Othello","author":"William Shakespeare","year":"c. 1603-04 (published 1622)","sortYear":1604,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"English (Early Modern)","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","marriage","honor-shame","guilt-sin","race-slavery","language-storytelling","identity-self","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["epilepsy-seizures","obsession-monomania","alcohol","sleep-insomnia","opium-laudanum","pharmacology-poisons","suicide","grief"],"blurb":"Othello is the tragedy of a Moorish general in the service of Venice who is brought, step by step, to murder the wife who loves him. The play opens at night in a Venetian street, where the ensign Iago, furious that Othello has promoted the Florentine Michael Cassio over him, rouses the senator Brabantio with crude news that his daughter Desdemona has eloped with the Moor.","lessonTitles":["How suggestion becomes certainty","Reputation and the self","Faithfulness to the end","The outsider and the city"],"comparisons":["much-ado-about-nothing","the-merchant-of-venice","macbeth","paradise-lost","romeo-and-juliet"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/othello.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1531","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1531","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"othello","caption":"Théodore Chassériau, Othello and Desdemona in Venice (1850).","credit":"Théodore Chassériau; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Othello","title":"Othello et Desdemone à Venise (Shakespeare, Othello acte I) Othello and Desdemona in Venice","creator":"Théodore Chassériau","date":"1850","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Othello_et_Desd%C3%A9mone_%C3%A0_Venise_-_Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_3897.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Othello_et_Desd%C3%A9mone_%C3%A0_Venise_-_Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_3897.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"photo Shonagon 2026-01-02","localPath":"site/public/portraits/othello.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":568,"height":720,"bytes":86235,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/othello.json","url":"/works/othello/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Othello's ruin comes from accepting Iago's handkerchief and hearsay as proof without questioning Desdemona or Cassio."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Desdemona keeps pleading for Cassio after Othello strikes her and with her dying words protects her husband."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Emilia defies Iago in the last scene and tells the truth about the handkerchief, though it costs her life."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Cassio loses his lieutenancy after one night of drinking on watch, and laments it in Act 2, Scene 3."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"our-town","title":"Our Town","author":"Thornton Wilder","year":"1938","sortYear":1938,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":["classical-9th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–10","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":10,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","marriage","death-mortality","memory-time","home-exile","innocence-experience"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","childbirth-maternal","grief","death-dying"],"blurb":"Our Town presents Grover's Corners, New Hampshire, through three acts named Daily Life, Love and Marriage, and Death and Eternity. The Stage Manager introduces streets, families, dates, statistics, church steeples, milk deliveries, schoolbooks, and weather with almost no scenery, making the ordinary visible by stripping theater to gesture, voice, and memory.","lessonTitles":["Our Town: formed attention","Our Town: order and disorder","Our Town: body and soul"],"comparisons":["a-christmas-carol","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"our-town","caption":"Portrait of Thornton Wilder.","credit":"Published by Bridgeport Telegram; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thornton Wilder","title":"Thornton Wilder - 1948","creator":"Published by Bridgeport Telegram","date":"January 4, 1948","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Thornton_Wilder_-_1948.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thornton_Wilder_-_1948.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Bridgeport Telegram page 22","localPath":"site/public/portraits/our-town.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":545,"height":720,"bytes":85698,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/our-town.json","url":"/works/our-town/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Emily’s return to an ordinary day calls attention to the love in small things."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"owl-at-home","title":"Owl at Home","author":"Arnold Lobel","year":"1975","sortYear":1975,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["animals","childhood","home-exile","isolation-alienation","friendship","satire-folly"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Owl at Home is a beginning reader of five short stories about Owl, a round, kindly, rather muddled bird who lives alone in a snug house with a fireplace, a kettle and a staircase. In The Guest, someone knocks loudly on a winter night.","lessonTitles":["Kindness needs good sense","Look closely before you worry","You cannot be everywhere at once","Sadness and comfort"],"comparisons":["frog-and-toad-are-friends","mouse-soup","grasshopper-on-the-road","little-bear","winnie-the-pooh"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"owl-at-home","caption":"A tawny owl at night.","credit":"BVA; CC BY-SA 2.0.","media":{"subject":"Owl at Home","title":"Tawny owl at night (42511916510)","creator":"BVA","date":"2018-06-07 22:14","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Tawny_owl_at_night_%2842511916510%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tawny_owl_at_night_(42511916510).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Tawny owl at night","localPath":"site/public/portraits/owl-at-home.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":533,"bytes":53190,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/owl-at-home.json","url":"/works/owl-at-home/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Owl opens his door to Winter on a stormy night because he pities anyone left out in the cold."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"After Winter freezes his soup and snows up his stairs, Owl learns to tell the rude guest to leave so his home can be warm again."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Upstairs and Downstairs shows Owl wearing himself out trying to be everywhere at once, a comic lesson in being content with one place at a time."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"ozymandias","title":"Ozymandias","author":"Percy Bysshe Shelley","year":"1818","sortYear":1818,"era":"19th-century","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","ambition","memory-time","art-creation","death-mortality","satire-folly"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Ozymandias is a fourteen-line sonnet about a ruined statue of an Egyptian king in the desert, and it has become the best-known English poem on the vanity of earthly power. Shelley wrote it in late 1817, in a friendly sonnet-writing contest with his friend Horace Smith on the same subject, and Leigh Hunt printed it in The Examiner on 11 January 1818.","lessonTitles":["Pride undone by time","Art outlasts its subject and its maker","Testimony at second hand"],"comparisons":["elegy-written-in-a-country-churchyard","ode-on-a-grecian-urn","the-histories","the-bible"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/ozymandias.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #4800: The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. 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Written in manuscript during the reign of Charles I and circulated privately, it was printed in London in 1680, almost thirty years after Filmer's death, when supporters of the crown were resisting attempts in Parliament to bar the Catholic Duke of York from the succession.","lessonTitles":["The family as the pattern of the state","Can a whole people consent?","Order and the danger of rebellion","Law, prerogative and the king's conscience"],"comparisons":["second-treatise-of-government","leviathan","politics","hooker-laws-of-ecclesiastical-polity","de-regno"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/patriarcha.txt","source":"Sir Robert Filmer, Patriarcha: or the Natural Power of Kings (London: Walter Davis, 1680), keyboarded by the Text Creation Partnership (EEBO-TCP A41308; CC0)","sourceUrl":"https://github.com/textcreationpartnership/A41308","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"robert-filmer","caption":"Portrait of Sir Robert Filmer (1623).","credit":"Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Sir Robert Filmer","title":"Filmer, Sir Robert by Cornelius Johnson","creator":"Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen","date":"1623","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Filmer%2C_Sir_Robert_by_Cornelius_Johnson.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Filmer,_Sir_Robert_by_Cornelius_Johnson.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-9424?&mediaType=Image","localPath":"site/public/portraits/robert-filmer.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Commons file; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":300,"height":362}},"path":"content/works/patriarcha.json","url":"/works/patriarcha/","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Filmer grounds obedience to rulers in the commandment to honour one's father and in God's grant of dominion to Adam."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"He sums up every duty of a king as a universal fatherly care to preserve, feed, clothe, instruct and defend his people."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Chapter I teaches that subjects must leave the judgment of wicked princes to God rather than execute it without commission."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"paul-reveres-ride","title":"Paul Revere's Ride","author":"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow","year":"written 1860; published 1861","sortYear":1860,"era":"19th-century","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"4–8","minGrade":4,"maxGrade":8,"note":"often memorized"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","war-violence","memory-time","language-storytelling","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Paul Revere's Ride is a narrative ballad that tells how a Boston silversmith carried the alarm of a British march into the Massachusetts countryside on the night of 18 April 1775. It opens like a story told aloud, Listen, my children, and notes that hardly anyone still alive remembers the day.","lessonTitles":["One alarm, many hands","How a poem makes memory","A word for the hour of peril"],"comparisons":["give-me-liberty-or-give-me-death","st-crispins-day-speech","o-captain-my-captain","gettysburg-address"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/paul-reveres-ride.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #25153: Tales of a Wayside Inn (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863), \"The Landlord's Tale\"","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25153","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"paul-reveres-ride","caption":"Early edition of Paul Revere's Ride (1861).","credit":"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Atlantic Monthly; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Paul Revere's Ride","title":"Paul Revere's Ride","creator":"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Atlantic Monthly","date":"1861","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Paul_Revere%27s_Ride.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Revere%27s_Ride.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Google Books","localPath":"site/public/portraits/paul-reveres-ride.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":456,"height":720,"bytes":44098,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/paul-reveres-ride.json","url":"/works/paul-reveres-ride/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Revere rows past a British man-of-war and rides through the night knowing that capture could follow."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The plan of one lantern for land and two for sea lets the alarm go out whichever route the troops take."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The unnamed friend climbs the dark belfry and risks discovery so that Revere can carry the warning."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"goldsworthy-pax-romana","title":"Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World","author":"Adrian Goldsworthy","year":"2016","sortYear":2016,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Accessible modern history."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["colonialism-empire","war-violence","power-politics","justice-law","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Pax Romana asks what the famous Roman peace actually was, how it was created, and how it was kept. Adrian Goldsworthy's answer begins with conquest.","lessonTitles":["Peace made by victory","Why rebellions faded","Ordinary government matters"],"comparisons":["the-agricola-and-the-germania","tacitus-the-histories","polybius-histories-book-vi","the-jewish-war","woolf-rome-an-empires-story","harper-the-fate-of-rome"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/goldsworthy-pax-romana.json","url":"/works/goldsworthy-pax-romana/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Goldsworthy shows Roman governors and emperors often preferring negotiation backed by reputation to costly campaigns, keeping frontiers quiet by judgment rather than constant war."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The chapters on governors examine how provincials could prosecute extortionate officials, showing Roman law's attempt to restrain abuse."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"pearl-harbor-address","title":"Pearl Harbor Address (\"A Date Which Will Live in Infamy\")","author":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","year":"1941","sortYear":1941,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","leadership","justice-law","power-politics","honor-shame","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"On Sunday morning, 7 December 1941, Japanese carrier aircraft struck the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on Oahu, damaging or sinking all eight battleships in the harbor, destroying much of the aircraft on the island, and killing more than 2,400 Americans. That evening Roosevelt dictated a short draft to his secretary Grace Tully and then revised it by hand.","lessonTitles":["Letting facts carry the argument","Treachery and the just cause of war","Memory as a national duty"],"comparisons":["we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches","fdr-first-inaugural-address","give-me-liberty-or-give-me-death"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/pearl-harbor-address.txt","source":"National Archives, Milestone Documents: Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Japan","sourceUrl":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/joint-address-to-congress-declaration-of-war-against-japan","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"pearl-harbor-address","caption":"Franklin D. 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Pascal had planned a work that would first unsettle the complacent unbeliever (the honnête homme of polite society) by showing the misery and contradiction of the human condition, then show that Christianity alone explains that condition and offers its remedy.","lessonTitles":["Diversion as the flight from oneself","The imagination rules the judge and the physician","Wagering under uncertainty","Greatness and wretchedness together"],"comparisons":["essays-montaigne","confessions","discourse-on-method","the-sickness-unto-death","essays-and-aphorisms","the-varieties-of-religious-experience"],"quoteCount":15,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/pensees.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #18269","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18269","translator":"W. F. 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It survives only in the History of Thucydides, who heard Pericles speak and who says of the speeches in his work that he kept as close as he could to the general sense of what was actually said.","lessonTitles":["A city worth dying for","Discussion as preparation for action","Praise read in the light of what follows"],"comparisons":["gettysburg-address","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","friends-romans-countrymen","in-flanders-fields"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/pericles-funeral-oration.txt","source":"Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, Book II.34-46, trans. 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Kant cast it, with a touch of irony, in the form of a peace treaty.","lessonTitles":["Peace as a matter of right, not only of feeling","Who decides on war?","A league, not an empire","Honesty and statecraft"],"comparisons":["grotius-rights-of-war-and-peace","leviathan","groundwork-of-the-metaphysics-of-morals","the-social-contract","city-of-god","the-republic"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/kant-perpetual-peace.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #50922 (Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay, trans. M. 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The letters run from 1711 to 1720, covering the last years of Louis XIV, the Regency and the collapse of John Law's financial system.","lessonTitles":["Seeing one's own culture as strange","Reason does not guarantee virtue","Virtue as the foundation of self-government"],"comparisons":["gullivers-travels","candide","the-arthashastra","the-histories"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/persian-letters.txt","source":"Wikisource Persian Letters","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Persian_Letters","translator":"John Davidson","translationYear":1892},"portrait":{"ref":"montesquieu","caption":"Portrait of Montesquieu.","credit":"Archives départementales de l'Hérault (France) DAASI; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Montesquieu","title":"Montesquieu (5)","creator":"Archives départementales de l'Hérault (France) DAASI","date":"25 January 2021, 15:43:58 (according to Exif data)","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Montesquieu_%285%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Montesquieu_(5).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/montesquieu.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q1148203; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":720,"height":464,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/persian-letters.json","url":"/works/persian-letters/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/254542205764","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"polanyi-personal-knowledge","title":"Personal Knowledge","author":"Michael Polanyi","year":"1958","sortYear":1958,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"12–12","minGrade":12,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","faith-religion","education","doubt-meaning","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","mind-body"],"blurb":"Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy was published in 1958 by Routledge and Kegan Paul in London and by the University of Chicago Press. Its author, Michael Polanyi, had been a physician and a distinguished physical chemist before turning to philosophy, and the book grew from his Gifford Lectures at the University of Aberdeen in 1951–52.","lessonTitles":["We know more than we can say","Attending from and attending to","Belief before understanding","The community of science"],"comparisons":["duhem-the-aim-and-structure-of-physical-theory","kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions","popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery","lewis-the-abolition-of-man","confessions"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"michael-polanyi","caption":"Portrait of Michael Polanyi (1933).","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Michael Polanyi","title":"Michael Polanyi","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"1933","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Michael_Polanyi.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Polanyi.png","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/manchesterarchiveplus/5213045000/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/michael-polanyi.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q163087 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":252,"height":413}},"path":"content/works/polanyi-personal-knowledge.json","url":"/works/polanyi-personal-knowledge/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Polanyi holds that a learner must submit to a master's example before he can acquire a skill such as diagnosis."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Part Three revives Augustine's principle that belief comes before understanding and makes trust the ground of knowledge."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The chapter on commitment asks the knower to state his findings and accept responsibility for them despite the risk of error."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"personal-memoirs","title":"Personal Memoirs","author":"Ulysses S. Grant","year":"1885-1886","sortYear":1885,"era":"19th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","leadership","race-slavery","death-mortality","stoicism-endurance","memory-time","money-wealth"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["death-dying","pain","mind-body","war-wounds","surgery","plague-epidemic","fever-infection","tuberculosis-consumption","public-health-sanitation","neurosis-anxiety","opium-laudanum"],"blurb":"The Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant were written in a race against death. 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See Commons:Licensing .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/ulysses-s-grant.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q34836; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":537,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/personal-memoirs.json","url":"/works/personal-memoirs/","virtues":[{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Grant records his feelings at Appomattox, declining to rejoice at the downfall of a foe who fought valiantly."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Grant wrote his memoirs while dying of throat cancer to provide for his family."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"persuasion","title":"Persuasion","author":"Jane Austen","year":"1817","sortYear":1817,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","marriage","memory-time","class-society","gender-women","family"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["hypochondria","grief","melancholia-depression","disability-deformity","nursing-caregiving","physicians-doctors","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"Persuasion is Austen's last completed novel, a story of second chances. Anne Elliot is the overlooked middle daughter of Sir Walter Elliot, a vain and extravagant baronet of Kellynch Hall in Somerset.","lessonTitles":["Prudence and regret","Merit over rank","Constancy and the story women are allowed to tell","Composure in a crisis"],"comparisons":["northanger-abbey","mansfield-park","sense-and-sensibility","the-odyssey","washington-square"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/persuasion.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #105","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/105","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"jane-austen","caption":"Portrait of Jane Austen.","credit":"Cassandra Austen; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Jane Austen","title":"CassandraAusten-JaneAusten(c.1810) hires","creator":"Cassandra Austen","date":"circa 1810","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/CassandraAusten-JaneAusten%28c.1810%29_hires.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CassandraAusten-JaneAusten(c.1810)_hires.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof . This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . Please see Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag for more information.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/jane-austen.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q36322; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":558,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/persuasion.json","url":"/works/persuasion/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/127321076738","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Anne Elliot’s steady constancy to Wentworth endures eight years."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The novel weighs Lady Russell’s cautious advice against constancy and judgment."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"peter-pan","title":"Peter Pan (Peter and Wendy)","author":"J. M. 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Mrs. Darling finds the name Peter in her children's thoughts and later sees a strange boy at the nursery window; Nana snaps the window shut on his shadow.","lessonTitles":["Growing up is a loss and a gift","A mother's love keeps the window open","Saying sorry the hard way","Courage in danger"],"comparisons":["alices-adventures-in-wonderland","the-wind-in-the-willows","treasure-island","the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe","winnie-the-pooh"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/peter-pan.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #16","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"peter-pan","caption":"Frontispiece by F. D. 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The Phaedrus takes place outside the walls of Athens, where Socrates, who rarely leaves the city, walks with the young Phaedrus along the river Ilissus and sits under a plane tree on a hot summer day.","lessonTitles":["Not all madness is illness","The divided soul","Technologies change memory","Philosophy meets power"],"comparisons":["the-last-days-of-socrates","the-bhagavad-gita","meditations","the-arthashastra","on-friendship"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1636","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1636","translator":"Benjamin Jowett","translationYear":1892},"portrait":{"ref":"plato","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Plato.","credit":"Marie-Lan Nguyen; CC BY 2.5.","media":{"subject":"Plato","title":"Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377","creator":"Marie-Lan Nguyen","date":"2009","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY 2.5","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/plato.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q859; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":480,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii.json","url":"/works/phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/256875561880","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"wittgenstein-philosophical-investigations","title":"Philosophical Investigations","author":"Ludwig Wittgenstein","year":"1953","sortYear":1953,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["language-storytelling","science-knowledge","identity-self","doubt-meaning","education","isolation-alienation"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["pain","mind-body","philosophy-as-therapy","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"Philosophical Investigations is the major work of Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy, published in 1953, two years after his death, in a bilingual German and English edition with a translation by his student G. E. M. Anscombe. It consists of numbered remarks, from a single sentence to a page long, in which Wittgenstein questions, imagines examples, answers an imaginary interlocutor and frequently turns against views he himself had held in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.","lessonTitles":["Meaning as use","Family resemblance","Following a rule","Is my pain private?"],"comparisons":["russell-problems-of-philosophy","confessions","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","meditations-on-first-philosophy","frazer-the-golden-bough"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/wittgenstein-philosophical-investigations.json","url":"/works/wittgenstein-philosophical-investigations/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"In the preface Wittgenstein acknowledges grave mistakes in his own first book and offers the remarks as sketches, not a finished system."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"He repeatedly tells the reader to look at actual cases, as with games in §66, before generalizing."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"hempel-philosophy-of-natural-science","title":"Philosophy of Natural Science","author":"Carl G. 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It is still under copyright, so the library holds no text; this record describes the book in its own words and quotes only two short sentences.","lessonTitles":["Facts do not arrange themselves","A test can refute more than it can prove","To explain is to show why it had to happen","The cost of an idea before its time"],"comparisons":["pasteur-and-lister-germ-theory-papers","popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery","kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions","mill-system-of-logic-book-iii","peirce-illustrations-of-the-logic-of-science","bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/hempel-philosophy-of-natural-science.json","url":"/works/hempel-philosophy-of-natural-science/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In Chapter 2 Semmelweis tests and rejects each plausible explanation in turn, including the priest's bell and the delivery position, before acting on the one that survives."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Semmelweis's persistence, as Hempel tells it, is driven by distress at the deaths of the women in the First Division."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Semmelweis's conclusion meant that he, his colleagues and the students had themselves been carrying the infection to their patients."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"hegel-philosophy-of-right","title":"Philosophy of Right","author":"G. W. F. Hegel","year":"1820","sortYear":1820,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"12–12","minGrade":12,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Highly abstract philosophical prose; OCR text."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","family","marriage","class-society","virtue-ethics","identity-self","war-violence"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["suicide","mind-body","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"Hegel's Philosophy of Right (Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts) was written as a textbook for his Berlin lectures on law, ethics and the state. Its preface is dated June 1820, and the book appeared in Berlin late that year with 1821 on the title page.","lessonTitles":["Freedom needs institutions to become real","Conscience is sacred, but not self-sufficient","The family and the market each need the other and need more","Philosophy comes after the fact"],"comparisons":["the-republic","politics","the-social-contract","kant-perpetual-peace","second-treatise-of-government","the-communist-manifesto"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/hegel-philosophy-of-right.txt","source":"Hegel's Philosophy of Right, trans. S. W. Dyde (London: George Bell and Sons, 1896), via the Internet Archive (cu31924014578979, Cornell University Library)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924014578979","translator":"S. W. 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It grew from the Gifford Lectures he gave at the University of St Andrews in the winter of 1955-56 and was published in New York in 1958 by Harper and Brothers in the World Perspectives series, with an introduction by the Yale philosopher F. S. C. 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Society of Sisters","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1925","sortYear":1925,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","family","childhood","faith-religion","justice-law"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"On 7 November 1922 Oregon voters adopted by initiative a Compulsory Education Act requiring every parent or guardian of a child between eight and sixteen to send the child to a public school, with narrow exceptions, beginning in September 1926. The measure was promoted by the Scottish Rite Masons and supported by the Ku Klux Klan, and Walter M. 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Casey tested five provisions of Pennsylvania's Abortion Control Act of 1982, as amended in 1988 and 1989.","lessonTitles":["Four tests for keeping a precedent","Reasoned judgment or tradition?","The legitimacy of a court","A new test and its critics"],"comparisons":["roe-v-wade","dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health-organization","brown-v-board-of-education","lochner-v-new-york","the-federalist-papers","the-founding-documents"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/planned-parenthood-v-casey.txt","source":"Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. 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Ferguson","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1896","sortYear":1896,"era":"19th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"period racial language"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["race-slavery","justice-law","power-politics","class-society","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In 1890 Louisiana passed the Separate Car Act, requiring railways to provide \"equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races\" and making it a crime for a passenger to sit in a coach assigned to the other race. A group of New Orleans citizens of color, the Comité des Citoyens, organized a test case.","lessonTitles":["What counts as equality before the law","Reasonableness and custom","Reading purpose behind neutral words","The lone dissent and later law"],"comparisons":["brown-v-board-of-education","dred-scott-v-sandford","slaughter-house-cases","atlanta-exposition-address","the-founding-documents","sermons-and-letter-from-birmingham-jail"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/plessy-v-ferguson.txt","source":"Plessy v. 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Hopkins's key ideas of inscape and instress name the particular form of a created thing and the energy by which that form is apprehended.","lessonTitles":["Poems: formed attention","Poems: order and disorder","Poems: body and soul"],"comparisons":["donne-sermons-and-devotions","the-metaphysical-poets"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/poems-hopkins.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #22403","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22403","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"poems-hopkins","caption":"Portrait of Gerard Manley Hopkins.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Gerard Manley Hopkins","title":"GerardManleyHopkins","creator":"Unknown author","date":"before 1889","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/GerardManleyHopkins.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GerardManleyHopkins.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://9-poeticfingers.org/2011/07/28/gerald-manley-hopkins-failed-his-final-happy-birthday-anyway/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/poems-hopkins.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":350,"height":470,"bytes":34364,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/poems-hopkins.json","url":"/works/poems-hopkins/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"poems-of-emily-dickinson","title":"Poems: First, Second and Third Series","author":"Emily Dickinson","year":"1890–1896","sortYear":1890,"era":"19th-century","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["death-mortality","faith-religion","nature-landscape","isolation-alienation","identity-self","love-desire","doubt-meaning","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["death-dying","grief","melancholia-depression","pain","mind-body","madness-psychosis"],"blurb":"This volume gathers the three books that first introduced Emily Dickinson's poetry to the public, all published in Boston in the decade after her death in 1886. Poems (1890) was edited by Mabel Loomis Todd, a young Amherst neighbor, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, the man of letters with whom Dickinson had corresponded since 1862; Poems: Second Series followed in 1891 under the same two editors, and Poems: Third Series in 1896, edited by Todd alone.","lessonTitles":["Much said in little","Facing death calmly","The worth of the inward life","Seeing nature exactly"],"comparisons":["because-i-could-not-stop-for-death","whitman-complete-poems","death-be-not-proud","emerson-essays","ode-on-a-grecian-urn","frost-early-poems"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/poems-of-emily-dickinson.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #12242, Poems by Emily Dickinson, Three Series, Complete","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12242","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"emily-dickinson","caption":"Portrait of Emily Dickinson.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Emily Dickinson","title":"Emily Dickinson daguerreotype (Restored, cropped, blown up, sepia)","creator":"Unknown author","date":"circa 1848","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Emily_Dickinson_daguerreotype_%28Restored%2C_cropped%2C_blown_up%2C_sepia%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emily_Dickinson_daguerreotype_(Restored,_cropped,_blown_up,_sepia).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This file was derived from: Emily Dickinson daguerreotype (Restored and cropped).jpg:","localPath":"site/public/portraits/emily-dickinson.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q4441 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":352,"height":432}},"path":"content/works/poems-of-emily-dickinson.json","url":"/works/poems-of-emily-dickinson/","virtues":[{"virtue":"hope","reason":"In Hope the small bird keeps singing through gale and storm and never asks a crumb in return."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"The speaker of I never saw a moor is certain of heaven as if the chart were given."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The speaker of I'm nobody! Who are you? prefers to be nobody rather than tell her name all day, like a frog, to an admiring bog."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"If I can stop one heart from breaking measures a life by easing one person's pain or helping one fainting robin."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"aristotle-poetics","title":"Poetics","author":"Aristotle","year":"c. 335 BCE","sortYear":-335,"era":"ancient","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["art-creation","language-storytelling","fate-free-will","guilt-sin","education","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["philosophy-as-therapy","mind-body","ancient-medicine","hysteria","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"The Poetics is Aristotle's short treatise on the art of poetry, chiefly tragedy and epic, and the oldest surviving work of literary theory in the West. 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Charles Pollock, a shareholder of the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company of New York, sued to stop the company from paying the tax, a form of suit that allowed the question to reach the courts before collection.","lessonTitles":["Defining a direct tax","A compromise built into the Constitution","When part of a law falls","Amendment as the remedy"],"comparisons":["veazie-bank-v-fenno","the-federalist-papers","the-wealth-of-nations","nfib-v-sebelius","standard-oil-v-united-states"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/pollock-v-farmers-loan-and-trust.txt","source":"Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 158 U.S. 601 (1895) (on rehearing; first decision 157 U.S. 429), U.S. Reports text via Legal Information Institute (Cornell)","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/158/601","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-melville-fuller","caption":"Portrait of Melville Fuller.","credit":"Theodore C. 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Her mother, Jennie, had long ago disappointed her proud New England family by marrying the young minister instead of a wealthy suitor.","lessonTitles":["Looking for the good on purpose","Duty and love","A house is not a home","When the cheerful one needs help"],"comparisons":["heidi","anne-of-green-gables","the-secret-garden","understood-betsy","little-lord-fauntleroy"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/pollyanna.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1450","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1450","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"pollyanna","caption":"Early edition of Pollyanna (1913).","credit":"Eleanor H. Porter; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Pollyanna","title":"Pollyanna (Eleanor Porter book) first edition cover","creator":"Eleanor H. 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The work begins with definitions of mass, quantity of motion, inertia, impressed force, centripetal force, absolute and relative space, and absolute and relative time.","lessonTitles":["Principia: formed attention","Principia: order and disorder","Principia: body and soul"],"comparisons":["on-the-origin-of-species","discourse-on-method"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/principia.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #76404","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/76404/76404-h/76404-h.htm","translator":"Andrew Motte","translationYear":1729},"portrait":{"ref":"principia","caption":"Early edition of Principia (1687).","credit":"The original uploader was Zhaladshar at English Wikisource.; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Principia","title":"Newton's Principia title page","creator":"The original uploader was Zhaladshar at English Wikisource.","date":"1687","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Newton%27s_Principia_title_page.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Newton%27s_Principia_title_page.png","institution":"","creditLine":"Transferred from en.wikisource to Commons. 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The first edition appeared in three volumes in 1830, 1832 and 1833, under a subtitle describing it as an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation.","lessonTitles":["The present as a guide to the past","Assumptions shape what we see","Reading the landscape as a document","A science that shaped another"],"comparisons":["on-the-origin-of-species","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","whewell-novum-organon-renovatum","the-bible"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/lyell-principles-of-geology.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #33224","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33224","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"charles-lyell","caption":"Portrait of Charles Lyell (1872).","credit":"Unknown engraver; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Charles Lyell","title":"PSM V01 D242 and V20 D610 Charles Lyell","creator":"Unknown engraver","date":"1872","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/PSM_V01_D242_and_V20_D610_Charles_Lyell.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V01_D242_and_V20_D610_Charles_Lyell.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Popular Science Monthly Volume 1","localPath":"site/public/portraits/charles-lyell.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q5333 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":599,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/lyell-principles-of-geology.json","url":"/works/lyell-principles-of-geology/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Lyell built his case from years of fieldwork, including his 1828 visit to measure the borings on the columns at Pozzuoli."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In Book I he warns against theories that outrun evidence and asks geologists to test every explanation against causes they can observe."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"He closes Book I by calling human beings mere sojourners on the planet, enduring for a moment of time, even as he praises the mind's reach."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"psalm-23","title":"Psalm 23","author":"Attributed to David","year":"c. 1000 BC (traditional); KJV 1611","sortYear":-1000,"era":"ancient","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"Hebrew","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–12","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":12,"note":"often memorized"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","death-mortality","stoicism-endurance","nature-landscape","travel-journey"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["death-dying","grief"],"blurb":"Psalm 23 is a six-verse song of trust, headed in the Hebrew Psalter as a psalm of David and placed in the first book of Psalms, between the anguished cry of Psalm 22 and the processional hymn of Psalm 24. Its speaker never asks for anything.","lessonTitles":["Trust stated, not requested","Company in the valley","From flock to guest"],"comparisons":["the-pilgrims-progress","death-be-not-proud","caedmons-hymn","gods-grandeur"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/psalm-23.txt","source":"King James Version (1611), as in the library text of The Bible (Project Gutenberg #10)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"psalm-23","caption":"Illustrated page of Psalm 23 from The Sunday at Home (1880).","credit":"Edmund Evans / Joseph Martin Kronheim / William Dickes / Adam Cuerden; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Psalm 23","title":"The Sunday at Home 1880 - Psalm 23","creator":"Edmund Evans / Joseph Martin Kronheim / William Dickes / Adam Cuerden","date":"1880","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"The Sunday at Home: A Family Magazine for Sabbath Reading, 1880 [collected volume], London, Religious Tract Society, Paternoster Row, 164 Picadilly. This Bible illustration is a retouched picture, which means that it has been digitally altered from its original version. Modifications: Cleaned up dir","localPath":"site/public/portraits/psalm-23.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":525,"height":720,"bytes":123828,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/psalm-23.json","url":"/works/psalm-23/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"faith","reason":"The psalm opens by resting everything on one confession, that the LORD is the speaker's shepherd."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Verse 6 looks ahead to goodness and mercy for all his days and a dwelling in the LORD's house for ever."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"In verse 4 the speaker walks through the valley of the shadow of death and refuses to fear evil."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The whole psalm is spoken in reverent dependence, ending with the desire to dwell in God's house."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"psychopathia-sexualis","title":"Psychopathia Sexualis","author":"Richard von Krafft-Ebing","year":"1886 (Rebman English adaptation 1906)","sortYear":1886,"era":"19th-century","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classic-psychiatry"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"research text"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["madness-mind","illness-body","justice-law","gender-women","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["sexuality-medicalized","heredity-degeneration","medical-ethics","physicians-doctors","obsession-monomania","mind-body"],"blurb":"Psychopathia Sexualis is a medico-forensic taxonomy of sexual behavior written for physicians and lawyers. Krafft-Ebing organizes case histories under categories such as hyperaesthesia, anaesthesia, paraesthesia, sadism, masochism, fetishism, and contrary sexual feeling, using the language of degeneration, neuropathic heredity, and criminal responsibility.","lessonTitles":["Psychopathia Sexualis teaches historical caution","Psychopathia Sexualis links evidence and authority","Psychopathia Sexualis complicates mind and body","Psychopathia Sexualis warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["studies-on-hysteria","civilization-and-its-discontents","the-interpretation-of-dreams","body-and-mind"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/psychopathia-sexualis.txt","source":"Internet Archive scan of Rebman English adaptation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/psychopathiasexu00krafuoft","translator":"F. J. 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Its immediate occasion was the sermon A Discourse on the Love of Our Country, preached by the Dissenting minister Richard Price on 4 November 1789 to the Revolution Society at the meeting-house in the Old Jewry, and the society's address of congratulation to the French National Assembly.","lessonTitles":["Liberty received as a family inheritance","The real rights of men in society","Affection begins in the little platoon","Manners as the drapery of life","Reform in order to conserve"],"comparisons":["common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","the-social-contract","second-treatise-of-government","a-tale-of-two-cities","the-scarlet-pimpernel","the-spirit-of-the-laws"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #15679 (The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 03 of 12, John C. 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Benedict begins with a contested quotation from a dialogue between the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Paleologus and a Persian interlocutor, then uses the controversy over faith and violence to introduce his larger claim: acting against reason is contrary to the nature of God.","lessonTitles":["Regensburg Lecture: formed attention","Regensburg Lecture: order and disorder","Regensburg Lecture: body and soul"],"comparisons":["timaeus","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"regensburg-lecture","caption":"Portrait of Benedict XVI.","credit":"Giuseppe Ruggirello; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Benedict XVI","title":"Pope Benedictus XVI january,20 2006 (17)","creator":"Giuseppe Ruggirello","date":"2006-01-20","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Pope_Benedictus_XVI_january%2C20_2006_%2817%29.JPG?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Benedictus_XVI_january,20_2006_(17).JPG","institution":"","creditLine":"photo taken by a friend","localPath":"site/public/portraits/regensburg-lecture.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":504,"height":720,"bytes":50028,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/regensburg-lecture.json","url":"/works/regensburg-lecture/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"einstein-relativity","title":"Relativity: The Special and General Theory","author":"Albert Einstein","year":"1916","sortYear":1916,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Popular exposition with some algebra."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","memory-time","education","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Relativity: The Special and General Theory is Albert Einstein's own explanation of his two theories of relativity for readers who know no higher mathematics. He dated the preface December 1916, and the book appeared in German in 1917 as Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (gemeinverständlich), published by Vieweg in Braunschweig.","lessonTitles":["A concept must be tied to a test","Old theories live on inside new ones","Imagination disciplined by experiment","Writing hard ideas plainly"],"comparisons":["galileo-selected-writings","poincare-science-and-hypothesis","euclid-elements-book-i","popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery","kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/einstein-relativity.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #30155 (Relativity: The Special and General Theory, trans. Robert W. Lawson, New York: Henry Holt, 1920)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30155","translator":"Robert W. 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Tawney's question is how a society that once judged trade, lending and prices by moral and religious standards came to treat economic activity as a self-governing realm ruled by impersonal laws.","lessonTitles":["Economics was once a branch of ethics","The calling and the economic virtues","History is more tangled than any single thesis","Judging the past by its aims"],"comparisons":["weber-the-protestant-ethic-and-the-spirit-of-capitalism","calvin-institutes","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","summa-theologica","the-wealth-of-nations","rerum-novarum"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/tawney-religion-and-the-rise-of-capitalism.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #71223","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/71223","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"path":"content/works/tawney-religion-and-the-rise-of-capitalism.json","url":"/works/tawney-religion-and-the-rise-of-capitalism/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Tawney traces the medieval demand that prices and loans not exploit a neighbour's necessity."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"He credits Puritan teaching on the calling with forming habits of diligence and sober work."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"He records how older teaching treated relief of the poor as a Christian duty rather than a reward for good conduct."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"rerum-novarum","title":"Rerum Novarum","author":"Pope Leo XIII","year":"1891","sortYear":1891,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Formal encyclical; numbered paragraphs."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","class-society","money-wealth","justice-law","family","power-politics","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["public-health-sanitation","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"Rerum Novarum, issued by Pope Leo XIII on 15 May 1891 and addressed to the bishops of the Catholic world, takes its Latin title from its opening words about the spirit of revolutionary change. Its English title is On the Condition of the Working Classes.","lessonTitles":["Property serves the worker and the family","Ownership and right use are different questions","A wage is more than a bargain","Concord between classes, not war"],"comparisons":["centesimus-annus","the-communist-manifesto","the-wealth-of-nations","summa-theologica","hard-times","kuyper-lectures-on-calvinism"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/rerum-novarum.txt","source":"The Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1903), 'The Condition of the Working Classes', as proofread on Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Great_Encyclical_Letters_of_Pope_Leo_XIII/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Classes","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"pope-leo-xiii","caption":"Portrait of Pope Leo XIII (Taken on 11 April 1878).","credit":"Braun et Compagnie; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Pope Leo XIII","title":"Papa Leone XIII (3x4 cropped)","creator":"Braun et Compagnie","date":"Taken on 11 April 1878","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Papa_Leone_XIII_%283x4_cropped%29.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papa_Leone_XIII_(3x4_cropped).jpeg","institution":"","creditLine":"Observador.pt: Info Pic Getty Images: Info 1 Info 2","localPath":"site/public/portraits/pope-leo-xiii.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q43922 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":540,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/rerum-novarum.json","url":"/works/rerum-novarum/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Leo insists that a wage must suffice for a frugal and well-behaved worker, whatever the bargain says."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The encyclical ends by calling charity the queen of virtues and the chief source of the remedies it proposes."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Leo calls labor an honorable calling and pictures the worker saving his wages to buy a small estate for his family."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Sunday rest is defended as owed to God, a right the worker cannot surrender even if he wished."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"reves-v-ernst-and-young","title":"Reves v. 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Edwards","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"2004","sortYear":2004,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"securities law; written for advanced students and Series 65 candidates"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","justice-law","technology-modernity","crime-punishment"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Charles Edwards was chairman, chief executive and sole shareholder of ETS Payphones, Inc. Through independent distributors ETS sold payphones to the public for about $7,000 each, packaged with a site lease, a five-year leaseback and management agreement, and a promise to buy the phone back at full price at the end of the lease or within 180 days of a request.","lessonTitles":["Reading a precedent in its context","Substance over labels, again","Guaranteed returns and vulnerable investors"],"comparisons":["sec-v-w-j-howey-co","reves-v-ernst-and-young","aaron-v-sec"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/sec-v-edwards.txt","source":"SEC v. 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W. J. Howey Co.","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1946","sortYear":1946,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"securities law; written for advanced students and Series 65 candidates"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","justice-law","nature-landscape","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The W. J. Howey Company owned large citrus groves in Lake County, Florida, near a resort hotel it also operated. Each year it planted about five hundred acres, kept half and sold the rest to the public in narrow strips, explaining that the sales helped finance further planting.","lessonTitles":["Substance over form","A definition built to last","Respecting the trial court","Disclosure as the remedy"],"comparisons":["sec-v-edwards","reves-v-ernst-and-young","the-wealth-of-nations","wickard-v-filburn","sec-v-capital-gains-research-bureau"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/sec-v-w-j-howey-co.txt","source":"SEC v. W. J. 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Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina had turned the debate into an attack on New England, accusing it of selfishness toward the West and of disloyalty during the War of 1812, and had defended the doctrine, associated with Vice President John C. Calhoun, who was presiding, that a state may declare a federal law unconstitutional and refuse to enforce it.","lessonTitles":["Who is sovereign over the Constitution","Answering an opponent without losing the subject","Union and liberty held together"],"comparisons":["gettysburg-address","washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","house-divided-speech","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/webster-second-reply-to-hayne.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #12606: The Great Speeches and Orations of Daniel Webster, ed. Edwin P. 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This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . Please see Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag for more information.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/charles-spurgeon.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q278825; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":582,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/spurgeon-selected-sermons.json","url":"/works/spurgeon-selected-sermons/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"moody-selected-sermons","title":"Selected Sermons","author":"Dwight L. 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This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . 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It opens with an introductory chapter that admits the book's political bad conscience: Lawrence knew that Britain and France had already divided the Arab lands in the Sykes–Picot agreement while he encouraged the Arabs to fight for independence.","lessonTitles":["Leading people whose cause you know may be betrayed","Guerrilla war as an argument from space and time","Wearing another people's identity has a cost","Violence erodes the restraint it was meant to protect"],"comparisons":["the-river-war","the-persian-expedition","heart-of-darkness","the-odyssey","on-war","testament-of-youth"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"t-e-lawrence","caption":"Portrait of T. E. Lawrence.","credit":"Harris & Ewing; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"T. E. 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The rider, dressed in dark, fine clothes and calling himself only Shane, stops at the homestead of Joe Starrett, Bob's father, and Joe's wife, Marian.","lessonTitles":["A man can try to change","Work that builds a friendship","Courage and the right use of force","Seeing a hero through a child's eyes"],"comparisons":["the-last-of-the-mohicans","little-house-on-the-prairie","little-britches","the-iliad","my-antonia"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/shane.json","url":"/works/shane/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Shane rides alone to Grafton's to face Stark Wilson and Luke Fletcher so that Joe will not be killed."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Joe and Shane work through a long day with axe and shoulder until the great stump finally comes out."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Shane walks away from Chris's taunts at Grafton's rather than use his skill on a boastful cowhand."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Shane takes Joe's danger on himself, and Joe stands beside Shane against Morgan's crew in the saloon."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"shearson-american-express-v-mcmahon","title":"Shearson/American Express Inc. v. 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Julia McMahon signed two customer agreements providing that any controversy over the accounts would be settled by arbitration.","lessonTitles":["Keeping a bargain","Reading an old precedent in a new setting","Fairness of the forum","Settled interpretation and the role of Congress"],"comparisons":["reves-v-ernst-and-young","ernst-and-ernst-v-hochfelder","basic-inc-v-levinson","democracy-in-america"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/shearson-american-express-v-mcmahon.txt","source":"Shearson/American Express Inc. v. 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In his youth Silas belonged to a strict dissenting congregation at Lantern Yard in a northern manufacturing town, where he was respected for his piety and for the cataleptic fits the brethren took for spiritual visitations.","lessonTitles":["From gold to a child","Trusting in the dark","The cost of concealment","Who is a father?"],"comparisons":["great-expectations","a-christmas-carol","the-pilgrims-progress","the-scarlet-letter","middlemarch"],"quoteCount":9,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/silas-marner.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #550","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/550","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"silas-marner","caption":"Early edition of Silas Marner (1861).","credit":"Published by Blackwood, 1861; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Silas Marner","title":"Silas Marner 1","creator":"Published by Blackwood, 1861","date":"1861","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Silas_Marner_1.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silas_Marner_1.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Silas Marner (free pdf on Archive.org)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/silas-marner.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":406,"height":720,"bytes":33555,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/silas-marner.json","url":"/works/silas-marner/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Silas takes in an orphan and gives her sixteen years of patient, self-forgetting care."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Dolly Winthrop teaches Silas to trust in a goodness larger than he can see, and he comes to say there are dealings with us."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Eppie honors the father who raised her and vows to cleave to him as long as he lives."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Silas's steady labor at his loom supports Eppie, and Aaron's gardening makes their home pleasant."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"sinners-and-the-surprising-work-of-god","title":"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and A Faithful Narrative","author":"Jonathan Edwards","year":"1737 / 1741","sortYear":1741,"era":"18th-century","genre":"sermons","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","guilt-sin","death-mortality","madness-mind","class-society","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["altered-states","neurosis-anxiety","melancholia-depression","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"This paired entry sets Jonathan Edwards's most famous terror sermon beside his narrative of revival in Northampton and neighboring towns. 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Gawain accepts the challenge, cuts off the Green Knight's head, and must seek the Green Chapel a year later to receive the return blow.","lessonTitles":["Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: formed attention","Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: order and disorder","Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: body and soul"],"comparisons":["the-lais-of-marie-de-france","the-song-of-roland"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #66084","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66084","translator":"Jessie L. 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It contains Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921) and Henry IV (1922), both translated by Edward Storer, and Right You Are!","lessonTitles":["The character who will not be rewritten","Judged by one act","Masks chosen and masks imposed","Curiosity and charity"],"comparisons":["hamlet","don-quixote","sartre-no-exit-and-three-other-plays","beckett-waiting-for-godot","a-dolls-house-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/pirandello-three-plays.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #42148","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42148","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"luigi-pirandello","caption":"Portrait of Luigi Pirandello (1932).","credit":"Agence de presse Meurisse; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Luigi Pirandello","title":"Luigi Pirandello 1932","creator":"Agence de presse Meurisse","date":"1932","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","localPath":"site/public/portraits/luigi-pirandello.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q1403 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":598,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/pirandello-three-plays.json","url":"/works/pirandello-three-plays/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Ponza and Signora Frola each shield the other's supposed delusion, accepting hardship rather than shattering it."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Laudisi repeatedly reminds the townspeople that they cannot see into another's life, against their confident prying."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The Step-Daughter demands that the scene at Madame Pace's be shown truthfully rather than softened by the actors."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"sixty-stories","title":"Sixty Stories","author":"Donald Barthelme","year":"1981","sortYear":1981,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"experimental fiction; adult content"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["language-storytelling","satire-folly","isolation-alienation","technology-modernity","death-mortality","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["death-dying","grief","madness-psychosis","aging-senescence","neurosis-anxiety"],"blurb":"Sixty Stories is Donald Barthelme's own selection of his short fiction from roughly two decades, drawn from collections such as Come Back, Dr. Caligari, Unspeakable Practices, Unnatural Acts, City Life, Sadness, Amateurs and Great Days, together with some previously uncollected pieces. The stories are short, often only a few pages, and are among the defining works of American postmodern fiction.","lessonTitles":["Fragments can carry feeling","Language as a material","Explaining death to children"],"comparisons":["the-new-york-trilogy","the-portable-dorothy-parker","gullivers-travels","maupassant-selected-short-stories"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"donald-barthelme","caption":"Portrait of Donald Barthelme.","credit":"University of Houston; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Donald Barthelme","title":"Donald Barthelme (author)","creator":"University of Houston","date":"Unknown date","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Donald_Barthelme_%28author%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Barthelme_(author).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Donald Barthelme , Courtesy of Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/donald-barthelme.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q353869; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":488,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/sixty-stories.json","url":"/works/sixty-stories/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/264656164110","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"slaughter-house-cases","title":"Slaughter-House Cases","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1873","sortYear":1873,"era":"19th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","race-slavery","money-wealth","class-society","illness-body"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"In March 1869 the Louisiana legislature passed an act entitled \"An act to protect the health of the city of New Orleans,\" which chartered the Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company and gave it for twenty-five years the sole right to maintain stock landings and slaughterhouses in the parishes of Orleans, Jefferson and St. Bernard. Every butcher in that district of over a thousand square miles had to bring his animals to the company's slaughterhouse below the city and pay its fees.","lessonTitles":["Reading new amendments by their purpose","The federal balance","Health law and economic liberty","The right to work at a trade"],"comparisons":["dred-scott-v-sandford","barron-v-baltimore","lochner-v-new-york","plessy-v-ferguson","the-founding-documents","charles-river-bridge-v-warren-bridge"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/slaughter-house-cases.txt","source":"Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36 (1873), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-samuel-miller","caption":"Portrait of Samuel Freeman Miller.","credit":"Mathew Benjamin Brady / Levin Corbin Handy; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Samuel Freeman Miller","title":"Samuel Freeman Miller - Brady-Handy","creator":"Mathew Benjamin Brady / Levin Corbin Handy","date":"between 1870 and 1880date QS:P571,+1850-","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Samuel_Freeman_Miller_-_Brady-Handy.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Freeman_Miller_-_Brady-Handy.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cwpbh.03994.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-samuel-miller.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q2218270 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":540,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/slaughter-house-cases.json","url":"/works/slaughter-house-cases/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Miller weighs the consequences of a broad reading for the whole federal system before deciding a dispute among New Orleans butchers."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The butchers went to law to defend the trade by which about a thousand of them supported their families."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Field and Bradley insist that every citizen, whatever his race or condition, has an equal claim to pursue a lawful calling without a state-made monopoly in the way."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"sonnet-116","title":"Sonnet 116","author":"William Shakespeare","year":"1609","sortYear":1609,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","marriage","memory-time","death-mortality","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Sonnet 116 is Shakespeare's most famous definition of love, and it works by saying first what love is not. The speaker opens with a phrase borrowed from the church's marriage service: he will not admit impediments to the marriage of true minds.","lessonTitles":["Constancy as the test of love","The star whose worth is unknown","Love outlasting the body"],"comparisons":["on-his-blindness","ozymandias","death-be-not-proud","ode-on-a-grecian-urn","shakespeares-sonnets"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/sonnet-116.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1041: Shakespeare's Sonnets","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1041","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"sonnet-116","caption":"Early edition of Sonnet 116 (1609).","credit":"William Shakespeare; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Sonnet 116","title":"Sonnet 116 1609","creator":"William Shakespeare","date":"1609","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Sonnet_116_1609.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonnet_116_1609.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/4v6o9n","localPath":"site/public/portraits/sonnet-116.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":485,"height":354,"bytes":52641,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/sonnet-116.json","url":"/works/sonnet-116/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Love is pictured as an ever-fixed mark that looks on tempests and is never shaken."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The sonnet defines love as bearing it out to the edge of doom, the enduring love Paul describes in 1 Corinthians 13."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"The speaker's love keeps faith with the beloved when beauty fades within the sickle's compass."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The marriage of true minds is a union of wills, the bond of the closest friendship as well as of spouses."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"shakespeares-sonnets","title":"Sonnets","author":"William Shakespeare","year":"1609","sortYear":1609,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","memory-time","death-mortality","art-creation","friendship","guilt-sin","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","fever-infection","aging-senescence","humoral-medicine","syphilis-venereal"],"blurb":"Shakespeare's Sonnets is a sequence of 154 fourteen-line poems, nearly all in the form now named after him: three quatrains rhyming abab cdcd efef and a closing couplet gg, in iambic pentameter. 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The Armada sent by Philip II had already been driven up the Channel and scattered after the fighting off Gravelines, but no one in England yet knew that it would not return, and the Duke of Parma's army still stood ready in the Spanish Netherlands to cross.","lessonTitles":["Leadership by presence","Turning weakness into strength","Mutual obligation between ruler and people"],"comparisons":["st-crispins-day-speech","we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches","the-trial-of-joan-of-arc","henry-v"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/elizabeth-speech-at-tilbury.txt","source":"Leonel Sharp's account, printed in Cabala, sive Scrinia Sacra: Mysteries of State and Government (London, 1654), as transcribed on Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"elizabeth-speech-at-tilbury","caption":"Queen Elizabeth I addressing her troops at Tilbury in 1588 (19th-century print).","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Speech to the Troops at Tilbury","title":"Speech to the Troops at Tilbury","creator":"Unknown author","date":"XVIII-XIX century","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"old engraving","localPath":"site/public/portraits/elizabeth-speech-at-tilbury.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":500,"height":690,"bytes":76712,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/elizabeth-speech-at-tilbury.json","url":"/works/elizabeth-speech-at-tilbury/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Elizabeth comes unguarded among armed men and resolves to live and die with her army rather than shelter from the danger.","vices":["cowardice"]},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"She thinks foul scorn that any prince of Europe should invade her realm and promises to reward every soldier's valour in the field."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"She places her strength under God and frames the war as defense of my God, my kingdom, and my people."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"She pledges in the word of a prince that the soldiers' rewards shall be duly paid, binding herself to what she owes them."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"compromise-of-1850-speeches","title":"Speeches on the Compromise of 1850","author":"Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster","year":"1850","sortYear":1850,"era":"19th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","race-slavery","leadership","war-violence","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["tuberculosis-consumption","death-dying"],"blurb":"These three Senate speeches were the central statements in the long debate of 1850 over the lands won from Mexico, and the last great addresses of the three statesmen of their generation. 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Appleton, 1854), via the Internet Archive (worksofjohnc04calhrich); Webster: The Works of Daniel Webster / Speeches, via Project Gutenberg #12606","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/lastsevenyearsof00colt","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"henry-clay","caption":"Portrait of Henry Clay.","credit":"Matthew Harris Jouett; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Henry Clay","title":"Henry Clay","creator":"Matthew Harris Jouett","date":"1818","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Henry_Clay.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Clay.JPG","institution":"","creditLine":"Flickr","localPath":"site/public/portraits/henry-clay.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q319630 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":596,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/compromise-of-1850-speeches.json","url":"/works/compromise-of-1850-speeches/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Clay withdrew to his room for weeks to frame a plan that gave each section something, and challenged critics to offer a better one."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Calhoun, near death, came to the Senate to sit through the reading of his speech rather than leave his position unstated."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Webster spoke as an American rather than as a Massachusetts man, granting Southern grievances at the cost of his standing at home."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Clay closed by praying that he would never see the Union dissolved, staking his last strength on its preservation."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"st-dymphna-and-geel","title":"St. Dymphna and the Geel Colony","author":"Pierre of Cambrai; Geel tradition","year":"c. 1247; Geel colony tradition from the Middle Ages","sortYear":1247,"era":"medieval","genre":"hagiography","originalLanguage":"Latin and English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["saints","faith-religion","madness-mind","illness-body","family","home-exile","gender-women","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","melancholia-depression","trauma-shell-shock","asylum-institution","nursing-caregiving","medical-ethics","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"St. Dymphna and the Geel Colony is less a single book than a layered dossier: a thirteenth-century Latin Vita by Pierre of Cambrai, a medieval shrine in the Brabant town of Geel, and a centuries-long practice of boarding mentally ill people with local families. The legend tells of an Irish princess whose widowed father, deranged by grief and desire, attempts to marry his daughter because she resembles her dead mother.","lessonTitles":["Legend can found a real institution","Community care predates modern slogans","Trauma should not be softened into charm","Diagnosis is not the only historical question"],"comparisons":["golden-legend-popular-saints","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","st-patricks-writings"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/st-dymphna-and-geel.txt","source":"Partial source packet from The Catholic Encyclopedia article on St. Dymphna","sourceUrl":"https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05221b.htm","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"st-dymphna","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of St. Dymphna.","credit":"Godfried Maes; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"St. Dymphna","title":"The beheading of Saint Dymphna","creator":"Godfried Maes","date":"1688","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Godfried_Maes_-_The_beheading_of_Saint_Dymphna.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Godfried_Maes_-_The_beheading_of_Saint_Dymphna.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X001222&objnr=71495&nr=12","localPath":"site/public/portraits/st-dymphna.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Devotional painting used as an imagined/posthumous likeness for the saint and Geel tradition. 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The Confessio begins with a self-portrait of abasement: Patrick calls himself a sinner, unlearned, rustic, and contemptible to many.","lessonTitles":["The earliest Patrick is not the holiday mascot","Captivity can become vocation without becoming harmless","Institutional memory reshapes charismatic memory","A vision narrative needs historical tact"],"comparisons":["confessions","early-christian-lives","the-history-of-the-church","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-bible","the-rule-of-st-benedict"],"quoteCount":4,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/st-patricks-writings.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #74617 and #74616; selected supporting note from Bury's Life of St. Patrick","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74617","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"saint-patrick","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Saint Patrick.","credit":"Nheyob; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Saint Patrick","title":"Saint Patrick Catholic Church (Junction City, Ohio) - stained glass, Saint Patrick - detail","creator":"Nheyob","date":"2015-03-21 14:44:21","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Saint_Patrick_Catholic_Church_%28Junction_City%2C_Ohio%29_-_stained_glass%2C_Saint_Patrick_-_detail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Patrick_Catholic_Church_(Junction_City,_Ohio)_-_stained_glass,_Saint_Patrick_-_detail.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/saint-patrick.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Central saint and subject of the collected texts. Wikidata Q165479; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":575,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/st-patricks-writings.json","url":"/works/st-patricks-writings/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Patrick opens his Confession calling himself a sinner and the least of the faithful."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Patrick returns to the land of his captivity to preach to those who enslaved him."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"st-thomas-becket-and-canterbury-miracles","title":"St. Thomas Becket and the Canterbury Miracles","author":"Edward Grim; Benedict of Peterborough; William of Canterbury tradition","year":"1170-1173; miracle collections late 12th century","sortYear":1170,"era":"medieval","genre":"hagiography","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["saints","justice-law","power-politics","illness-body","death-mortality","faith-religion","the-supernatural","travel-journey"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["fever-infection","disability-deformity","epilepsy-seizures","madness-psychosis","leprosy","death-dying","medical-ethics","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"St. Thomas Becket and the Canterbury Miracles traces a murder into a medical archive. Becket's political story is familiar: the brilliant royal chancellor becomes archbishop of Canterbury, clashes with Henry II over ecclesiastical liberty and royal jurisdiction, goes into exile, returns under tense compromise, and is killed in the cathedral on 29 December 1170 by knights acting in the atmosphere of the king's fury.","lessonTitles":["A shrine can become an archive","Relic water is portable medicine","Martyrdom can alter political medicine","Claims are evidence even when cures are debated"],"comparisons":["golden-legend-popular-saints","the-trial-of-joan-of-arc","life-of-st-martin","the-varieties-of-religious-experience"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/st-thomas-becket-and-canterbury-miracles.txt","source":"Partial public-domain packet from Golden Legend/Caxton material and older public-domain Becket source summaries","sourceUrl":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/goldenlegend/","translator":"William Caxton; public-domain English summaries for Grim and miracle collections","translationYear":"1483; nineteenth-century summaries"},"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-becket","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Thomas Becket.","credit":"Peter of Langtoft; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Becket","title":"BecketHenryII (Thomas Becket)","creator":"Peter of Langtoft","date":"between 1307 and 1327","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/BecketHenryII_%28Thomas_Becket%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BecketHenryII_(Thomas_Becket).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/SODimages3/108_BecketHenryII.jpg ; original held in British Library, Royal 20 A II folio.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-becket.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Medieval manuscript image used as an imagined/posthumous likeness. Wikidata Q192236; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":155,"height":264,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/st-thomas-becket-and-canterbury-miracles.json","url":"/works/st-thomas-becket-and-canterbury-miracles/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"st-vitus-and-dancing-mania","title":"St. Vitus and the Dancing Mania","author":"Vitus tradition; J. F. C. Hecker; Benjamin Guy Babington","year":"medieval passion tradition; Hecker 1832, Babington translation 1833/1888","sortYear":1374,"era":"medieval","genre":"hagiography","originalLanguage":"Latin and German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["saints","madness-mind","illness-body","faith-religion","the-supernatural","class-society","language-storytelling","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["mania","hysteria","epilepsy-seizures","altered-states","mind-body","humoral-medicine","plague-epidemic"],"blurb":"St. Vitus and the Dancing Mania joins two histories that later language often confuses: the hagiographic cult of a youthful martyr and the medical naming of involuntary or epidemic movement. The saint layer is late antique and medieval.","lessonTitles":["One name can hide several disorders","Mass illness is not mass fakery","Medicalization changes authority","Retrospective theories need restraint"],"comparisons":["golden-legend-popular-saints","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind","hippocratic-writings"],"quoteCount":4,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/st-vitus-and-dancing-mania.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1739 and The Catholic Encyclopedia article on Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1739","translator":"Benjamin Guy Babington for Hecker","translationYear":"1833; Cassell edition 1888"},"portrait":{"ref":"st-vitus","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of St. Vitus.","credit":"Debbie Ramone; CC BY-SA 2.0.","media":{"subject":"St. Vitus","title":"Saint Vitus in Memphis","creator":"Debbie Ramone","date":"2012-09-15 23:43:27","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Saint_Vitus_in_Memphis.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Vitus_in_Memphis.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Flickr : St. Vitus","localPath":"site/public/portraits/st-vitus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Devotional sculpture/saint image used as an imagined/posthumous likeness. Wikidata Q514336; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":720,"height":406,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/st-vitus-and-dancing-mania.json","url":"/works/st-vitus-and-dancing-mania/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"standard-oil-v-united-states","title":"Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1911","sortYear":1911,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","justice-law","power-politics","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In 1870 John D. Rockefeller, his brother William, Henry M. Flagler and others organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio to refine crude oil. Over the next decade the company acquired or allied itself with most of its competitors, and in 1882 the stockholders of some forty companies placed their shares with nine trustees, creating the Standard Oil Trust.","lessonTitles":["Reading a broad statute","The history behind the law of monopoly","Freedom of contract and freedom of trade","Agreeing on the result, differing on the reason"],"comparisons":["munn-v-illinois","the-wealth-of-nations","pollock-v-farmers-loan-and-trust","schechter-poultry-v-united-states","gibbons-v-ogden"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/standard-oil-v-united-states.txt","source":"Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. 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It continues the conversation of the Sophist, held the day before: a visitor from Elea, a follower of Parmenides, has defined the sophist, and now, at Socrates' request, he undertakes to define the statesman or king.","lessonTitles":["Ruling is a kind of knowledge","Law as a second best","Weaving opposite virtues together","Myth and method in the search for truth"],"comparisons":["the-republic","plato-laws","politics","hesiod-theogony-and-works-and-days","timaeus"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/plato-statesman.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1738","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1738","translator":"Benjamin Jowett","translationYear":1892},"portrait":{"ref":"plato","caption":"Portrait of Plato (2009).","credit":"Marie-Lan Nguyen; CC BY 2.5.","media":{"subject":"Plato","title":"Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377","creator":"Marie-Lan Nguyen","date":"2009","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY 2.5","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/plato.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q859; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":480,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/plato-statesman.json","url":"/works/plato-statesman/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The Stranger's ideal ruler is defined by practical knowledge that fits action to each changing case, like a physician revising his prescriptions."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"The digression on measure makes the due mean the standard of every art, and the royal weaver prizes the temperate nature as one strand of the city."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The closing section values the courageous nature as the city's power of action, provided it is woven together with gentleness."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"When true rulers are absent, the Stranger insists that cities keep their laws strictly rather than let anyone override them for private ends."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde","title":"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde","author":"Robert Louis Stevenson","year":"1886","sortYear":1886,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["identity-self","guilt-sin","science-knowledge","crime-punishment","madness-mind","class-society","friendship"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","pharmacology-poisons","addiction","altered-states","psychology-unconscious","mind-body","suicide","sleep-insomnia","heredity-degeneration","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"Mr. Utterson, a reserved and loyal London lawyer, takes his Sunday walk with his kinsman Richard Enfield, who points out a shabby door in a by-street and tells how, at three one winter morning, he saw a small man trample a little girl and walk on. Caught and threatened, the man paid close to a hundred pounds in compensation with a cheque signed by a respected gentleman.","lessonTitles":["Respectability is not virtue","The illusion of control","The divided self and the united person","Friendship and silence"],"comparisons":["frankenstein","dracula","confessions","the-screwtape-letters","studies-on-hysteria","treasure-island"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #43","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde","caption":"Early edition of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886).","credit":"Robert Louis Stevenson; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde","title":"Jekyll and Hyde Title","creator":"Robert Louis Stevenson","date":"1886","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Jekyll_and_Hyde_Title.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jekyll_and_Hyde_Title.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Robert Louis Stevenson, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, edited with an introduction and notes by Richard Dury, 2nd edition, Genova: ECIG, 2005, ill. 15","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":471,"height":720,"bytes":46152,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde.json","url":"/works/the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Utterson keeps faith with Jekyll for years, tracking Hyde and finally breaking down the cabinet door to help him.","vices":["disloyalty"]},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Jekyll's two months of abstinence collapse into a frenzy that ends in the Carew murder, showing what is lost when appetite is indulged rather than mastered.","vices":["intemperance"]},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Jekyll's confession shows a man who chose to hide his faults rather than admit them, and whose pride in his reputation helped create Hyde.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Utterson honours Lanyon's instruction not to open the sealed envelope before Jekyll's death or disappearance, even though curiosity tempts him."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"levi-strauss-structural-anthropology","title":"Structural Anthropology","author":"Claude Lévi-Strauss","year":"1958","sortYear":1958,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","language-storytelling","family","faith-religion","the-supernatural","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","quackery-charlatans","childbirth-maternal","psychology-unconscious","mind-body","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"Structural Anthropology (Anthropologie structurale) is a collection of seventeen essays by the French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, published by Plon in Paris in 1958 and translated into English by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf for Basic Books in 1963. In his preface Lévi-Strauss explains that he chose them from roughly a hundred papers written over some thirty years; most had appeared in journals between the mid-1940s and the mid-1950s, and two were printed for the first time in the book.","lessonTitles":["Meaning lies in relations","Belief and healing","Reading myths as systems"],"comparisons":["frazer-the-golden-bough","the-theban-plays","the-interpretation-of-dreams","rousseau-discourse-on-inequality"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/levi-strauss-structural-anthropology.json","url":"/works/levi-strauss-structural-anthropology/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Lévi-Strauss treats the thought of Kwakiutl, Cuna and Zuni healers and storytellers as rigorous logic to be learned from, not as error to be corrected."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In History and Anthropology he insists that the two disciplines need each other and warns against the speculative evolutionary histories of earlier anthropology."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"sts-cosmas-and-damian","title":"Sts. Cosmas and Damian: Physician Saints","author":"Jacobus de Voragine; Byzantine miracle tradition","year":"late antique cult; medieval miracle collections","sortYear":1260,"era":"medieval","genre":"hagiography","originalLanguage":"Greek, Latin, and Middle English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["saints","illness-body","faith-religion","the-supernatural","science-knowledge","virtue-ethics","death-mortality","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","surgery","medical-ethics","ancient-medicine","anatomy-dissection","pain","death-dying"],"blurb":"Sts. Cosmas and Damian are the physician saints par excellence: twin or paired martyrs, healers without payment, patrons of doctors and surgeons, and subjects of one of medieval art's strangest surgical miracles. The historical core is modest.","lessonTitles":["Free care becomes a sacred ideal","Miracle surgery is still medical evidence of a kind","Healing shrines organize patient expectation","Surgical patronage dignifies manual medicine"],"comparisons":["galen-selected-works","hippocratic-writings","golden-legend-popular-saints","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick","frankenstein"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/sts-cosmas-and-damian.txt","source":"Partial source packet from The Catholic Encyclopedia article on Cosmas and Damian and the Caxton/Ellis Golden Legend tradition","sourceUrl":"https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04403e.htm","translator":"William Caxton; modernized by F. S. Ellis for Golden Legend portions","translationYear":"1483; 1900"},"portrait":{"ref":"sts-cosmas-and-damian","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Sts. Cosmas and Damian.","credit":"Jean Bourdichon; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Sts. 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Roch and Sebastian: Plague Saints","author":"Jacobus de Voragine; Francesco Diedo tradition; later plague devotion","year":"c. 1260; Roch tradition c. 1478","sortYear":1478,"era":"medieval","genre":"hagiography","originalLanguage":"Latin and Middle English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["saints","illness-body","death-mortality","faith-religion","the-supernatural","class-society","virtue-ethics","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","fever-infection","public-health-sanitation","nursing-caregiving","death-dying","pain"],"blurb":"Sts. Roch and Sebastian became plague saints through two different imaginative routes. Sebastian is an older martyr of the Roman persecution tradition.","lessonTitles":["Epidemics need images as well as explanations","The caregiver is also exposed","Devotion and public health overlap","Plague stories remember social triage"],"comparisons":["golden-legend-popular-saints","early-franciscan-sources","wesley-sermons-and-primitive-physick"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/sts-roch-and-sebastian.txt","source":"Partial source packet from The Catholic Encyclopedia article on Roch and the Caxton/Ellis Golden Legend tradition for Sebastian","sourceUrl":"https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13100c.htm","translator":"William Caxton; modernized by F. S. Ellis for Golden Legend portions","translationYear":"1483; 1900"},"portrait":{"ref":"sts-roch-and-sebastian","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Sts. Roch and Sebastian.","credit":"North Italian Painter; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Sts. 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Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":551,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/sts-roch-and-sebastian.json","url":"/works/sts-roch-and-sebastian/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"stuart-little","title":"Stuart Little","author":"E. B. White","year":"1945","sortYear":1945,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["travel-journey","friendship","identity-self","childhood","animals","heroism","education"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Stuart Little is the second son of Mr. and Mrs. Frederick C. Little of New York City, and from his arrival he is only about two inches tall and looks in every way like a mouse. 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It contains some 512 questions divided into about 2,600 articles, each built on the same disciplined form inherited from university disputation.","lessonTitles":["State the opposing case at its strongest","Grace perfects nature rather than replacing it","The soul is the form of the body","Influence without necessity"],"comparisons":["the-nicomachean-ethics","city-of-god","meditations-on-first-philosophy","dialogues-concerning-natural-religion","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-anatomy-of-melancholy"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/summa-theologica.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #17611","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17611","translator":"Fathers of the English Dominican Province","translationYear":"1911-1920"},"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-aquinas","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Thomas Aquinas.","credit":"Carlo Crivelli; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Aquinas","title":"Saint Thomas Aquinas","creator":"Carlo Crivelli","date":"1476","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This file was derived from: St-thomas-aquinas.jpg :","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-aquinas.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q9438; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":480,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/summa-theologica.json","url":"/works/summa-theologica/","virtues":[{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Aquinas sets reason to the service of faith, holding that grace perfects nature."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Aquinas’ ordered method of objection, authority, response, and reply models careful judgment."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"surprised-by-joy","title":"Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life","author":"C. S. Lewis","year":"1955","sortYear":1955,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Reflective prose; boarding-school cruelty and war."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","doubt-meaning","identity-self","childhood","education","friendship","war-violence","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["grief","war-wounds","fever-infection","trauma-shell-shock","death-dying"],"blurb":"Surprised by Joy is C. S. Lewis's account of his life from early childhood to his acceptance of Christianity in 1931. Lewis says in his preface that the book is not a full autobiography but the story of his conversion, and that it follows one thread: his experience of what he calls Joy, a sudden, piercing longing for something unnamed that is itself more desirable than any ordinary satisfaction.","lessonTitles":["Longing as a signpost","Honest thinking leads somewhere","Grief and the loss of a child's world","The surrender of the will"],"comparisons":["confessions","grace-abounding","mere-christianity","the-screwtape-letters","apologia-pro-vita-sua","testament-of-youth"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"c-s-lewis","caption":"C. S. Lewis as a young man, 1917.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. 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K. Scott Moncrieff translated under the title Remembrance of Things Past. Grasset issued it at Proust's expense in November 1913.","lessonTitles":["Memory that the will cannot command","Love made from art and imagination","Jealousy as a sickness","The social comedy of Combray and Paris"],"comparisons":["woolf-to-the-lighthouse","mrs-dalloway","confessions","rousseaus-confessions","the-great-gatsby"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/proust-swanns-way.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #7178","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7178","translator":"C. K. 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Painter","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1950","sortYear":1950,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","justice-law","race-slavery","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"In February 1946 Heman Marion Sweatt, a Houston mail carrier and a graduate of Wiley College, applied to the University of Texas Law School in Austin. The university's president, Theophilus S. Painter, refused him admission because state law reserved the university for white students, and at that time no law school in Texas admitted Black applicants.","lessonTitles":["Measuring equality in a law school","Learning law among the people it serves","Deciding no more than the case requires","Rights that are personal and present"],"comparisons":["plessy-v-ferguson","brown-v-board-of-education","everson-v-board-of-education","democracy-in-america"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/sweatt-v-painter.txt","source":"Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-fred-vinson","caption":"Portrait of Fred M. Vinson.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Fred M. 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The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) opens with an essay on the analytical mind and introduces C. Auguste Dupin, a poor but brilliant Parisian gentleman who shares lodgings with the unnamed narrator.","lessonTitles":["Reason that sees what others overlook","No wall keeps out death","Conscience will speak","The cold logic of revenge","A house and a mind in ruin"],"comparisons":["the-raven","the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket","the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes","the-moonstone","the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde","macbeth"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/poe-tales.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBooks #2147 and #2148, The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, Raven Edition, Vols. 1–2","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2148","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"edgar-allan-poe","caption":"Portrait of Edgar Allan Poe.","credit":"Unknown author Unknown author ; Restored by Yann Forget and Adam Cuerden; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Edgar Allan Poe","title":"Edgar Allan Poe, circa 1849, restored, squared off","creator":"Unknown author Unknown author ; Restored by Yann Forget and Adam Cuerden","date":"1849-06","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe,_circa_1849,_restored,_squared_off.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Derived from File:Edgar Allan Poe, circa 1849, restored.jpg ; originally from http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=39406","localPath":"site/public/portraits/edgar-allan-poe.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q16867; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":512,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/poe-tales.json","url":"/works/poe-tales/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Dupin recovers the stolen letter by patient judgment of the Minister's character rather than by force, and leaves a copy so the theft goes unnoticed."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Dupin investigates the Rue Morgue killings partly to free Adolphe Le Bon, an innocent clerk who once did him a service."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Prince Prospero's proud attempt to shut out the plague with walls and revelry ends at midnight in the black chamber, showing by contrast the humility his people needed from him."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"tales-from-shakespeare","title":"Tales from Shakespeare","author":"Charles and Mary Lamb","year":"1807","sortYear":1807,"era":"19th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","family","justice-law","guilt-sin","the-supernatural","language-storytelling","virtue-ethics","childhood"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","physicians-doctors","sleep-insomnia","pharmacology-poisons","asylum-institution"],"blurb":"Tales from Shakespeare retells twenty of Shakespeare's plays as prose stories for children. A short preface explains the method: the authors keep Shakespeare's own words wherever they can, avoid words that came into English after his time, and hope the tales will send young readers on to the plays themselves when they are older.","lessonTitles":["Flattery and true love","Mercy is greater than the letter of the law","Forgiveness after long sorrow","Guilt that will not let a person rest"],"comparisons":["king-lear","a-midsummer-nights-dream","the-merchant-of-venice","macbeth","romeo-and-juliet","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/tales-from-shakespeare.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #573","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/573","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"tales-from-shakespeare","caption":"Early edition of Tales from Shakespeare (1831).","credit":"William Harvey; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Tales from Shakespeare","title":"Tales from Shakspeare (1831) title page","creator":"William Harvey","date":"1831","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Tales_from_Shakspeare_%281831%29_title_page.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tales_from_Shakspeare_(1831)_title_page.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Internet Archive identifier: talesfromshakspe00inlamb","localPath":"site/public/portraits/tales-from-shakespeare.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":433,"height":720,"bytes":52573,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/tales-from-shakespeare.json","url":"/works/tales-from-shakespeare/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Cordelia refuses to flatter Lear for a share of his kingdom and tells him only that she loves him as a daughter should."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Portia begs Shylock to show mercy before she ever turns the law against him."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Cordelia returns from France to nurse her mad father and pays his physicians with her own gold and jewels."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Paulina keeps Hermione hidden for many years until Perdita is found and Leontes has truly repented."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"tanglewood-tales","title":"Tanglewood Tales","author":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","year":"1853","sortYear":1853,"era":"19th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","family","virtue-ethics","the-supernatural","travel-journey","childhood","language-storytelling","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","physicians-doctors","ancient-medicine","pharmacology-poisons","grief","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"Tanglewood Tales is Nathaniel Hawthorne's second book of Greek myths retold for children, a sequel to A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys. 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Mark Studdock, a young sociologist and fellow of Bracton College in Edgestow, longs to belong to the inner circle of the college's Progressive Element.","lessonTitles":["The pull of the inner ring","Science without the moral law","Marriage, obedience and humility","Babel and its reversal"],"comparisons":["the-screwtape-letters","le-morte-darthur","frankenstein","animal-farm","on-fairy-stories","till-we-have-faces"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"that-hideous-strength","caption":"C. S. Lewis in 1917.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. 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S. Lewis","year":"1943","sortYear":1943,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","virtue-ethics","science-knowledge","technology-modernity","faith-religion","utopia-dystopia"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["medical-ethics","heredity-degeneration","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"The Abolition of Man is the text of three lectures C. S. Lewis gave as the Riddell Memorial Lectures at King's College, Newcastle upon Tyne, then part of the University of Durham, in February 1943, and published that year by Oxford University Press with the subtitle Reflections on Education with Special Reference to the Teaching of English in the Upper Forms of Schools. The first lecture, Men without Chests, begins with a small English textbook for schoolchildren, which Lewis calls The Green Book and whose authors he names Gaius and Titius out of courtesy.","lessonTitles":["Education trains the affections","No values from outside the Tao","Power over nature as power over men","The common moral inheritance"],"comparisons":["that-hideous-strength","the-screwtape-letters","the-republic","the-nicomachean-ethics","orwell-politics-and-the-english-language","we"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"c-s-lewis","caption":"Portrait of C. S. Lewis (1917).","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. 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This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/mark-twain.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q7245; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":581,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer.json","url":"/works/the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/255407558098","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-aeneid","title":"The Aeneid","author":"Virgil","year":"c. 29–19 BCE","sortYear":-19,"era":"ancient","genre":"epic","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"war violence"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","home-exile","fate-free-will","heroism","colonialism-empire","family","death-mortality","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["war-wounds","grief","suicide","trauma-shell-shock","altered-states","death-dying","plague-epidemic"],"blurb":"The Aeneid tells how Aeneas, a Trojan survivor, travels from ruined Troy to Italy to found the lineage that will become Rome. The poem opens with storm and displacement: Juno hates the Trojans, Aeolus releases winds, and Aeneas reaches Carthage.","lessonTitles":["Founding stories remember their victims","Duty can damage the dutiful","Grief becomes historical force"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","the-odyssey","the-bhagavad-gita"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-aeneid.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #228","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/228","translator":"John Dryden","translationYear":1697},"portrait":{"ref":"virgil","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Virgil.","credit":"Armando Mancini; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Virgil","title":"Parco della Grotta di Posillipo5 (crop)","creator":"Armando Mancini","date":"2010-04-11","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo5_%28crop%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo5_(crop).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/virgil.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q1398; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":579,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-aeneid.json","url":"/works/the-aeneid/","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Aeneas, called pius, carries his father from Troy and bears his household gods toward the founding of Rome.","vices":["impiety"]},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Aeneas endures storms, war, and the loss of Dido and his father to fulfill his duty to future Rome."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-age-of-alexander","title":"The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives","author":"Plutarch","year":"c. 100 CE","sortYear":100,"era":"ancient","genre":"biography","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["leadership","ambition","power-politics","war-violence","virtue-ethics","heroism","fate-free-will"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","pharmacology-poisons","fever-infection","alcohol","grief","disability-deformity","ancient-medicine","death-dying","suicide"],"blurb":"The Age of Alexander is a collection of nine of Plutarch's Lives covering the Greek world in the fourth and early third centuries BCE, from the decline of Sparta and Thebes through the rise of Macedon and the conquests of Alexander to the struggles of his successors. Removed from their original Roman pairings, they read as a sequence of Greek history told through character.","lessonTitles":["Character shows in small things","Power corrodes self-control","Philosophy and politics"],"comparisons":["the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","the-histories","the-twelve-caesars","frankenstein"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-age-of-alexander.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #674","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/674","translator":"John Dryden, revised by Arthur Hugh Clough","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"plutarch","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Plutarch.","credit":"Odysses; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Plutarch","title":"Plutarch of Chaeronea-03","creator":"Odysses","date":"2013-10-12 21:08:53","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/plutarch.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q41523; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":535,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-age-of-alexander.json","url":"/works/the-age-of-alexander/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/255212610689","virtues":[{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Plutarch shows Alexander’s generosity toward the family of Darius."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Plutarch tells how Demosthenes trained his weak voice by disciplined practice."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"bulfinch-age-of-fable","title":"The Age of Fable","author":"Thomas Bulfinch","year":"1855","sortYear":1855,"era":"19th-century","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["the-supernatural","language-storytelling","heroism","love-desire","faith-religion","education","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","physicians-doctors","plague-epidemic","fever-infection","sleep-insomnia","dreams-nightmares","starvation-nutrition","reanimation-galvanism","aging-senescence","grief"],"blurb":"The Age of Fable, or Stories of Gods and Heroes, is Thomas Bulfinch's prose retelling of Greek and Roman mythology, with shorter chapters on Egyptian, Eastern, Norse and Celtic belief, first published in Boston in 1855. Bulfinch, a bank clerk with a Harvard classical education, wrote it so that ordinary readers could understand the mythological allusions in English poetry and speech.","lessonTitles":["Mythology as the handmaid of literature","Phaeton and the father's fearful gift","Baucis and Philemon's open door","Psyche, the soul purified by suffering"],"comparisons":["metamorphoses","the-golden-ass","apollodorus-library","the-aeneid","a-wonder-book","prose-edda"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/bulfinch-age-of-fable.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #4925, The Age of Fable","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4925","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-bulfinch","caption":"Portrait of Thomas Bulfinch.","credit":"Bulfinch; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Bulfinch","title":"ThomasBulfinch","creator":"Bulfinch","date":"1896","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/ThomasBulfinch.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasBulfinch.png","institution":"","creditLine":"Life and Letters of Charles Bulfinch, Architect. 1896. https://books.google.com/books?id=nXQ5AAAAMAAJ","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-bulfinch.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q943991 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":383,"height":508}},"path":"content/works/bulfinch-age-of-fable.json","url":"/works/bulfinch-age-of-fable/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Baucis and Philemon share their last food with two travellers whom their rich neighbours turned away, not knowing they are gods."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Arachne and Niobe are punished for boasting against Minerva and Latona, warnings Bulfinch tells without softening."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Psyche completes every one of Venus's impossible tasks, even the journey to Proserpine's realm, to win Cupid back."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Midas learns that his wish for gold would starve him and begs to be freed from the golden touch."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-agricola-and-the-germania","title":"The Agricola and the Germania","author":"Tacitus","year":"98 CE","sortYear":98,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["colonialism-empire","power-politics","war-violence","virtue-ethics","leadership","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons","death-dying","alcohol","physicians-doctors","grief"],"blurb":"This volume contains Tacitus' two earliest works, both written in 98 CE, soon after the assassination of the emperor Domitian. The Agricola is a biography and eulogy of the author's father-in-law, Gnaeus Julius Agricola, who died in 93.","lessonTitles":["Virtue under tyranny","Empire seen from the other side","The uses and dangers of ethnography"],"comparisons":["heart-of-darkness","the-histories","the-twelve-caesars","the-nibelungenlied","two-lives-of-charlemagne"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-agricola-and-the-germania.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #7524","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7524","translator":"Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb","translationYear":1877},"portrait":{"ref":"tacitus","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Tacitus.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Tacitus","title":"Tacitus, Cornelius (50 - 116)","creator":"Unknown author","date":"18 th century","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Tacitus%2C_Cornelius_%2850_-_116%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tacitus,_Cornelius_(50_-_116).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Pages/ImageDetail.aspx?p_iBildID=8095637","localPath":"site/public/portraits/tacitus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q2161; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":604,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-agricola-and-the-germania.json","url":"/works/the-agricola-and-the-germania/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/255029800957","virtues":[{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Tacitus praises his father-in-law Agricola for integrity and moderation under Domitian."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"duhem-the-aim-and-structure-of-physical-theory","title":"The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory","author":"Pierre Duhem","year":"1906","sortYear":1906,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","faith-religion","education","doubt-meaning"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (La Théorie physique: son objet et sa structure) was published in Paris in 1906 by Pierre Duhem, professor of theoretical physics at Bordeaux, after appearing as a series of articles in the Revue de philosophie. A second edition (1914) added two essays, 'The Physics of a Believer' and 'The Value of Physical Theory'.","lessonTitles":["Representation, not explanation","Hypotheses are tested in groups","No crucial experiment","Good sense and tradition"],"comparisons":["poincare-science-and-hypothesis","bernard-introduction-to-experimental-medicine","popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery","kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions","mach-popular-scientific-lectures","principia"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"pierre-duhem","caption":"Portrait of Pierre Duhem (before 1916).","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Pierre Duhem","title":"Pierre Duhem","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"before 1916","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Pierre_Duhem.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Duhem.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://carnap.umd.edu/~parkerdn/250/Duhem.jpg Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by User:Magnus Manske using CommonsHelper.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/pierre-duhem.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q314172 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":275,"height":326}},"path":"content/works/duhem-the-aim-and-structure-of-physical-theory.json","url":"/works/duhem-the-aim-and-structure-of-physical-theory/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Duhem limits physical theory to representing laws and refuses to claim that it reveals the ultimate nature of matter."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Where logic cannot say which hypothesis a failed experiment condemns, Duhem entrusts the decision to the physicist's trained good sense."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"In tracing the history of gravitation he gives credit to ancient and medieval thinkers whom earlier histories had passed over."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"anna-komnene-alexiad","title":"The Alexiad","author":"Anna Komnene","year":"c. 1148","sortYear":1148,"era":"medieval","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Long court history with battle scenes; best read in selections."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["leadership","war-violence","family","faith-religion","power-politics","memory-time","illness-body","gender-women"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","humoral-medicine","pain","death-dying","nursing-caregiving","disability-deformity","grief","fever-infection"],"blurb":"The Alexiad is the life and reign of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (ruled 1081–1118), written by his daughter Anna in fifteen books. In her preface Anna introduces herself as born in the purple and trained in Aristotle and Plato, explains that her husband, the Caesar Nikephoros Bryennios, had begun a history of her father but died of an illness brought home from campaign, and promises to praise or blame as the facts require.","lessonTitles":["History as rescue from oblivion","An empire seen from within","Rule as endurance","Charity in stone"],"comparisons":["psellos-chronographia","villehardouin-conquest-of-constantinople","kaldellis-the-new-roman-empire","herrin-byzantium","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","usama-ibn-munqidh-memoirs"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/anna-komnene-alexiad.txt","source":"The Alexiad of the Princess Anna Comnena, trans. Elizabeth A. S. Dawes (London: Kegan Paul, 1928), via the Internet Archive (alexiad-english-dawes-1928)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/alexiad-english-dawes-1928","translator":"Elizabeth A. S. 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It is also an encyclopedia of Renaissance learning, a compendium of quotation from more than a thousand authors, a satire on human folly, and a consolation for its author and readers.","lessonTitles":["Ordinary sorrow and clinical melancholy are not the same","Writing as self-treatment","Causes are many, and most of them are ordinary","Every remedy has a dose","Be not solitary, be not idle"],"comparisons":["essays-montaigne","hippocratic-writings","galen-selected-works","the-consolation-of-philosophy","the-sickness-unto-death","the-principles-of-psychology","novum-organum"],"quoteCount":14,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-anatomy-of-melancholy.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #10800","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10800","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"robert-burton","caption":"Portrait of Robert Burton.","credit":"Gilbert Jackson; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Robert Burton","title":"Robert Burton by Gilbert Jackson","creator":"Gilbert Jackson","date":"1635","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Robert_Burton_by_Gilbert_Jackson.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Burton_by_Gilbert_Jackson.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/robert-burton-157615771640-221716","localPath":"site/public/portraits/robert-burton.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q259132; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":565,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-anatomy-of-melancholy.json","url":"/works/the-anatomy-of-melancholy/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Burton prescribes business and occupation against melancholy: be not solitary, be not idle.","vices":["idleness"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-annals-of-imperial-rome","title":"The Annals of Imperial Rome","author":"Tacitus","year":"c. 109–117 CE","sortYear":116,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","leadership","crime-punishment","death-mortality","guilt-sin","class-society","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons","suicide","neurosis-anxiety","trauma-shell-shock","death-dying","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"The Annals of Imperial Rome narrates the Julio-Claudian empire from the death of Augustus through Tiberius, Claudius and Nero, though parts are lost. Tacitus writes history as the psychology of autocracy.","lessonTitles":["Fear rewrites public speech","Power enters the household","Death can be staged by the state"],"comparisons":["the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","letters-from-a-stoic"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-annals-of-imperial-rome.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #7959","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7959","translator":"Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb","translationYear":1876},"portrait":{"ref":"tacitus","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Tacitus.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Tacitus","title":"Tacitus, Cornelius (50 - 116)","creator":"Unknown author","date":"18 th century","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Tacitus%2C_Cornelius_%2850_-_116%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tacitus,_Cornelius_(50_-_116).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Pages/ImageDetail.aspx?p_iBildID=8095637","localPath":"site/public/portraits/tacitus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q2161; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":604,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-annals-of-imperial-rome.json","url":"/works/the-annals-of-imperial-rome/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-anti-federalist-papers","title":"The Anti-Federalist Papers","author":"Various","year":"1787-1788","sortYear":1787,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"best in selected papers"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","class-society","home-exile","leadership","doubt-meaning"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["public-health-sanitation","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"The Anti-Federalist Papers are not a single coordinated book but a body of pamphlets, essays, speeches, and newspaper pieces opposing or demanding amendments to the proposed Constitution. Their writers differed among themselves, but they shared alarm about the scale and power of the new federal government.","lessonTitles":["Dissent can improve a constitution","Scale changes accountability","Rights should not be assumed"],"comparisons":["the-federalist-papers","second-treatise-of-government","the-founding-documents"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-anti-federalist-papers.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #47110/#31891; Internet Archive cu31924030454387","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47110 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31891 ; https://archive.org/details/cu31924030454387","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-anti-federalist-papers","caption":"George Clinton, governor of New York, widely identified as the Anti-Federalist essayist \"Cato\"; portrait by Ezra Ames.","credit":"Ezra Ames (May 5, 1768 – February 23, 1836); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Various","title":"George Clinton by Ezra Ames (cropped)","creator":"Ezra Ames (May 5, 1768 – February 23, 1836)","date":"1814","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/George_Clinton_by_Ezra_Ames_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Clinton_by_Ezra_Ames_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.nyhistory.org/web/crossroads/gallery/viewer/george_clinton_by_ames.html","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-anti-federalist-papers.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":423,"height":502,"bytes":30456,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-anti-federalist-papers.json","url":"/works/the-anti-federalist-papers/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-antichrist","title":"The Antichrist","author":"Friedrich Nietzsche","year":"written 1888; published 1895","sortYear":1888,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"anti-Christian polemic; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","virtue-ethics","power-politics","doubt-meaning","guilt-sin"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["philosophy-as-therapy","heredity-degeneration","psychology-unconscious","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Antichrist is Nietzsche's most direct assault on Christianity as a moral and cultural force. It argues that Christianity reverses life-affirming values, sanctifies weakness, elevates pity, falsifies psychology, and turns resentment into virtue.","lessonTitles":["The Antichrist teaches historical caution","The Antichrist links evidence and authority","The Antichrist complicates mind and body","The Antichrist warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["on-the-genealogy-of-morality","twilight-of-the-idols","beyond-good-and-evil","city-of-god"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-antichrist.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #19322","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19322","translator":"H. L. 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King Pelias of Iolcus, warned by an oracle to beware a man wearing one sandal, sees Jason arrive having lost a sandal in the river Anaurus, and sends him to fetch the golden fleece from Colchis at the far end of the Black Sea.","lessonTitles":["A leader who needs others","Love as an arrow and a fire","The price of the fleece","The world mapped by myth"],"comparisons":["medea-and-other-plays","the-odyssey","the-aeneid","colum-the-golden-fleece","kingsley-the-heroes","apollodorus-library"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/argonautica.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #830, The Argonautica","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/830","translator":"R. C. 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The collection's title points to Berry's method: he resists abstraction by returning arguments to farms, watersheds, kitchens, tools, soil, neighbors, and inherited obligations.","lessonTitles":["Art of the Commonplace: formed attention","Art of the Commonplace: order and disorder","Art of the Commonplace: body and soul"],"comparisons":["on-the-origin-of-species","my-antonia"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"the-art-of-the-commonplace","caption":"Portrait of Wendell Berry.","credit":"Guy Mendes; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Wendell Berry","title":"A New Harvest, with Wendell Berry, Henry County, KY, 2011 - photograph by Guy Mendes (cropped)","creator":"Guy Mendes","date":"2011-12-14 11:49:10","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/A_New_Harvest%2C_with_Wendell_Berry%2C_Henry_County%2C_KY%2C_2011_-_photograph_by_Guy_Mendes_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_New_Harvest,_with_Wendell_Berry,_Henry_County,_KY,_2011_-_photograph_by_Guy_Mendes_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Guy Mendes","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-art-of-the-commonplace.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":166,"height":218,"bytes":9396,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-art-of-the-commonplace.json","url":"/works/the-art-of-the-commonplace/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-art-of-war","title":"The Art of War","author":"Sun Tzu","year":"c. 5th century BCE","sortYear":-500,"era":"ancient","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Chinese","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","leadership","power-politics","nature-landscape","science-knowledge","stoicism-endurance"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["public-health-sanitation","fever-infection","neurosis-anxiety","mind-body","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"The Art of War is a short treatise of thirteen chapters, around six thousand Chinese characters, written as a sequence of terse sayings introduced by the formula 'Sun Tzu said'. 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It is a dialogue in seven books, set in 1516 in the Orti Oricellari, the shaded garden of Cosimo Rucellai, where the humanist circle that Machiavelli frequented met to discuss Livy and republican government.","lessonTitles":["Whoever lives by war needs war to continue","Imitate antiquity in hard things, not soft","Health is a matter of command","Getting the future wrong for the right reasons"],"comparisons":["the-prince","the-art-of-war","on-war","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-republic","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-art-of-war-machiavelli.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #15772","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15772","translator":"Peter Whitehorne / Edward Dacres volume","translationYear":1905},"portrait":{"ref":"niccolo-machiavelli","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Niccolo Machiavelli.","credit":"Santi di Tito; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Niccolo Machiavelli","title":"Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli","creator":"Santi di Tito","date":"from 1550 until 1600","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Cropped and enhanced from a book cover found on Google Images.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/niccolo-machiavelli.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q1399; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":560,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-art-of-war-machiavelli.json","url":"/works/the-art-of-war-machiavelli/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-arthashastra","title":"The Arthashastra","author":"Kautilya","year":"c. 2nd century BCE – 3rd century CE","sortYear":-150,"era":"ancient","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"Sanskrit","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"long; best read in excerpts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","leadership","justice-law","war-violence","money-wealth","crime-punishment","education"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons","physicians-doctors","ancient-medicine","medical-ethics","plague-epidemic","alcohol","public-health-sanitation","death-dying","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"The Arthashastra, the 'science of material gain' or of statecraft, is a vast Sanskrit treatise on how a king should acquire, protect and govern territory. Written mostly in prose with occasional verses, it is divided into fifteen books and some 150 chapters, and covers almost every aspect of administration with remarkable detail and an unsentimental realism that has led to comparisons with Machiavelli.","lessonTitles":["Statecraft as a science","Realism without illusions","The disciplined ruler"],"comparisons":["persian-letters","the-twelve-caesars","the-bhagavad-gita","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-arthashastra.txt","source":"Wikisource Arthashastra","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arthashastra","translator":"R. 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Richard Henry Lee's resolution of June 1776 asked Congress to prepare independence, foreign alliances and a plan of confederation together, and a committee chaired by John Dickinson produced a draft that summer.","lessonTitles":["A league of sovereign states","Equal votes for unequal states","Power to ask but not to compel","The difficulty of change"],"comparisons":["the-founding-documents","the-federalist-papers","the-anti-federalist-papers","mayflower-compact","magna-carta","madison-selected-writings"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/articles-of-confederation.txt","source":"Articles of Confederation (agreed by Congress November 15, 1777; ratified March 1, 1781); transcription from The Avalon Project, Yale Law School","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/artconf.asp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"articles-of-confederation","caption":"First page of the Articles of Confederation.","credit":"The U.S. Government.; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Articles of Confederation","title":"Articles page1","creator":"The U.S. Government.","date":"1777-11-15","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Articles_page1.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Articles_page1.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://bensguide.gpo.gov/9-12/documents/articles/index.html","localPath":"site/public/portraits/articles-of-confederation.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":446,"height":720,"bytes":65593,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/articles-of-confederation.json","url":"/works/articles-of-confederation/","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Article III joins the states in a firm league of friendship, binding each to assist the others against any attack."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The authors guard against concentrated power by keeping all undelegated powers with the states and requiring nine states for war and borrowing."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Article IX sets out a careful procedure of commissioners drawn by lot to settle boundary disputes between states fairly."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"athenian-constitution","title":"The Athenian Constitution","author":"Aristotle (attributed)","year":"c. 330 BC","sortYear":-330,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Compact constitutional history; Greek terms."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","class-society","leadership","money-wealth"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The Athenian Constitution (Athenaion Politeia) is a short treatise in two parts on the government of Athens, written in the 330s or 320s BC by Aristotle or by a member of his school as one of the 158 constitutions the Lyceum is said to have collected. It was known only from quotations until a papyrus roll, copied on the back of farm accounts from Roman Egypt, was acquired by the British Museum and identified by Frederic G. Kenyon, who published the text and his translation in 1891.","lessonTitles":["Solon's middle course","A constitution is a history","Institutions designed against corruption","Reconciliation after civil war"],"comparisons":["politics","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","plutarch-lives","the-histories","polybius-histories-book-vi"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/athenian-constitution.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #26095","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26095","translator":"Frederic G. 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It opens with Cellini's claim that anyone who has done excellent work and is honest should write his own life after forty, and with his ancestry and childhood: his father Giovanni, a musician and maker of instruments, wants him to be a flute-player, and once boxes his ears so that he will remember the salamander they have seen in the fire.","lessonTitles":["The discipline behind a masterpiece","Pride, honour and the price of anger","Conversion in the dungeon","Patrons and artists"],"comparisons":["vasari-lives-of-the-artists","the-prince","confessions","rousseaus-confessions","essays-montaigne"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/autobiography-of-benvenuto-cellini.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #4028","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4028","translator":"John Addington Symonds","translationYear":1888},"portrait":{"ref":"benvenuto-cellini","caption":"Benvenuto Cellini, 18th-century engraving.","credit":"Giovanni Carlone (engraving); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Benvenuto Cellini","title":"Cellini, Benvenuto ÖNB","creator":"Giovanni Carlone (engraving)","date":"from 1766 until 1773","medium/type":"painting, drawing or print","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Cellini%2C_Benvenuto_%C3%96NB.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cellini,_Benvenuto_%C3%96NB.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://onb.digital/result/11193670 ÖNB/Wien, KO 401-C","localPath":"site/public/portraits/benvenuto-cellini.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q190116 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":514,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/autobiography-of-benvenuto-cellini.json","url":"/works/autobiography-of-benvenuto-cellini/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"He builds his own furnace and labours through fever to cast the Perseus, feeding the fire and the channels with his own hands."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"With a broken leg after his escape from Castel Sant'Angelo he crawls through Rome on hands and knees seeking refuge."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"In the dark dungeon he reads the Bible from the beginning, sings the Miserere and trusts God for deliverance."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"When the mould of the Perseus is filled, he falls on his knees and gives thanks to God before eating or resting."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-bacchae-and-other-plays","title":"The Bacchae and Other Plays","author":"Euripides","year":"405 BCE (The Bacchae)","sortYear":-405,"era":"ancient","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"violence: dismemberment"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","madness-mind","power-politics","gender-women","the-supernatural","identity-self","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["altered-states","hallucinogens","alcohol","madness-psychosis","mania","grief","sexuality-medicalized","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Bacchae and Other Plays presents Euripides at his most dangerous: gods are real, but that does not make them gentle. The Bacchae begins when Dionysus arrives at Thebes in disguise to punish the royal house for denying his divinity and slandering his mother Semele.","lessonTitles":["Denied forces return violently","Seeing can be a trap","Ecstasy alters identity"],"comparisons":["the-theban-plays","lysistrata-and-other-plays","dracula","euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays","euripides-trojan-women-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-bacchae-and-other-plays.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #8418/#35171","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8418 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35171","translator":"Gilbert Murray","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"euripides","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Euripides.","credit":"Marie-Lan Nguyen; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Euripides","title":"Euripides Pio-Clementino Inv302","creator":"Marie-Lan Nguyen","date":"2006","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Euripides_Pio-Clementino_Inv302.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euripides_Pio-Clementino_Inv302.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/euripides.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q48305; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":541,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-bacchae-and-other-plays.json","url":"/works/the-bacchae-and-other-plays/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-bears-on-hemlock-mountain","title":"The Bears on Hemlock Mountain","author":"Alice Dalgliesh","year":"1952","sortYear":1952,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["childhood","family","nature-landscape","animals","coming-of-age","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Bears on Hemlock Mountain is a short chapter book about Jonathan, an eight-year-old boy who lives with his mother and father in a stone farmhouse at the foot of Hemlock Mountain in Pennsylvania, long ago. 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Please see the Gallery's Open Access Policy.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-bears-on-hemlock-mountain.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":607,"bytes":130852,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-bears-on-hemlock-mountain.json","url":"/works/the-bears-on-hemlock-mountain/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Jonathan climbs Hemlock Mountain alone in spite of his doubts and, when the bears come, keeps still under the pot instead of running."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In the dark he thinks quickly, turns the heavy iron pot over and hides beneath it until help comes."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"He goes back for the pot he forgot and carries it up the mountain himself, finishing his mother's errand."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-bhagavad-gita","title":"The Bhagavad Gita","author":"Anonymous (attributed to Vyasa)","year":"c. 2nd century BCE","sortYear":-200,"era":"ancient","genre":"religious-scripture","originalLanguage":"Sanskrit","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"comparative religion; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","war-violence","fate-free-will","death-mortality","virtue-ethics","doubt-meaning","stoicism-endurance"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["neurosis-anxiety","melancholia-depression","grief","mind-body","philosophy-as-therapy","altered-states","death-dying","starvation-nutrition","sleep-insomnia","ancient-medicine"],"blurb":"The Bhagavad Gita is a dialogue of seven hundred verses in eighteen chapters, forming part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata, the great Sanskrit epic of the war between two branches of a royal family, the Pandavas and the Kauravas. It is set on the battlefield of Kurukshetra at the moment before battle begins.","lessonTitles":["Act without clinging to outcomes","Moral crisis as a beginning","The problem of violence"],"comparisons":["meditations","the-iliad","siddhartha","the-bible","the-arthashastra","phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-bhagavad-gita.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2388","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2388","translator":"Edwin Arnold","translationYear":1885},"portrait":{"ref":"vyasa","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Vyasa.","credit":"Yogesa; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Vyasa","title":"Sculpture of Vyasa","creator":"Yogesa","date":"2012-01-28 17:39:45","medium/type":"sculpture","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Sculpture_of_Vyasa.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sculpture_of_Vyasa.jpeg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/vyasa.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Traditional attributed author; use as an imagined/posthumous likeness. Wikidata Q330521; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":521,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-bhagavad-gita.json","url":"/works/the-bhagavad-gita/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/265364784635","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-bible","title":"The Bible","author":"Anonymous","year":"composed c. 1000 BCE – c. 100 CE; KJV 1611","sortYear":-1000,"era":"ancient","genre":"religious-scripture","originalLanguage":"Hebrew, Aramaic, Koine Greek (KJV English)","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–12","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":12,"note":"read-aloud selections for younger grades"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","guilt-sin","justice-law","death-mortality","family","power-politics","doubt-meaning","illness-body"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["leprosy","madness-psychosis","epilepsy-seizures","melancholia-depression","physicians-doctors","plague-epidemic","childbirth-maternal","alcohol","reanimation-galvanism","public-health-sanitation","grief","ancient-medicine"],"blurb":"The Bible is the sacred scripture of Judaism and Christianity, and the reference edition presents the King James Version of 1611, the most influential translation in English. It is a library rather than a single book.","lessonTitles":["The problem of suffering","Healing as social restoration","Wisdom about limits"],"comparisons":["the-koran","confessions","the-scarlet-letter","east-of-eden","the-bhagavad-gita"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-bible.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #10","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-bible","caption":"The Gutenberg Bible (c. 1455), New York Public Library copy.","credit":"NYC Wanderer (Kevin Eng); CC BY-SA 2.0.","media":{"subject":"The Bible","title":"Gutenberg Bible, Lenox Copy, New York Public Library, 2009. 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The Apollonian is the drive toward clear form, measure and individuation, whose physiological analogue is the dream, in which every person is a perfect artist of images.","lessonTitles":["Greek serenity was built over an abyss","Two drives, neither sufficient alone","The cost of believing knowledge can heal everything","Knowledge that paralyses action","An author who argued with his own book"],"comparisons":["the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-oresteia","the-theban-plays","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-world-as-will-and-representation","thus-spoke-zarathustra"],"quoteCount":13,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-birth-of-tragedy.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #51356","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51356","translator":"William A. 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Richard Shelton, called Dick, is the young ward of Sir Daniel Brackley, a grasping knight who holds the Moat House at Tunstall and has grown rich by seizing other men's lands.","lessonTitles":["Revenge leaves a sorry taste","Actions cannot be undone","Fighting needs a cause","Faithfulness to friends"],"comparisons":["richard-iii","ivanhoe","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","treasure-island","the-prince-and-the-pauper"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-black-arrow.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #848","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/848","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-black-arrow","caption":"Early edition of The Black Arrow (1888).","credit":"Cassel 1888.; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Black Arrow","title":"Blackarrowcover","creator":"Cassel 1888.","date":"1888","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Blackarrowcover.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blackarrowcover.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Scanned image of the the cover published by Cassel in 1888","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-black-arrow.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":483,"height":720,"bytes":41155,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-black-arrow.json","url":"/works/the-black-arrow/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Dick spares Sir Daniel on his wedding morning and tells him to seek God's forgiveness, since Dick's own is freely given."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Dick refuses to leave Lawless to be hanged and begs Earl Risingham for his life as well as his own."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Dick gives up Gloucester's favor to buy back the life of Arblaster, whom his theft of the Good Hope had ruined."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Dick holds the barricade in the Battle of Shoreby against the Lancastrian cavalry until the street is cleared."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-blue-fairy-book","title":"The Blue Fairy Book","author":"Andrew Lang","year":"1889","sortYear":1889,"era":"19th-century","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–5","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":5,"note":"read-aloud for younger grades"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["childhood","the-supernatural","virtue-ethics","family","love-desire","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["sleep-insomnia"],"blurb":"The Blue Fairy Book (1889), edited by Andrew Lang, gathers European fairy tales into one household volume that became the first of the famous colored fairy books. Lang and his collaborators retell stories from Perrault, the Brothers Grimm, Madame d’Aulnoy, and other streams so that children meet Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Aladdin, and many less anthologized tales in a single readable English.","lessonTitles":["Choose and narrate","Enchantment has rules","Kindness and envy"],"comparisons":["aesops-fables","the-princess-and-the-goblin"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-blue-fairy-book.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #503","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/503","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-blue-fairy-book","caption":"H. J. Ford's illustration of Rumpelstiltskin for The Blue Fairy Book (1889).","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Blue Fairy Book","title":"Rumpelstiltskin","creator":"Unknown","date":"","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Rumpelstiltskin.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rumpelstiltskin.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-blue-fairy-book.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":522,"height":720,"bytes":125513,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-blue-fairy-book.json","url":"/works/the-blue-fairy-book/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Tales often move through curse and sleep toward awakening and restored joy."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Cinderella and kindred heroes are exalted after patient goodness.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Heroes endure tasks, forests, and years of waiting.","vices":["cowardice"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"luther-bondage-of-the-will","title":"The Bondage of the Will (De Servo Arbitrio)","author":"Martin Luther","year":"1525","sortYear":1525,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"demanding theology; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["fate-free-will","faith-religion","guilt-sin","language-storytelling","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Bondage of the Will is Martin Luther's long Latin reply to Erasmus's On Free Will, published at Wittenberg in December 1525, fifteen months after Erasmus's book appeared. It was written in a crowded year: the Peasants' War had been fought and suppressed, the Elector Frederick the Wise had died, and Luther had married Katharina von Bora in June.","lessonTitles":["The case for assertion","Necessity without compulsion","Law and gospel","The hidden and the revealed God","Assurance as the goal"],"comparisons":["erasmus-on-free-will","luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","calvin-selected-sermons","confessions","the-consolation-of-philosophy","pensees"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"martin-luther","caption":"Portrait of Martin Luther.","credit":"Lucas Cranach the Elder; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Martin Luther","title":"Portrait of Martin Luther","creator":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","date":"1528","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther,_1528_(Veste_Coburg).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"GalleriX","localPath":"site/public/portraits/martin-luther.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q9554; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":455,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/luther-bondage-of-the-will.json","url":"/works/luther-bondage-of-the-will/","virtues":[{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Luther rests the whole argument on trust in God's promise, ending with the claim that he would refuse free will in order to depend on grace alone."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He answers the most admired scholar in Europe at length in 1525, a year of war and danger, without withdrawing the position Erasmus attacked."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"book-of-enoch","title":"The Book of Enoch (1 Enoch)","author":"Anonymous","year":"c. 300–100 BC","sortYear":-200,"era":"ancient","genre":"religious-scripture","originalLanguage":"Ge'ez (Ethiopic), from Aramaic and Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"ancient apocalyptic text; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","the-supernatural","justice-law","guilt-sin","death-mortality","science-knowledge","money-wealth"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","pharmacology-poisons","plague-epidemic","childbirth-maternal"],"blurb":"The Book of Enoch, usually called 1 Enoch, is a collection of five Jewish apocalyptic books gathered under the name of Enoch, the patriarch of Genesis 5 who walked with God and was not, for God took him. Written in stages during the Second Temple period, it presents Enoch as a righteous scribe who is shown the secrets of heaven, earth and the coming judgment and writes them down for his son Methuselah and for a remote generation.","lessonTitles":["Knowledge without righteousness","Judgment as hope for the oppressed","Reading the order of creation","Canon and its edges"],"comparisons":["the-bible","city-of-god","paradise-lost","jewish-antiquities","early-christian-writings","the-divine-comedy"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/book-of-enoch.txt","source":"R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch, Translations of Early Documents (London: SPCK, 1917), as transcribed at sacred-texts.com","sourceUrl":"https://sacred-texts.com/book/the-book-of-enoch","translator":"R. H. 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A girl called Kate, about ten, sits crocheting with old Mrs May, who lives in two rooms of Kate's parents' house.","lessonTitles":["Seeing the world from below","Borrowing and stealing","Safety and freedom","A story we cannot check"],"comparisons":["gullivers-travels","the-cricket-in-times-square","the-secret-garden","the-wind-in-the-willows","charlottes-web"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/the-borrowers.json","url":"/works/the-borrowers/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Pod borrows only what the family needs and teaches Arrietty the rule never to be seen, which has kept the Clocks alive while other families vanished."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The Boy carries Arrietty's letter to the badger's set and later breaks open the grating so her family can escape Mrs Driver."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Arrietty overcomes her fear of the huge Boy and speaks to him on the bank, though borrowers are taught that being seen is the worst danger."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-boxcar-children","title":"The Boxcar Children","author":"Gertrude Chandler Warner","year":"1924; revised 1942","sortYear":1942,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","childhood","home-exile","virtue-ethics","animals"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"The Boxcar Children follows four orphaned brothers and sisters: Henry, fourteen; Jessie, twelve; Violet, ten; and Benny, six. After their parents die, the children set out on their own rather than go to their grandfather, whom they have never met and believe to be a hard man who disliked their mother.","lessonTitles":["A family that refuses to be split up","Making much out of little","Fearing the wrong person","Honest work"],"comparisons":["heidi","the-swiss-family-robinson","my-side-of-the-mountain","the-moffats","robinson-crusoe"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"the-boxcar-children","caption":"Early edition of The Boxcar Children (1924).","credit":"Dorothy Lake Gregory; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Boxcar Children","title":"The Box-Car Children-1924","creator":"Dorothy Lake Gregory","date":"1924","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/The_Box-Car_Children-1924.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Box-Car_Children-1924.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://tinytownbooksandtoys.com/1924-vintage-boxcar-children-book.php","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-boxcar-children.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":405,"height":555,"bytes":35257,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-boxcar-children.json","url":"/works/the-boxcar-children/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Henry walks to Silver City to mow grass and do odd jobs for Dr. Moore so that the family can buy food."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Jessie plans each meal and makes the children's small store of money last while they live in the boxcar."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Dr. Moore takes all four children into his own house when Violet falls ill with a fever."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The children walk by night and sleep in a haystack rather than let Benny be sent away to a children's home."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-bronze-bow","title":"The Bronze Bow","author":"Elizabeth George Speare","year":"1961","sortYear":1961,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","revenge","power-politics","war-violence","family","friendship","coming-of-age","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["grief","trauma-shell-shock","neurosis-anxiety","fever-infection","war-wounds","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"The Bronze Bow is set in Galilee in the years of Jesus' public ministry, under Roman rule. Its hero, Daniel bar Jamin, is eighteen and has lived for five years with an outlaw band in the hills above his village of Ketzah, near Capernaum.","lessonTitles":["Hatred is a master, not a weapon","Choosing whom to follow","A different kind of kingdom","The cost of loyalty"],"comparisons":["the-jewish-war","the-bible","the-sign-of-the-beaver","johnny-tremain","the-count-of-monte-cristo"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/the-bronze-bow.json","url":"/works/the-bronze-bow/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Daniel, whose father was crucified by Romans, finally invites the soldier Marcus into his home after Leah is healed."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Samson holds off the soldiers and breaks Joel's chains in the ambush, giving his life so that Joel can escape."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Joel and Thacia keep faith with Daniel and their shared oath even when Daniel is harsh and when it endangers their family."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"In desperation over Leah's fever, Daniel goes to Jesus and trusts him to come to the house."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-brothers-karamazov","title":"The Brothers Karamazov","author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","year":"1880","sortYear":1880,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"Russian","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classical-12th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"long; demanding novel"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","guilt-sin","family","crime-punishment","doubt-meaning","madness-mind"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["epilepsy-seizures","alcohol","suicide","madness-psychosis","obsession-monomania","grief"],"blurb":"The Brothers Karamazov centers on the murder of Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, a sensual, neglectful father whose sons embody conflicting responses to desire, faith, reason, and guilt. Dmitri is passionate, impulsive, indebted, and publicly at war with his father over inheritance and Grushenka.","lessonTitles":["Brothers Karamazov: formed attention","Brothers Karamazov: order and disorder","Brothers Karamazov: body and soul"],"comparisons":["crime-and-punishment","king-lear","the-idiot"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-brothers-karamazov.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #28054","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28054","translator":"Constance Garnett","translationYear":1912},"portrait":{"ref":"the-brothers-karamazov","caption":"Early edition of The Brothers Karamazov (1880).","credit":"Russkii Vestnik; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Brothers Karamazov","title":"Dostoevsky-Brothers Karamazov","creator":"Russkii Vestnik","date":"1880-11","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Dostoevsky-Brothers_Karamazov.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dostoevsky-Brothers_Karamazov.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Russkii Vestnik - Zhurnal Literaturnyi I Politicheskii. 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The method is story first, natural history second: children remember the House Wren because they met Jenny, then learn what to watch for outdoors.","lessonTitles":["Attention as love","Story before list","Neighbors, not trophies"],"comparisons":["the-tale-of-peter-rabbit","aesops-fables"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-burgess-bird-book-for-children.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #3074","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3074","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-burgess-bird-book-for-children","caption":"Portrait of Thornton W. Burgess.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thornton W. 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Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1921-02-06/ed-1/seq-20/>","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-burgess-bird-book-for-children.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":242,"height":357,"bytes":28199,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-burgess-bird-book-for-children.json","url":"/works/the-burgess-bird-book-for-children/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Peter’s repeated early visits model steady outdoor looking.","vices":["sloth"]},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Identification trains careful notice before hasty claims.","vices":["imprudence"]},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Delight in creatures points toward gratitude for the made world."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"burke-paine-debate","title":"The Burke-Paine Debate on the French Revolution","author":"Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine","year":"1790-1791","sortYear":1790,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","memory-time","faith-religion","class-society","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Burke-Paine debate is the exchange between Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (November 1790) and Thomas Paine's Rights of Man (Part I, March 1791; Part II, February 1792), the most famous controversy among the many British pamphlets provoked by the French Revolution. This entry is a guide to the debate as a whole; it has no text of its own, and the two books are in the library separately with their full texts.","lessonTitles":["Inheritance or consent: what makes a government legitimate","Abstract rights and practical wisdom","Reading a revolution while it is happening"],"comparisons":["reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","common-sense-rights-of-man-and-other-writings","second-treatise-of-government","the-social-contract","a-tale-of-two-cities"],"quoteCount":4,"portrait":{"ref":"edmund-burke","caption":"Portrait of Edmund Burke.","credit":"Joshua Reynolds; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Edmund Burke","title":"Sir Joshua Reynolds - Edmund Burke, 1729 - 1797. 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P. Lovecraft","year":"1928 (title story)","sortYear":1928,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"horror; period racial attitudes"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["the-supernatural","madness-mind","science-knowledge","isolation-alienation","doubt-meaning","race-slavery"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","asylum-institution","dreams-nightmares","reanimation-galvanism","anatomy-dissection","opium-laudanum","addiction","heredity-degeneration","physicians-doctors","plague-epidemic","pharmacology-poisons","suicide"],"blurb":"The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories is a selection of Lovecraft's tales, edited with notes by the Lovecraft scholar S. T. Joshi, tracing his development from early Poe-influenced pieces to the 'cosmic horror' for which he is known. 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The rest of the Nobles stay behind in Massachusetts.","lessonTitles":["Brave while afraid","Neighbors who did not speak the same language","A small girl doing a woman's work","Prayer far from home"],"comparisons":["the-bears-on-hemlock-mountain","the-sign-of-the-beaver","little-house-in-the-big-woods","keep-the-lights-burning-abbie"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/the-courage-of-sarah-noble.json","url":"/works/the-courage-of-sarah-noble/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Sarah stays with Tall John's family through the autumn, and through the night of fear, while her father goes back for the others."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"She trades English words for the way to the berry bushes and makes friends with Small John and Mary."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"She reads the story of Samuel alone at the camp and prays each night in Tall John's house for both families."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"She cooks corn cakes and keeps the camp so that her father can spend his days building the log house."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-cricket-in-times-square","title":"The Cricket in Times Square","author":"George Selden","year":"1960","sortYear":1960,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","animals","home-exile","art-creation","nature-landscape","money-wealth","childhood"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Cricket in Times Square is set at a newsstand in the Times Square subway station in New York City at the end of one summer. 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In the law courts, colleagues of Ivan Ilyich Golovin read in the newspaper of his death, and each thinks first of the promotions and transfers it will bring.","lessonTitles":["The ordinary life examined","The cruelty of the lie","Care as presence"],"comparisons":["death-of-a-salesman","meditations","the-last-days-of-socrates","the-meek-one","confessions"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-death-of-ivan-ilyich.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #689","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/689","translator":"Louise and Aylmer Maude","translationYear":1921},"portrait":{"ref":"leo-tolstoy","caption":"Portrait of Leo Tolstoy.","credit":"Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Leo Tolstoy","title":"L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky","creator":"Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii","date":"23 May 1908","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://vm1.culture.ru/gosudarstvennyy_muzey_tolstogo/catalog/0003600108/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/leo-tolstoy.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q7243; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":520,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-death-of-ivan-ilyich.json","url":"/works/the-death-of-ivan-ilyich/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/297676062572","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Gerasim’s simple care for the dying Ivan contrasts with his family’s evasions."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-descent-of-man","title":"The Descent of Man","author":"Charles Darwin","year":"1871","sortYear":1871,"era":"19th-century","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"best read in excerpts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","nature-landscape","animals","identity-self","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["heredity-degeneration","mind-body","sexuality-medicalized","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"The Descent of Man applies evolutionary theory to human beings and develops Darwin's account of sexual selection. Darwin argues that humans share ancestry with other animals and that differences between human and animal mental faculties are differences of degree rather than absolute kind.","lessonTitles":["The Descent of Man teaches historical caution","The Descent of Man links evidence and authority","The Descent of Man complicates mind and body","The Descent of Man warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["on-the-origin-of-species","the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","body-and-mind","beyond-good-and-evil"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-descent-of-man.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2300","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-descent-of-man","caption":"Early edition of The Descent of Man (1871).","credit":"Charles Darwin; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Descent of Man","title":"Darwin - Descent of Man (1871)","creator":"Charles Darwin","date":"1871","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Darwin_-_Descent_of_Man_%281871%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Darwin_-_Descent_of_Man_(1871).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/adopt-a-book/darwin.htm","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-descent-of-man.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":346,"height":551,"bytes":20767,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-descent-of-man.json","url":"/works/the-descent-of-man/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-divine-comedy","title":"The Divine Comedy","author":"Dante Alighieri","year":"c. 1308-1321","sortYear":1321,"era":"medieval","genre":"epic","originalLanguage":"Italian","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classical-12th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","travel-journey","justice-law","guilt-sin","love-desire","doubt-meaning"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","altered-states","pain","death-dying","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"The Divine Comedy begins with Dante lost in a dark wood midway through life, unable to climb the sunlit hill because beasts block his way. Virgil comes as guide and leads him through Inferno, where punishments reveal the inner logic of disordered love, violence, fraud, and treachery.","lessonTitles":["Divine Comedy: formed attention","Divine Comedy: order and disorder","Divine Comedy: body and soul"],"comparisons":["the-aeneid","the-consolation-of-philosophy"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-divine-comedy.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1001/#1002/#1003","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1001 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1002 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1003","translator":"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow","translationYear":1867},"portrait":{"ref":"the-divine-comedy","caption":"Domenico di Michelino, Dante and the Three Kingdoms (1465), showing Dante holding the Comedy before Florence.","credit":"Domenico di Michelino / After Alesso Baldovinetti; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Divine Comedy","title":"La Divina Commedia di Dante Dante Alighieri with Florence and the Realms of the Divine Comedy (Hell, Purgatory, Paradise)","creator":"Domenico di Michelino / After Alesso Baldovinetti","date":"1465","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://twitter.com/museofirenze/status/1075345296048181248 This is a retouched picture, which means that it has been digitally altered from its original version. Modifications: brightened image.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-divine-comedy.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":580,"bytes":113331,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-divine-comedy.json","url":"/works/the-divine-comedy/","virtues":[{"virtue":"hope","reason":"The pilgrim passes from the gate that bids hope be abandoned through Purgatory, where souls hope, to the vision of God.","vices":["despair"]},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"On the terrace of the proud in Purgatory souls bend under stones and learn humility.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The poem ends in the love that moves the sun and the other stars."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-door-in-the-wall","title":"The Door in the Wall","author":"Marguerite de Angeli","year":"1949","sortYear":1949,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["illness-body","coming-of-age","faith-religion","education","heroism","childhood","stoicism-endurance"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","plague-epidemic","nursing-caregiving","fever-infection"],"blurb":"The Door in the Wall is set in England in the fourteenth century, in the reign of Edward III, during the years of the Black Death. Robin, the ten-year-old son of the knight Sir John de Bureford and his wife Lady Maud, has been raised to expect the life of a nobleman's son: he is to go as a page to the household of Sir Peter de Lindsay, learn the arts of chivalry and one day become a knight like his father.","lessonTitles":["The door in the wall","Patience is learned","A different kind of knight","Kindness to the helpless"],"comparisons":["the-secret-garden","johnny-tremain","the-canterbury-tales","the-rule-of-st-benedict","heidi"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/the-door-in-the-wall.json","url":"/works/the-door-in-the-wall/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Robin, on crutches, swims a cold river and crosses enemy lines to bring help to the besieged castle."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Brother Luke takes in a sick boy whom his own servants have abandoned in the plague."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Robin learns from Brother Luke to look for a door in every wall instead of despairing over his legs."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"At St. Mark's Robin keeps at his carving, reading and swimming until his hands are skilled and his arms strong."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-dream-of-the-rood","title":"The Dream of the Rood","author":"Anonymous","year":"c. 700-750 (Ruthwell Cross); Vercelli Book c. 975","sortYear":725,"era":"medieval","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"Old English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","heroism","death-mortality","guilt-sin","the-supernatural","stoicism-endurance"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Dream of the Rood is the oldest dream-vision poem in English and one of the great devotional poems of the early Middle Ages. A sleepless narrator, at midnight while others rest, sees a vast tree rising into the sky, wrapped in light and set with gold and jewels.","lessonTitles":["Christ as the willing young Hero","Obedience that costs everything","The instrument of shame becomes a sign of glory"],"comparisons":["caedmons-hymn","beowulf","journey-of-the-magi","the-bible"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-dream-of-the-rood.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #15879: Elene; Judith; Athelstan; Byrhtnoth; and The Dream of the Rood, translated by James M. Garnett (Boston: Ginn, 1889; 2nd ed. 1901)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15879","translator":"James M. Garnett","translationYear":1889},"portrait":{"ref":"the-dream-of-the-rood","caption":"Text of The Dream of the Rood in the Vercelli Book (10th century).","credit":"On Being; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Dream of the Rood","title":"The Dream of the Rood","creator":"On Being","date":"2012-10-10 21:37:58","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/The_Dream_of_the_Rood.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Dream_of_the_Rood.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/speakingoffaith/4787530812/sizes/o/in/photostream/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-dream-of-the-rood.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":450,"height":480,"bytes":48873,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-dream-of-the-rood.json","url":"/works/the-dream-of-the-rood/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The cross stands fast through nails, mockery, and blood because its Lord commands it, and Christ climbs the gallows boldly before many witnesses."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"The dreamer ends by directing all his hope to the rood, trusting that it will carry him to the feast of the saints."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The tree, once a criminal's gallows, accepts its humiliation in obedience before it is exalted, and the dreamer confesses himself stained with sins."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-eagle-of-the-ninth","title":"The Eagle of the Ninth","author":"Rosemary Sutcliff","year":"1954","sortYear":1954,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["honor-shame","friendship","colonialism-empire","family","travel-journey","identity-self","home-exile","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["war-wounds","surgery","disability-deformity","ancient-medicine","pain","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"Around AD 117 the Ninth Legion, the Hispana, marched north from Eboracum into Caledonia to put down a rising of the tribes and was never seen again; its bronze eagle standard was lost with it. Some years later Marcus Flavius Aquila, whose father commanded the legion's First Cohort and vanished with it, arrives as a young centurion to command a cohort of auxiliaries at the frontier fort of Isca Dumnoniorum in the far southwest of Britain.","lessonTitles":["A son's duty to his father's name","From master and slave to friends","Seeing the other side","Courage after injury"],"comparisons":["the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-aeneid","kidnapped","the-bronze-bow","black-ships-before-troy","the-conquest-of-gaul"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"the-eagle-of-the-ninth","caption":"The Silchester Eagle, the Roman bronze that inspired the novel, at Reading Museum.","credit":"BabelStone; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"The Eagle of the Ninth","title":"Silchester eagle on display at Reading Museum","creator":"BabelStone","date":"2015-07-28 12:58:31","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Silchester_eagle_on_display_at_Reading_Museum.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silchester_eagle_on_display_at_Reading_Museum.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-eagle-of-the-ninth.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":620,"bytes":64174,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-eagle-of-the-ninth.json","url":"/works/the-eagle-of-the-ninth/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Marcus risks his life beyond the Wall to recover the eagle his father died beside and to learn the truth about his father's legion."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Freed by Marcus, Esca chooses to stay and goes north with him into the country of tribes who would kill them both."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Marcus pleads for the life of the defeated gladiator Esca at the Calleva games and later gives him his freedom."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Lame from his chariot wound, Marcus endures a second painful operation and later the long flight south with the stolen eagle."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"early-christian-creeds","title":"The Early Christian Creeds","author":"Various","year":"2nd-5th centuries CE","sortYear":325,"era":"ancient","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"Greek and Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","language-storytelling","power-politics","identity-self","justice-law","doubt-meaning","virtue-ethics","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["philosophy-as-therapy","mind-body","death-dying","childbirth-maternal","medical-ethics","neurosis-anxiety"],"blurb":"The Early Christian Creeds gathers short doctrinal texts that became durable summaries of Christian identity: baptismal symbols, conciliar formulas and later Western confessions. The Old Roman Symbol and the Apostles' Creed preserve the shape of early baptismal confession: belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ his Son, the Spirit, the church, forgiveness, resurrection and life.","lessonTitles":["Small words can carry institutional weight","Doctrine forms through crisis","Empire changes the scale of theology","Bodies matter to metaphysics"],"comparisons":["the-history-of-the-church","city-of-god","early-christian-writings","the-bible","confessions"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/early-christian-creeds.txt","source":"CCEL Schaff Creeds of Christendom","sourceUrl":"https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1/cache/creeds1.txt ; https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2/cache/creeds2.txt","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"early-christian-creeds","caption":"Icon of the First Council of Nicaea (325), holding the text of the Nicene Creed.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Early Christian Creeds","title":"Nicaea icon","creator":"Unknown author","date":"","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicaea_icon.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"FOI CHRETIENNE & QUESTIONS/REPONSES.. Médiathèque chrétienne.. Archived from the original on 2007-02-17.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/early-christian-creeds.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":531,"height":720,"bytes":134853,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/early-christian-creeds.json","url":"/works/early-christian-creeds/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"epic-of-gilgamesh","title":"The Epic of Gilgamesh","author":"Anonymous (Babylonian; standard version attributed to Sin-leqi-unninni)","year":"c. 2100-1200 BC","sortYear":-1200,"era":"ancient","genre":"epic","originalLanguage":"Akkadian","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["death-mortality","friendship","heroism","leadership","travel-journey","the-supernatural","doubt-meaning","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["grief","death-dying","aging-senescence","sleep-insomnia","dreams-nightmares","fever-infection","ancient-medicine","alcohol"],"blurb":"The Epic of Gilgamesh is the great poem of ancient Mesopotamia, known in its fullest form from the standard Babylonian version on clay tablets, many of them from the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal at Nineveh. The library holds no text of it: the public-domain English versions, by Stephen Langdon (1917), Morris Jastrow and Albert T. Clay (1920) and R. Campbell Thompson (1928), are fragmentary scholarly editions of a poem still being recovered, so this record describes the epic without quoting it.","lessonTitles":["Friendship that changes a king","The search for a way past death","Walls that outlast the king","Mercy and its refusal: Humbaba"],"comparisons":["the-bible","the-odyssey","the-iliad","metamorphoses","hesiod-theogony-and-works-and-days","the-aeneid"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"epic-of-gilgamesh","caption":"The Deluge Tablet, Tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh (Neo-Assyrian, 7th century BC).","credit":"Unknown; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.","media":{"subject":"Epic of Gilgamesh","title":"The Deluge Tablet (Tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Neo-Assyrian, 7th century BC)","creator":"Unknown","date":"7th century BC","medium/type":"clay tablet","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/GilgameshTablet.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GilgameshTablet.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"via Wikimedia Commons","localPath":"site/public/portraits/epic-of-gilgamesh.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q8272 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":641,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/epic-of-gilgamesh.json","url":"/works/epic-of-gilgamesh/","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Gilgamesh and Enkidu, after wrestling at the doorway, become companions who face Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven together, and Gilgamesh mourns his friend for seven days and nights."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Failing Utnapishtim's test of sleep and losing the plant of youth to a snake, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk and points not to himself but to the walls he built."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Ninsun purifies herself and offers incense to Shamash, praying for her son's safety before the journey to the Cedar Forest."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","title":"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals","author":"Charles Darwin","year":"1872","sortYear":1872,"era":"19th-century","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"research text"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","animals","illness-body","madness-mind","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["mind-body","melancholia-depression","neurosis-anxiety","grief","pain","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"Darwin's Expression of the Emotions is one of the founding works of comparative psychology. It asks how humans and animals express fear, anger, joy, grief, shame, disgust, attention, and other states through face, posture, voice, tears, hair, muscles, and involuntary action.","lessonTitles":["The Expression of the Emotions in  teaches historical caution","The Expression of the Emotions in  links evidence and authority","The Expression of the Emotions in  complicates mind and body","The Expression of the Emotions in  warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["the-descent-of-man","the-principles-of-psychology","lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system","the-varieties-of-religious-experience"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1227","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1227","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals","caption":"Early edition of The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).","credit":"Charles Darwin; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals","title":"Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals title page","creator":"Charles Darwin","date":"1872","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals_title_page.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals_title_page.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24245104M/The_expression_of_the_emotions_in_man_and_animals.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":302,"height":500,"bytes":13952,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals.json","url":"/works/the-expression-of-the-emotions-in-man-and-animals/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-faerie-queene","title":"The Faerie Queene, Book I","author":"Edmund Spenser","year":"1590","sortYear":1590,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"epic","originalLanguage":"English (Early Modern)","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"archaic verse"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","guilt-sin","virtue-ethics","heroism","travel-journey","identity-self","the-supernatural","honor-shame"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","suicide","physicians-doctors","ancient-medicine","humoral-medicine","starvation-nutrition","war-wounds","mind-body"],"blurb":"Book I of The Faerie Queene, the Legend of the Knight of the Red Cross, or of Holiness, tells how a young, untried knight wins his spurs by freeing a kingdom from a dragon and, on the way, learns how easily a Christian soul is deceived. Gloriana, the Faerie Queene, has sent the Redcrosse Knight, who bears a bloody cross on breast and shield, to help the lady Una, whose royal parents are besieged in their brazen castle by a monstrous dragon.","lessonTitles":["Holiness is learned through falling","Truth is one; falsehood is double","Answering despair","Strength belongs to God"],"comparisons":["the-pilgrims-progress","le-morte-darthur","paradise-lost","the-divine-comedy","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","the-anatomy-of-melancholy"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-faerie-queene.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #15272","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15272","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-faerie-queene","caption":"Early edition of The Faerie Queene, Book I.","credit":"William Ponsonby, 16th century printer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Faerie Queene, Book I","title":"The Faerie Queene frontispiece","creator":"William Ponsonby, 16th century printer","date":"2013-05-10 12:10:51","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/The_Faerie_Queene_frontispiece.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Faerie_Queene_frontispiece.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Frontispiece of 'The Faerie Queene' by Edmund Spenser published in 1590","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-faerie-queene.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":499,"height":720,"bytes":64069,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-faerie-queene.json","url":"/works/the-faerie-queene/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Una keeps faith with Redcrosse through his desertion and goes in search of help to free him from Orgoglio."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Redcrosse is humbled in the House of Holiness by Penance and Repentance before he is fit to face the dragon."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Una snatches the knife from Redcrosse in the Cave of Despair and reminds him that he shares in heavenly mercy."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Redcrosse fights the dragon for three days, rising each morning after being struck down."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Charissa and the seven beadsmen in Canto X teach the knight works of mercy to the poor, the prisoner, the sick and the dead."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"camus-the-fall","title":"The Fall","author":"Albert Camus","year":"1956","sortYear":1956,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":true,"curricula":["existentialism"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; guilt, suicide, cynicism."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["guilt-sin","justice-law","identity-self","honor-shame","faith-religion","doubt-meaning","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["suicide","alcohol","fever-infection","neurosis-anxiety"],"blurb":"The Fall is a short novel in six chapters made up entirely of the monologue of Jean-Baptiste Clamence, a Frenchman living in Amsterdam, who over five days talks to a stranger he meets at a sailors' bar called Mexico City. The listener never speaks in the text; his replies are implied by Clamence's answers.","lessonTitles":["The good deed that serves the self","The cry not answered","Confession as a weapon","Judgment and grace"],"comparisons":["notes-from-underground","camus-the-stranger","camus-the-plague","the-divine-comedy","the-scarlet-letter","confessions"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"albert-camus","caption":"Albert Camus in 1957, the year of his Nobel Prize.","credit":"United Press International; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Albert Camus","title":"Albert Camus, 1957 (Nobel Prize portrait)","creator":"United Press International","date":"1957","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Camus,_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel,_portrait_en_buste,_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau,_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche,_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3c08028.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/albert-camus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q34670 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":599,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/camus-the-fall.json","url":"/works/camus-the-fall/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Clamence's admission that his Paris benevolence fed his pride shows, by its absence in his earlier life, what humility in good works would require."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Clamence's failure to turn back on the Pont Royal when he hears the woman's cries shows the courage that the moment demanded."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"As a lawyer Clamence defended widows and orphans and refused bribes, real works of justice whose motives he later examines."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"runciman-the-fall-of-constantinople-1453","title":"The Fall of Constantinople, 1453","author":"Steven Runciman","year":"1965","sortYear":1965,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Narrative modern history of the siege; includes violence."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","faith-religion","power-politics","leadership","death-mortality","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["war-wounds","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 is Steven Runciman's narrative of the siege and capture of the Byzantine capital by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, published by Cambridge University Press in 1965 to mark more than five centuries since the event. In about 250 pages it sets the background, narrates the siege of spring 1453 day by day, and follows the consequences for the Greeks, the Turks and Europe.","lessonTitles":["Courage without hope of victory","Division weakens a people","A conqueror's skill"],"comparisons":["fall-of-constantinople-1453-eyewitness-accounts","villehardouin-conquest-of-constantinople","gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections","herrin-byzantium","kaldellis-the-new-roman-empire"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/runciman-the-fall-of-constantinople-1453.json","url":"/works/runciman-the-fall-of-constantinople-1453/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Constantine XI and his small force hold the walls for nearly two months against a vastly larger army and fight on to the last assault."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"On the evening before the final attack, Greeks and Latins, unionists and their opponents, join in the last liturgy in Hagia Sophia."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Runciman credits Mehmed with restoring the Orthodox patriarchate under Gennadios and rebuilding the city as a capital for all its peoples."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"fall-of-constantinople-1453-eyewitness-accounts","title":"The Fall of Constantinople, 1453: Eyewitness Accounts","author":"Nicolo Barbaro, George Sphrantzes, Doukas, and others","year":"1453","sortYear":1453,"era":"medieval","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Various","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Eyewitness accounts of a siege; includes violence."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","faith-religion","power-politics","leadership","death-mortality","honor-shame","home-exile","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["war-wounds","physicians-doctors","death-dying"],"blurb":"This record surveys the eyewitness and near-contemporary narratives of the Ottoman siege and capture of Constantinople, from 6 April to 29 May 1453, and the perspectives each brings. The library does not include a full text: the accounts were written in Italian, Greek, Latin and Ottoman Turkish, and the standard English translations (Barbaro by J. R. Melville Jones, 1969; Sphrantzes by Marios Philippides, 1980; Doukas by Harry J. Magoulias, 1975) are under copyright, so no quotations are given.","lessonTitles":["One siege, many witnesses","Holding a post to the end","Division within the walls","Ingenuity and technology in war"],"comparisons":["runciman-the-fall-of-constantinople-1453","gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections","villehardouin-conquest-of-constantinople","psellos-chronographia","kaldellis-the-new-roman-empire","herrin-byzantium"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"fall-of-constantinople","caption":"The siege of Constantinople, miniature by Jean Le Tavernier (after 1455).","credit":"Jean Le Tavernier; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Fall of Constantinople","title":"Le siège de Constantinople (1453) by Jean Le Tavernier after 1455","creator":"Jean Le Tavernier","date":"after 1455","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_%281453%29_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_(1453)_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Illustration by fr (Jean Le Tavernier) accompanying a translation by Jean Miélot of Bertrandon de la Broquière's Voyage d'Outre-Mer. It is one of three full-page miniatures in the Bibliothèque nationa","localPath":"site/public/portraits/fall-of-constantinople.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q160077 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":487,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/fall-of-constantinople-1453-eyewitness-accounts.json","url":"/works/fall-of-constantinople-1453-eyewitness-accounts/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Constantine XI refused to abandon his city and died with its defenders in the final assault."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Mehmed II undertook the great design of moving his fleet overland and carried a siege that earlier sultans had abandoned."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"On the last night Greeks and Latins together filled Hagia Sophia for the liturgy and prayer, as the witnesses report."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Sphrantzes served the emperor faithfully to the end and wrote his memory into his chronicle after captivity."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"heather-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire","title":"The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians","author":"Peter Heather","year":"2005","sortYear":2005,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Modern narrative history with detailed military analysis."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","war-violence","colonialism-empire","leadership","money-wealth","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Peter Heather's book is a narrative and argument about how the western half of the Roman Empire came to an end in the fifth century. It is organized in three parts, Pax Romana, Crisis and Fall.","lessonTitles":["Strength and vulnerability in the same empire","The weight of one decision","Revenue and survival","A debate among historians"],"comparisons":["gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections","ammianus-marcellinus-roman-history","harper-the-fate-of-rome","wickham-the-inheritance-of-rome","city-of-god","woolf-rome-an-empires-story"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/heather-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire.json","url":"/works/heather-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Heather shows how the mishandled reception of the Goths in 376 turned refugees into enemies, a lesson in the cost of imprudent government."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Aetius held the western provinces together for two decades against Attila and other threats, culminating in the defense of Gaul in 451."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Heather presents competing interpretations of Rome's fall and answers them with evidence rather than dismissing them."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-fall-of-the-roman-republic","title":"The Fall of the Roman Republic: Six Lives","author":"Plutarch","year":"c. 100 CE","sortYear":100,"era":"ancient","genre":"biography","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","ambition","war-violence","leadership","virtue-ethics","fate-free-will","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["epilepsy-seizures","surgery","pain","madness-psychosis","alcohol","death-dying","dreams-nightmares","fever-infection","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"The Fall of the Roman Republic is a selection of six of Plutarch's Roman Lives, arranged to tell the story of the Republic's collapse in the century before Augustus: Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar and Cicero. Read in sequence, they show how military glory, personal ambition and civil war destroyed Rome's traditional government.","lessonTitles":["How republics die","Character and fortune","The orator and the sword"],"comparisons":["the-age-of-alexander","the-twelve-caesars","macbeth","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-satires-of-horace-and-persius"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-fall-of-the-roman-republic.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #674","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/674","translator":"John Dryden, revised by Arthur Hugh Clough","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"plutarch","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Plutarch.","credit":"Odysses; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Plutarch","title":"Plutarch of Chaeronea-03","creator":"Odysses","date":"2013-10-12 21:08:53","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/plutarch.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q41523; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":535,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-fall-of-the-roman-republic.json","url":"/works/the-fall-of-the-roman-republic/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/196876045528","virtues":[{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Plutarch’s Lives of Cato the Younger, Cicero, and Brutus show men acting on principle as the Republic falls."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"harper-the-fate-of-rome","title":"The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire","author":"Kyle Harper","year":"2017","sortYear":2017,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Modern scholarly history drawing on climate and disease science."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["illness-body","nature-landscape","death-mortality","power-politics","science-knowledge","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","fever-infection","ancient-medicine","physicians-doctors","starvation-nutrition","public-health-sanitation","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Fate of Rome is a history of the Roman Empire from its height in the second century AD to the crises of the seventh, written by the classicist Kyle Harper and published by Princeton University Press in 2017 in its series on the history of the ancient world. Its argument is that the empire's long story cannot be told only through emperors, armies and barbarian peoples: changes in climate and the arrival of new infectious diseases were active forces that repeatedly struck a society whose own success had made it vulnerable.","lessonTitles":["History has more than human actors","Success can create vulnerability","New evidence, old questions","Faith in time of plague"],"comparisons":["gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections","heather-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire","procopius-history-of-the-wars-persian-war","galen-selected-works","al-razi-treatise-on-smallpox-and-measles","camus-the-plague"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/harper-the-fate-of-rome.json","url":"/works/harper-the-fate-of-rome/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Harper shows the empire reorganizing and recovering under Diocletian and Constantine after the plague, drought and war of the third century."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Harper discusses the Christian care for the sick during the Plague of Cyprian, as urged in Cyprian's sermons."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Harper presents his suggestion about the cause of the Plague of Cyprian as a hypothesis and distinguishes it from the DNA-confirmed cause of the plague of Justinian."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In his epilogue Harper turns the Roman story toward foresight, asking how societies can prepare for environmental shocks they cannot prevent."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-federalist-papers","title":"The Federalist Papers","author":"Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay","year":"1787-1788","sortYear":1787,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"best in selected papers"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","leadership","class-society","fate-free-will","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["philosophy-as-therapy","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The Federalist Papers are eighty-five essays written to persuade New York voters to ratify the proposed United States Constitution. Published under the shared pseudonym Publius, they defend a stronger federal union against fears that centralized power would destroy liberty.","lessonTitles":["Institutions must expect ambition","Scale can protect and distance","Energy and liberty remain in tension"],"comparisons":["the-anti-federalist-papers","the-founding-documents","leviathan","a-defence-of-the-constitutions","hamiltons-reports-and-opinion-on-the-bank","virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-federalist-papers.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1404","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1404","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-federalist-papers","caption":"Early edition of The Federalist Papers (1788).","credit":"Publius (pseudonym) [Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison].; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Federalist Papers","title":"The Federalist (1st ed, 1788, vol I, title page) - 02","creator":"Publius (pseudonym) [Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison].","date":"1788","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/The_Federalist_%281st_ed%2C_1788%2C_vol_I%2C_title_page%29_-_02.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Federalist_(1st_ed,_1788,_vol_I,_title_page)_-_02.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/madison/aa_madison_father_2_e.html.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-federalist-papers.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":432,"height":700,"bytes":48444,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-federalist-papers.json","url":"/works/the-federalist-papers/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Publius designs institutions on a sober view of human nature, as in No. 51."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Madison calls justice the end of government and civil society in No. 51."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-founding-documents","title":"The Founding Documents","author":"Continental Congress and United States Constitutional Convention","year":"1776-1791","sortYear":1776,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","fate-free-will","race-slavery","identity-self","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["medical-ethics","public-health-sanitation","disability-deformity"],"blurb":"The Founding Documents gathers the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights as one civic anthology. The Declaration, adopted by the Continental Congress in July 1776, announces separation from Britain by appealing to the laws of nature and of nature’s God, to the self-evident truths that all men are created equal and endowed with unalienable rights, and to government deriving its just powers from the consent of the governed.","lessonTitles":["Rights come before government","Power needs design, not wishful thinking","Rights require interpretation"],"comparisons":["second-treatise-of-government","the-federalist-papers","narrative-and-fourth-of-july","magna-carta","mayflower-compact","articles-of-confederation","virginia-declaration-of-rights","a-defence-of-the-constitutions"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-founding-documents.txt","source":"National Archives (archives.gov) transcriptions","sourceUrl":"https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript ; https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript ; https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript ; https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/amendments-11-27","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-founding-documents","caption":"First page of the original United States Constitution (1787).","credit":"Constitutional Convention; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Founding Documents","title":"United States Constitution","creator":"Constitutional Convention","date":"1789","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/United_States_Constitution.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Constitution.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/charters_downloads.html","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-founding-documents.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":596,"height":720,"bytes":132883,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-founding-documents.json","url":"/works/the-founding-documents/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-gay-science","title":"The Gay Science","author":"Friedrich Nietzsche","year":"1882 (expanded 1887)","sortYear":1882,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"hard philosophy"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["doubt-meaning","faith-religion","identity-self","art-creation","madness-mind"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["philosophy-as-therapy","melancholia-depression","mind-body","psychology-unconscious","sleep-insomnia"],"blurb":"The Gay Science, also translated as The Joyful Wisdom, is Nietzsche's book of convalescence, experiment, and dangerous cheerfulness. Its aphorisms and songs range across knowledge, art, women, morality, religion, science, friendship, self-creation, health, and style.","lessonTitles":["The Gay Science teaches historical caution","The Gay Science links evidence and authority","The Gay Science complicates mind and body","The Gay Science warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["thus-spoke-zarathustra","beyond-good-and-evil","ecce-homo","the-world-as-will-and-representation"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-gay-science.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #52124","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52124","translator":"Thomas Common","translationYear":1910},"portrait":{"ref":"the-gay-science","caption":"Early edition of The Gay Science.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Gay Science","title":"FW82","creator":"Unknown","date":"","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/FW82.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FW82.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-gay-science.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":379,"height":549,"bytes":28655,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-gay-science.json","url":"/works/the-gay-science/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"keynes-the-general-theory","title":"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money","author":"John Maynard Keynes","year":"1936","sortYear":1936,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","class-society","power-politics","science-knowledge","technology-modernity"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["mind-body"],"blurb":"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published by Macmillan in London in February 1936, is John Maynard Keynes's attempt to explain why an economy can remain for long periods with many people out of work. Written during the Great Depression, it argues that the classical economics Keynes had been taught describes only a special case, one of full employment, and that a more general theory is needed for the world as it is.","lessonTitles":["One person's spending is another's income","Expectations and animal spirits","Saving is not always a public virtue","Ideas rule the world"],"comparisons":["the-wealth-of-nations","hayek-the-road-to-serfdom","bastiat-the-law","weber-the-protestant-ethic-and-the-spirit-of-capitalism"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"john-maynard-keynes","caption":"Portrait of John Maynard Keynes (1933).","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Maynard Keynes","title":"Keynes 1933","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"1933","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Keynes_1933.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keynes_1933.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. This may be due to recogn","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-maynard-keynes.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q9317 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":289,"height":300}},"path":"content/works/keynes-the-general-theory.json","url":"/works/keynes-the-general-theory/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Keynes asks policymakers in the Concluding Notes to weigh carefully how far the state should guide investment while leaving most economic decisions to private initiative."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The book's whole aim, stated from chapter 1, is to explain and remedy the involuntary unemployment that left millions idle in the Depression."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"gettysburg-address","title":"The Gettysburg Address","author":"Abraham Lincoln","year":"1863","sortYear":1863,"era":"19th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"5–12","minGrade":5,"maxGrade":12,"note":"often memorized"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["death-mortality","war-violence","power-politics","justice-law","memory-time","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"On 19 November 1863, four and a half months after the Union victory at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, a large crowd gathered to dedicate the Soldiers' National Cemetery, where Union soldiers killed in the fighting of 1-3 July were being reinterred. The principal orator was Edward Everett, the former secretary of state and president of Harvard, who spoke for about two hours.","lessonTitles":["Honoring the dead by finishing their work","The founding as a proposition to be proved","The power of brevity"],"comparisons":["pericles-funeral-oration","lincoln-second-inaugural-address","the-founding-documents","o-captain-my-captain"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/gettysburg-address.txt","source":"The Avalon Project, Yale Law School","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/gettyb.asp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"gettysburg-address","caption":"Abraham Lincoln (center, hatless) among the crowd at Gettysburg on November 19, 1863.","credit":"Attributed to Mathew Brady studio / unidentified photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Gettysburg Address","title":"Lincolnatgettysburg","creator":"Attributed to Mathew Brady studio / unidentified photographer","date":"1863-11-19","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ds.03106.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/gettysburg-address.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":587,"bytes":53213,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/gettysburg-address.json","url":"/works/gettysburg-address/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Lincoln treats the soldiers' graves as ground already hallowed and resolves that the nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom.","vices":["impiety"]},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"He insists that the speakers' poor power can neither add nor detract and predicts the world will little note what they say.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The address grounds the nation on the proposition that all men are created equal and calls the war a test of it."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Rather than mourning alone, Lincoln asks the living to take up the unfinished work and the great task remaining before them.","vices":["cowardice"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-giver","title":"The Giver","author":"Lois Lowry","year":"1993","sortYear":1993,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":"euthanasia theme"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["utopia-dystopia","memory-time","coming-of-age","power-politics","isolation-alienation","death-mortality","family","innocence-experience"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["medical-ethics","death-dying","pharmacology-poisons","sexuality-medicalized","aging-senescence","pain","grief","war-wounds"],"blurb":"Jonas is eleven and lives with his father, a Nurturer who cares for newborns, his mother, who holds an important post in the Department of Justice, and his younger sister Lily in a tidy, enclosed Community where nearly everything is decided for its citizens. Families are assigned, each with one son and one daughter; babies are born to Birthmothers and given out at the yearly December Ceremony; children receive bicycles at Nine and jobs at Twelve; precise language is enforced with public apologies; everyone takes a daily pill once the Stirrings of adolescent desire begin; and those who break the rules three times, the old, and newborns who fail to thrive are \"released\" to a vague Elsewhere.","lessonTitles":["A world without pain is a world without love","Naming hides the truth","Wisdom needs memory","Choosing costs something"],"comparisons":["number-the-stars","fahrenheit-451","a-wrinkle-in-time","the-republic","utopia"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-giver","caption":"Portrait of Lois Lowry.","credit":"Larry D. Moore; CC BY 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Lois Lowry","title":"Lois Lowry 2016","creator":"Larry D. Moore","date":"Taken on 6 November 2016, 14:14:56","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lois_Lowry_2016.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lois_Lowry_2016.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-giver.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":480,"height":720,"bytes":56273,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-giver.json","url":"/works/the-giver/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Jonas accepts the Giver's painful memories, the sunburn, the broken leg and the battlefield, so that he can carry what the Community refused to bear."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Jonas flees with Gabriel the night he learns the baby will be released, risking his own life to save one the Community has written off."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"After seeing his father release a newborn twin, Jonas refuses to accept the Community's practice and plans with the Giver to return the memories to all."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The Giver and Jonas, alone with knowledge no one else shares, become true companions and comfort each other in the Annex."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-golden-ass","title":"The Golden Ass","author":"Apuleius","year":"c. 170 CE","sortYear":170,"era":"ancient","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"sexual content"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["the-supernatural","identity-self","satire-folly","love-desire","travel-journey","faith-religion","animals","innocence-experience"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["hallucinogens","pharmacology-poisons","altered-states","sexuality-medicalized","trauma-shell-shock","pain","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Golden Ass is a comic, erotic, violent and religious novel about curiosity transformed into degradation and salvation. Lucius, a young man fascinated by magic, travels in Thessaly, a region famous for witches.","lessonTitles":["Curiosity needs discipline","Embodiment changes moral vision","Salvation may be sincere and comic"],"comparisons":["metamorphoses","don-quixote","the-bacchae-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-golden-ass.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1666","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1666","translator":"William Adlington","translationYear":1566},"portrait":{"ref":"apuleius","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Apuleius.","credit":"Johann Jacob Bernoulli; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Apuleius","title":"Apuleius-Kontorniat","creator":"Johann Jacob Bernoulli","date":"4 th century","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Apuleius-Kontorniat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apuleius-Kontorniat.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Johann Jacob Bernoulli, Römische Ikonographie , Bd. 1: Die Bildnisse berühmter Römer mit Ausschluss der Kaiser und ihrer Angehörigen . Stuttgart u.a. 1882, Münztaf. 5,117.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/apuleius.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q170512; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":720,"height":706,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-golden-ass.json","url":"/works/the-golden-ass/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"frazer-the-golden-bough","title":"The Golden Bough (abridged edition)","author":"James George Frazer","year":"1922","sortYear":1922,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","the-supernatural","science-knowledge","death-mortality","power-politics","nature-landscape","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","physicians-doctors","quackery-charlatans","plague-epidemic","death-dying","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"The Golden Bough sets out to explain one strange rule. In the sacred grove of Diana at Nemi, in the Alban Hills near Rome, the priest, called the King of the Wood, held office until a runaway slave broke a bough from a certain tree and killed him in single combat, becoming priest in turn.","lessonTitles":["The two laws of magic","A question that grows","Magic, religion, science","The scapegoat"],"comparisons":["eliot-the-waste-land","the-aeneid","metamorphoses","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-descent-of-man"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/frazer-the-golden-bough.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #3623","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3623","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"james-george-frazer","caption":"Portrait of James George Frazer (1933).","credit":"Contemporary photograph; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"James George Frazer","title":"JamesGeorgeFrazer","creator":"Contemporary photograph","date":"1933","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/art/10799/Sir-James-George-Frazer-1933#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked","localPath":"site/public/portraits/james-george-frazer.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q151936 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":240,"height":300}},"path":"content/works/frazer-the-golden-bough.json","url":"/works/frazer-the-golden-bough/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Frazer spent some thirty years gathering and revising the evidence that fills the work's editions, as his preface recounts."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"In Farewell to Nemi he grants that science itself may one day be superseded and that his answer has raised more questions than it settled."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"colum-the-golden-fleece","title":"The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles","author":"Padraic Colum","year":"1921","sortYear":1921,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"5–8","minGrade":5,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","travel-journey","language-storytelling","the-supernatural","love-desire","friendship","leadership","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","aging-senescence","pharmacology-poisons","pain","death-dying","grief","disability-deformity"],"blurb":"The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles is Padraic Colum's retelling for young readers of the voyage of the Argo, with many other Greek myths woven into it as stories told by the heroes on the way. It was published in New York by Macmillan in 1921, with illustrations by Willy Pogány, and was named a Newbery Honor book in 1922.","lessonTitles":["Stories told on the rowing benches","Heracles calls the heroes back to their purpose","Hope under the rim of Pandora's jar","Arete's counsel to Medea"],"comparisons":["argonautica","kingsley-the-heroes","medea-and-other-plays","tanglewood-tales","homeric-hymns","the-iliad"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/colum-the-golden-fleece.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #2395, The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2395","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"padraic-colum","caption":"Portrait of Padraic Colum.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Padraic Colum","title":"PadraicColum","creator":"Unknown","date":"","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/PadraicColum.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PadraicColum.jpeg","institution":"","creditLine":"","localPath":"site/public/portraits/padraic-colum.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q429440 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":499,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/colum-the-golden-fleece.json","url":"/works/colum-the-golden-fleece/","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The heroes hold together through the Clashing Rocks and carry the Argo on their shoulders across the Libyan desert."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Jason yokes the fire-breathing bulls and faces the earth-born warriors in the field of Aeetes."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Queen Arete, who knows no enchantments, counsels Medea to give up witchcraft and never practise against anyone's life."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"In the story told after Lemnos, Hope caught under the rim of Pandora's jar lets men and women see an end to their troubles."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"golden-legend-popular-saints","title":"The Golden Legend: Popular Saints","author":"Jacobus de Voragine; William Caxton","year":"c. 1260 (Caxton translation 1483; Ellis edition 1900)","sortYear":1260,"era":"medieval","genre":"hagiography","originalLanguage":"Middle English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"graphic martyrdom accounts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["saints","faith-religion","the-supernatural","illness-body","death-mortality","heroism","language-storytelling","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","fever-infection","epilepsy-seizures","disability-deformity","death-dying","pain","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"This entry gathers the Golden Legend chapters and adjacent medieval traditions behind saints whose images still move through calendars, holidays, icons, hospitals, medals, advertising, and folklore. Jacobus de Voragine did not write critical biography in the modern sense.","lessonTitles":["A patronage is a story made portable","Modern holidays often preserve medieval fragments","Legend is evidence, but not always for the event","The body gives devotion a memory system"],"comparisons":["early-christian-lives","the-bible","a-christmas-carol","troilus-and-criseyde","the-history-of-the-church","the-anatomy-of-melancholy"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/golden-legend-popular-saints.txt","source":"Partial Golden Legend source packet from Caxton/Ellis public-domain tradition","sourceUrl":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/goldenlegend/","translator":"William Caxton; modernized by F. S. Ellis","translationYear":"1483; 1900"},"portrait":{"ref":"golden-legend-popular-saints","caption":"A late-13th-century manuscript of the Golden Legend.","credit":"Sailko; CC BY 3.0.","media":{"subject":"The Golden Legend: Popular Saints","title":"Umbria, jacopo da varazze, leggenda aurea, 1290 ca. 01","creator":"Sailko","date":"24 June 2016, 10:23:48","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"CC BY 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Umbria%2C_jacopo_da_varazze%2C_leggenda_aurea%2C_1290_ca._01.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Umbria,_jacopo_da_varazze,_leggenda_aurea,_1290_ca._01.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/golden-legend-popular-saints.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":512,"bytes":103405,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/golden-legend-popular-saints.json","url":"/works/golden-legend-popular-saints/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kennedy-the-great-arab-conquests","title":"The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In","author":"Hugh Kennedy","year":"2007","sortYear":2007,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Modern narrative history; includes warfare."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","faith-religion","power-politics","colonialism-empire","leadership","identity-self","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","war-wounds"],"blurb":"Hugh Kennedy's book narrates the conquests by which Muslim Arab armies, within about a century of the Prophet Muhammad's death in 632, came to rule lands from Spain and Morocco to Central Asia and the Indus valley. It opens with a chapter on the sources, chiefly Arabic histories such as those of al-Baladhuri and al-Tabari, written down some two centuries after the events, and on how to use their mix of genealogy, heroic tale and administrative memory.","lessonTitles":["How small armies won wide lands","Conquest and conversion are different things","Reading late and partisan sources","Many peoples, many responses"],"comparisons":["the-koran","procopius-history-of-the-wars-persian-war","kennedy-when-baghdad-ruled-the-muslim-world","ibn-khaldun-muqaddimah","ansary-destiny-disrupted","gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/kennedy-the-great-arab-conquests.json","url":"/works/kennedy-the-great-arab-conquests/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Many conquering commanders offered negotiated terms that preserved cities and their people rather than fighting every siege to the end."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Berber leaders such as al-Kahina held out against the Arab armies in North Africa for years."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Kennedy gives a chapter to the conquered peoples' own accounts, setting their testimony beside the victors'."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-great-gatsby","title":"The Great Gatsby","author":"F. Scott Fitzgerald","year":"1925","sortYear":1925,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","love-desire","class-society","ambition","memory-time","identity-self","death-mortality","isolation-alienation"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["alcohol","grief","suicide","death-dying","pharmacology-poisons"],"blurb":"The Great Gatsby is narrated by Nick Carraway, a young Midwesterner and war veteran who comes East in the spring of 1922 to learn the bond business and rents a small house in West Egg, on Long Island, beside the vast mansion of the mysterious Jay Gatsby. Across the bay in fashionable East Egg live Nick's cousin Daisy Buchanan and her husband Tom, a rich former Yale football player, along with Daisy's friend Jordan Baker, a champion golfer.","lessonTitles":["A dream fixed on the past","Careless wealth","A narrator who judges","Self-invention and its limits"],"comparisons":["great-expectations","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","my-antonia","death-of-a-salesman","daisy-miller","this-side-of-paradise"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-great-gatsby.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #64317","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64317","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-great-gatsby","caption":"Early edition of The Great Gatsby (1925).","credit":"Francis Cugat (cover art); Charles Scribner's Sons; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Great Gatsby","title":"The Great Gatsby Cover 1925 Retouched","creator":"Francis Cugat (cover art); Charles Scribner's Sons","date":"1925-04-10","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/The_Great_Gatsby_Cover_1925_Retouched.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Great_Gatsby_Cover_1925_Retouched.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Mechanical scan/photocopy of the 1925 original cover","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-great-gatsby.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":508,"height":720,"bytes":68021,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-great-gatsby.json","url":"/works/the-great-gatsby/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Gatsby keeps faith for five years that he can win Daisy back, which Nick calls an extraordinary gift for hope even as it destroys him."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Nick alone stays to arrange Gatsby's funeral and tries to bring his so-called friends to it."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Nick ends his romance with Jordan face to face, telling her he is too old to lie to himself and call it honour."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The boyhood schedule Henry Gatz shows Nick records young Jimmy's plan of exercise, study and self-improvement."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"solzhenitsyn-the-gulag-archipelago","title":"The Gulag Archipelago","author":"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn","year":"1973","sortYear":1973,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Russian","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; mature content."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["crime-punishment","power-politics","justice-law","guilt-sin","stoicism-endurance","faith-religion","isolation-alienation"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["starvation-nutrition","physicians-doctors","medical-ethics","death-dying","fever-infection","pain","asylum-institution","sleep-insomnia"],"blurb":"The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation is Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's history of the Soviet system of prisons, labour camps and exile, which he likened to an archipelago of islands scattered across the country, visible only to those taken there. Written in secret between 1958 and 1968, it draws on Solzhenitsyn's own eight years as a prisoner and on the testimony of some two hundred and twenty-seven other former prisoners, together with published Soviet sources.","lessonTitles":["The line through every heart","Ideology and the conscience","Bearing witness","Suffering and inner freedom"],"comparisons":["one-day-in-the-life-of-ivan-denisovich","arendt-the-origins-of-totalitarianism","mans-search-for-meaning","the-hiding-place","the-brothers-karamazov","letters-and-papers-from-prison"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"aleksandr-solzhenitsyn","caption":"Portrait of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1974-02-14).","credit":"Bert Verhoeff for Anefo; CC0.","media":{"subject":"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn","title":"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1974crop","creator":"Bert Verhoeff for Anefo","date":"1974-02-14","medium/type":"illustration","license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn_1974crop.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn_1974crop.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"[1] Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (ANEFO), 1945-1989, Nummer toegang 2.24.01.05 Bestanddeelnummer 927-0019","localPath":"site/public/portraits/aleksandr-solzhenitsyn.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q34474 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":574,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/solzhenitsyn-the-gulag-archipelago.json","url":"/works/solzhenitsyn-the-gulag-archipelago/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Solzhenitsyn wrote and hid the manuscript for a decade at great personal risk and published it knowing he would be punished."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"He gathered the testimony of hundreds of prisoners so that their wrongs, and the names of the dead, would be recorded."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"In Part IV he admits that, had his life gone differently, he too might have become an interrogator, and refuses to place himself above the guilty."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"He describes prisoners who kept their souls intact and his own moral and religious awakening behind barbed wire."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kingsley-the-heroes","title":"The Heroes; or, Greek Fairy Tales for My Children","author":"Charles Kingsley","year":"1856","sortYear":1856,"era":"19th-century","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"4–8","minGrade":4,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","faith-religion","virtue-ethics","travel-journey","coming-of-age","family","the-supernatural","honor-shame"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","nursing-caregiving","pharmacology-poisons","pain","alcohol","aging-senescence","madness-psychosis"],"blurb":"The Heroes; or, Greek Fairy Tales for My Children is Charles Kingsley's retelling of three Greek hero legends, Perseus, the Argonauts and Theseus, written for his children Rose, Maurice and Mary. The preface is signed from Farley Court in Advent 1855, and the book was published by Macmillan in 1856.","lessonTitles":["Do right, and God will help you","A sharper trial for the one who overcomes","Each of us has a Golden Fleece to seek","Good ends and evil means","How Theseus fell by his pride"],"comparisons":["a-wonder-book","tanglewood-tales","colum-the-golden-fleece","argonautica","apollodorus-library"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/kingsley-the-heroes.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #677, The Heroes","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/677","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"charles-kingsley","caption":"Portrait of Charles Kingsley.","credit":"Unknown; CC BY 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Charles Kingsley","title":"Charles Kingsley. Photograph by Charles Watkins. Wellcome V0026646","creator":"Unknown","date":"","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Charles_Kingsley._Photograph_by_Charles_Watkins._Wellcome_V0026646.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Kingsley._Photograph_by_Charles_Watkins._Wellcome_V0026646.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/9f/f2/a49bd779600ddc28f7c1859dc721.jpg Gallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/V0026646.html Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-27): https","localPath":"site/public/portraits/charles-kingsley.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q353238 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":563,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/kingsley-the-heroes.json","url":"/works/kingsley-the-heroes/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Perseus accepts a seven years' journey from which he cannot turn back, saying it is better to die than to live useless and despised."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Jason carries a helpless old woman across the flooded Anauros at the cost of his sandal, not knowing she is the goddess Hera."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Theseus clears the road to Athens of Sinis, Sciron and Procrustes, punishing each robber with his own cruelty."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Kingsley closes the book by showing Theseus ruined by pride and praying that God will keep pride from his readers after they do noble deeds."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-hiding-place","title":"The Hiding Place","author":"Corrie ten Boom","year":"1971","sortYear":1971,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"7–12","minGrade":7,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Holocaust suffering"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","war-violence","family","justice-law","stoicism-endurance","death-mortality","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["starvation-nutrition","death-dying","grief","nursing-caregiving","fever-infection","tuberculosis-consumption","trauma-shell-shock","disability-deformity"],"blurb":"The Hiding Place is Corrie ten Boom's memoir, written with John and Elizabeth Sherrill, of her family's life in Haarlem, their work hiding Jews during the German occupation of the Netherlands, and her imprisonment with her sister Betsie in Nazi prisons and camps.\n\nIt opens in January 1937 with the hundredth anniversary of the watch shop in the narrow old house called the Beje, where Corrie, then in her forties and unmarried, lives with her father Casper and her older sister Betsie.","lessonTitles":["Ordinary people and a righteous risk","Truth-telling under tyranny","Gratitude in the worst place","Forgiveness that must be given"],"comparisons":["mans-search-for-meaning","letters-and-papers-from-prison","number-the-stars","the-cost-of-discipleship","psalm-23"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"the-hiding-place","caption":"Portrait of Corrie ten Boom.","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Corrie ten Boom","title":"CorrieTenBoom","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"1921","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/CorrieTenBoom.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CorrieTenBoom.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"De geschiedenis van de familie Ten Boom (1921)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-hiding-place.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":456,"height":720,"bytes":44910,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-hiding-place.json","url":"/works/the-hiding-place/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Corrie keeps faith through months of solitary confinement at Scheveningen and the cold, hunger and roll calls of Ravensbrück."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The ten Booms open the Beje to Jews turned away elsewhere, and Casper accepts arrest rather than close his door to God's ancient people."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Betsie thanks God even for the fleas in their Ravensbrück barracks, trusting His goodness before she can see any reason for it."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Dying at Ravensbrück, Betsie describes the homes she and Corrie will open after the war, and Corrie lives to open them."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The family risks everything to protect Haarlem's Jews from deportation, refusing to stand aside while their neighbors are hunted."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-histories","title":"The Histories","author":"Herodotus","year":"c. 430 BCE","sortYear":-430,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"long; best read in excerpts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","power-politics","fate-free-will","travel-journey","language-storytelling","colonialism-empire","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","physicians-doctors","madness-psychosis","epilepsy-seizures","hallucinogens","anatomy-dissection","plague-epidemic","surgery","sexuality-medicalized","alcohol","death-dying","dreams-nightmares"],"blurb":"The Histories is the first great work of prose history in the Western tradition, an inquiry (historia) into the causes and course of the wars between the Greeks and the Persian Empire. Herodotus states his purpose in the opening: to preserve the memory of great and marvellous deeds of Greeks and barbarians, and especially the reason why they fought one another.","lessonTitles":["Call no one happy until the end","Custom is king","Inquiry and evidence"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","the-agricola-and-the-germania","persian-letters","in-patagonia","the-age-of-alexander"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-histories.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2707","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2707","translator":"G. C. Macaulay","translationYear":1890},"portrait":{"ref":"herodotus","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Herodotus.","credit":"This file was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the Metropolitan Museum of Art . See the Image and Data Resources Open Access Policy; CC0.","media":{"subject":"Herodotus","title":"Marble bust of Herodotos","creator":"This file was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the Metropolitan Museum of Art . See the Image and Data Resources Open Access Policy","date":"2nd century A.D.","medium/type":"sculpture","license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_bust_of_Herodotos_MET_DT11742_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This file was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the Metropolitan Museum of Art . See the Image and Data Resources Open Access Policy","localPath":"site/public/portraits/herodotus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q26825; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":539,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-histories.json","url":"/works/the-histories/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/254524839234","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Croesus learns from Solon to call no man happy before his end, and Xerxes’ pride is humbled at Salamis.","vices":["pride"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"tacitus-the-histories","title":"The Histories","author":"Tacitus","year":"c. AD 100-110","sortYear":105,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Civil-war narrative with political violence; Fyfe translation."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","war-violence","leadership","ambition","colonialism-empire","faith-religion","honor-shame"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","disability-deformity","suicide","fever-infection","war-wounds","plague-epidemic","ancient-medicine","death-dying","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The Histories is Tacitus's narrative of the Roman Empire from 1 January AD 69 onward. It originally ran to Domitian's death in 96, but only Books I-IV and the first part of Book V survive, covering about eighteen months.","lessonTitles":["An emperor could be made elsewhere than at Rome","Character is tested by power","The historian's own position","Rome argues for its own rule"],"comparisons":["the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-agricola-and-the-germania","the-twelve-caesars","the-jewish-war","plutarch-lives","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/tacitus-the-histories.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #16927","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16927","translator":"W. Hamilton Fyfe","translationYear":1912},"portrait":{"ref":"tacitus","caption":"Tacitus as imagined in an eighteenth-century engraving.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Tacitus","title":"Tacitus, Cornelius (50 - 116)","creator":"Unknown author","date":"18 th century","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Tacitus%2C_Cornelius_%2850_-_116%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tacitus,_Cornelius_(50_-_116).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Pages/ImageDetail.aspx?p_iBildID=8095637","localPath":"site/public/portraits/tacitus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q2161; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":604,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/tacitus-the-histories.json","url":"/works/tacitus-the-histories/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Tacitus opens by honouring mothers and wives who followed their families into exile and slaves who stayed loyal under torture in the worst of times."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Vespasian weighs the eastern armies, Mucianus's advice and the state of Italy before accepting the proclamation, and Tacitus contrasts him with rash rivals."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Otho chooses to die at Brixellum rather than send his army into another battle, and Tacitus says his death earned him a noble name."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Helvidius Priscus presses the senate in Book IV to act independently and hold informers to account after the civil war."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"polybius-histories-book-vi","title":"The Histories, Book VI","author":"Polybius","year":"c. 150 BC","sortYear":-150,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Victorian translation; constitutional analysis, fragmentary."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","virtue-ethics","war-violence","honor-shame","faith-religion","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["death-dying","war-wounds","plague-epidemic"],"blurb":"Book VI of Polybius's Histories interrupts his narrative of the Second Punic War at its darkest moment for Rome, the defeat at Cannae in 216 BC, to explain how a city that had just lost an army could recover and, within fifty-three years, bring nearly the whole known world under its power. His answer is the Roman constitution.","lessonTitles":["Every simple government carries the seed of its own corruption","Mixed powers check one another","Honour and shame as public institutions","Faith kept in small things"],"comparisons":["machiavelli-discourses-on-livy","cicero-republic-and-laws","politics","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-federalist-papers","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/polybius-histories-book-vi.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #44125 (The Histories of Polybius, vol. 1, trans. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, London: Macmillan, 1889)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44125","translator":"Evelyn S. 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Livy opens with a preface that admits the earliest traditions are closer to poetry than to record, and then states his purpose: history sets before the reader examples of every kind of conduct, to be imitated or avoided, and Rome, he believes, was richer in good examples than any other state until luxury and avarice came late.","lessonTitles":["History as a gallery of examples","Public duty and private loss","Power laid down","Concord between the orders"],"comparisons":["plutarch-lives","machiavelli-discourses-on-livy","the-aeneid","polybius-histories-book-vi","city-of-god","sallust-catiline-and-jugurtha"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/livy-history-of-rome-books-i-v.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #19725 (The History of Rome, Books 1-8, trans. D. Spillan, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19725","translator":"D. 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Eusebius organizes the past through succession: bishops, teachers, heresies, writings, persecutions and martyrs.","lessonTitles":["Communities survive by preserving memory","Suffering can be made meaningful","Archives are arguments"],"comparisons":["early-christian-writings","early-christian-lives","the-annals-of-imperial-rome"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-history-of-the-church.txt","source":"CCEL NPNF2-01","sourceUrl":"https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201/cache/npnf201.txt","translator":"Arthur Cushman McGiffert","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"eusebius","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Eusebius.","credit":"Artaud de Montor, Alexis François; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Eusebius","title":"Eusebius","creator":"Artaud de Montor, Alexis François","date":"1911","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Eusebius.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eusebius.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://archive.org/details/livesofpopes01artauoft","localPath":"site/public/portraits/eusebius.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q160514; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":555,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-history-of-the-church.json","url":"/works/the-history-of-the-church/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections","title":"The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Selections)","author":"Edward Gibbon","year":"1776-1789","sortYear":1776,"era":"18th-century","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Elaborate eighteenth-century prose with ironic asides on religion."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","colonialism-empire","faith-religion","war-violence","virtue-ethics","memory-time","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["war-wounds","death-dying","physicians-doctors","pain"],"blurb":"Edward Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire runs in seventy-one chapters from the age of the Antonines in the second century to the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the condition of the city of Rome in the fifteenth century. The library holds a selection from the Milman edition, with Gibbon's footnotes and the added notes of the editors: Chapters I to III, the General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West that close the third volume, and Chapter LXVIII on Mahomet the Second and the capture of Constantinople.","lessonTitles":["Greatness can carry the seeds of its own decline","Forms can hide realities","A historian's judgments on religion invite a reply","Courage at the end"],"comparisons":["polybius-histories-book-vi","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","city-of-god","ammianus-marcellinus-roman-history","fall-of-constantinople-1453-eyewitness-accounts","heather-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #731, #733 and #736 (The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, with notes by H. H. 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Unlike Herodotus’ broad storytelling, Thucydides narrows his gaze to power, fear, interest, decision and the deterioration of civic language under pressure.","lessonTitles":["Crisis tests political ideals","Power changes language","Ambition needs limits"],"comparisons":["the-histories","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","testament-of-youth"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #7142","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7142","translator":"Richard Crawley","translationYear":1874},"portrait":{"ref":"thucydides","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Thucydides.","credit":"user:shakko; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Thucydides","title":"Thucydides pushkin01","creator":"user:shakko","date":"2008","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Thucydides_pushkin01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thucydides_pushkin01.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thucydides.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q41683; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":518,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war.json","url":"/works/the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Pericles’ cautious war strategy and Diodotus’ counsel at Mytilene show deliberation under pressure.","vices":["imprudence"]},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The Melian Dialogue presses the question whether justice has any place between unequal powers.","vices":["injustice"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"fielding-tom-jones","title":"The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling","author":"Henry Fielding","year":"1749","sortYear":1749,"era":"18th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Mature content: sexual episodes treated comically."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["virtue-ethics","love-desire","identity-self","class-society","travel-journey","satire-folly","coming-of-age","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","bloodletting","surgery","quackery-charlatans","epilepsy-seizures","alcohol","death-dying"],"blurb":"Tom Jones tells the story of a foundling raised by a good country gentleman, his expulsion from home, his adventures on the road and in London, and his final restoration and marriage. The eighteen books are each opened by an essay in which the narrator talks with the reader about the art of writing, critics, love, or human nature.","lessonTitles":["A good heart needs prudence","Seeming and being","The narrator as host","Comic providence"],"comparisons":["don-quixote","sterne-tristram-shandy","hamlet","the-odyssey"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/fielding-tom-jones.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #6593","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6593","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"henry-fielding","caption":"Henry Fielding, engraved portrait.","credit":"Unknown engraver; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Henry Fielding","title":"Henry Fielding","creator":"Unknown engraver","date":"","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Henry_Fielding.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Fielding.png","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/henry-fielding.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q34190 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":213,"height":258}},"path":"content/works/fielding-tom-jones.json","url":"/works/fielding-tom-jones/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Tom sells his horse and Bible to help Black George's starving family and later rescues Mrs Miller's relations in London."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"By the final chapter Tom has learned the discretion the narrator called a guard to virtue in Book III."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Sophia defies her father's threats and an unwanted marriage by leaving home with only her maid."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Partridge follows Tom through danger and poverty, and Tom provides for him in the end."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-hobbit","title":"The Hobbit","author":"J. R. R. Tolkien","year":"1937","sortYear":1937,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"5–8","minGrade":5,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","travel-journey","money-wealth","home-exile","coming-of-age","friendship","war-violence","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["starvation-nutrition","war-wounds","death-dying","obsession-monomania"],"blurb":"The Hobbit, or There and Back Again tells how Bilbo Baggins, a comfortable, respectable hobbit of Bag-End under the Hill, is drawn into an adventure he never wanted. The wizard Gandalf marks his door, and thirteen dwarves led by Thorin Oakenshield arrive for an unexpected party.","lessonTitles":["Courage in an ordinary person","The sickness of hoarded gold","Pity and mercy","Home and the road"],"comparisons":["on-fairy-stories","the-lord-of-the-rings","beowulf","the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe","the-odyssey","treasure-island"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-hobbit","caption":"Portrait of J. R. R. Tolkien.","credit":"Unknown photo studio; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"J. R. R. Tolkien","title":"J. R. R. 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Tolkien, probably originally sourced from John Garth, Tolkien and the Great War.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-hobbit.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":540,"height":720,"bytes":57783,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-hobbit.json","url":"/works/the-hobbit/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Bilbo goes on alone down the dark tunnel toward Smaug in Chapter 12 after his fear has stopped him."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Bilbo gives up the Arkenstone to Bard and then returns to share his friends' fate, seeking peace over profit."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Thorin, dying, asks the hobbit's pardon and praises food, cheer and song above the gold he hoarded."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Bilbo frees the dwarves from the spiders and the Elvenking's dungeons though they have often scorned him."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"homeric-hymns","title":"The Homeric Hymns","author":"Anonymous (Homeric)","year":"7th–6th century BC","sortYear":-650,"era":"ancient","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","the-supernatural","death-mortality","family","art-creation","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["aging-senescence","grief","starvation-nutrition","ancient-medicine","physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"The Homeric Hymns are a collection of thirty-three anonymous Greek poems addressed to the gods, composed in the same dactylic hexameter and formulaic language as the Iliad and Odyssey. Ancient audiences treated many of them as Homer's own; most scholars now see them as the work of different singers over a long period, with the four great narrative hymns usually dated to the archaic age and some short pieces much later.","lessonTitles":["A mother's grief and the seasons","Immortality is not enough","Wit and reconciliation","The singer and his song"],"comparisons":["the-odyssey","the-iliad","metamorphoses","apollodorus-library","the-bacchae-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/homeric-hymns.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #348, Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/348","translator":"Hugh G. 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S. Lewis","year":"1954","sortYear":1954,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","identity-self","travel-journey","home-exile","coming-of-age","fate-free-will","animals","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["suicide","war-wounds","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"The Horse and His Boy takes place during the golden age of Narnia, while the four Pevensie children reign at Cair Paravel, and it happens mostly in Calormen, the hot, crowded empire far to the south. Shasta, a boy of about eleven, lives in a fishing village with Arsheesh, a hard man who works him like a servant.","lessonTitles":["A hidden hand in hard things","Pride and the cure for it","Your own story","Courage that turns back"],"comparisons":["the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe","the-last-battle","the-silver-chair","the-golden-ass","the-odyssey","twelve-years-a-slave"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-horse-and-his-boy","caption":"C. S. Lewis in 1917.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. 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Wanda Petronski, the daughter of a Polish immigrant, Jan Petronski, lives with her father and brother Jake in a shabby house on Boggins Heights, outside a small Connecticut town.","lessonTitles":["Silence can be a wrong too","Too late to say sorry in person","Answering unkindness with a gift","The hundred dresses were real"],"comparisons":["the-moffats","number-the-stars","to-kill-a-mockingbird","anne-of-green-gables"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/the-hundred-dresses.json","url":"/works/the-hundred-dresses/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Wanda answers months of mockery by asking that her drawings be given to Peggy and Maddie, the two girls who teased her most."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Maddie admits to herself that her silent laughter helped drive Wanda away, instead of excusing herself as Peggy does."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Maddie resolves after the empty house on Boggins Heights that she will speak up the next time anyone is picked on, even at the risk of being teased herself."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"huxley-wilberforce-debate","title":"The Huxley-Wilberforce Debate","author":"Thomas Henry Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce","year":"1860","sortYear":1860,"era":"19th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","faith-religion","animals","language-storytelling","memory-time","education"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["anatomy-dissection","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"The Huxley-Wilberforce Debate is the name later given to an unscheduled exchange on Saturday, 30 June 1860, at the Oxford meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, seven months after Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. It was not a formal debate with set speeches and a motion, and no transcript was taken.","lessonTitles":["History and legend","Scientific objection in its own terms","Ridicule and reasoned answer","Science and faith: conflict or conversation?"],"comparisons":["on-the-origin-of-species","the-descent-of-man","novum-organum","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","lincoln-douglas-debates","leipzig-disputation"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-henry-huxley","caption":"Portrait of Thomas Henry Huxley.","credit":"Lock & Whitfield; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Henry Huxley","title":"T.H.Huxley(Woodburytype)","creator":"Lock & Whitfield","date":"1880","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/T.H.Huxley%28Woodburytype%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:T.H.Huxley(Woodburytype).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"original w:Woodburytype","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-henry-huxley.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q184366 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":241,"height":316}},"path":"content/works/huxley-wilberforce-debate.json","url":"/works/huxley-wilberforce-debate/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Huxley, a young lecturer, rose to answer the bishop of the diocese before a crowded Oxford audience in defence of a theory then under heavy criticism."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Huxley and Hooker spoke for the absent and ailing Darwin, and Hooker wrote to him within two days to tell him what had happened."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Wilberforce prepared a long, detailed review of the Origin for the Quarterly Review, engaging Darwin's evidence chapter by chapter."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-idiot","title":"The Idiot","author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","year":"1868–69","sortYear":1868,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"Russian","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["existentialism"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"long; violent ending"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","love-desire","innocence-experience","money-wealth","death-mortality","illness-body","class-society","madness-mind"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["epilepsy-seizures","tuberculosis-consumption","suicide","death-dying","asylum-institution","physicians-doctors","alcohol","altered-states"],"blurb":"The Idiot tells what happens when a man of complete goodness and simplicity enters the money-driven society of St. Petersburg in the late 1860s. Prince Lev Nikolayevich Myshkin, the last of an old noble family, returns to Russia after four years in a Swiss sanatorium, where Dr. Schneider treated him for the epileptic illness that left him so slow as a child that people called him an idiot.","lessonTitles":["The positively good man in a fallen world","Pity and passion","Facing death","Money and dignity"],"comparisons":["crime-and-punishment","the-brothers-karamazov","don-quixote","les-miserables","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-idiot.txt","source":"Internet Archive item dostoyevsky_fyodor_1821_1881_idiot (Constance Garnett translation, London: William Heinemann, 1918 printing; first published 1913)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/dostoyevsky_fyodor_1821_1881_idiot","translator":"Constance Garnett","translationYear":1913},"portrait":{"ref":"fyodor-dostoyevsky","caption":"Portrait of Fyodor Dostoevsky.","credit":"Vasily Perov; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Fyodor Dostoyevsky","title":"Portrait of Fedor Dostoyevsky","creator":"Vasily Perov","date":"1872","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Google Arts & Culture — kgHBFHS7SpcayQ","localPath":"site/public/portraits/fyodor-dostoyevsky.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q991; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":576,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-idiot.json","url":"/works/the-idiot/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Myshkin answers Burdovsky's false claim and insults by offering him money and friendship."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"At Nastasya Filippovna's party Myshkin proposes to her while saying that she does him an honor, not he her."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Answering Rogozhin's question about belief, Myshkin tells of the peasant mother and her words on God's gladness."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-iliad","title":"The Iliad","author":"Homer","year":"c. 8th century BCE","sortYear":-750,"era":"ancient","genre":"epic","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"war violence"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","heroism","death-mortality","honor-shame","fate-free-will","friendship","family","revenge"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["war-wounds","surgery","physicians-doctors","plague-epidemic","grief","trauma-shell-shock","starvation-nutrition","anatomy-dissection","ancient-medicine","pharmacology-poisons","death-dying","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"The Iliad tells of a few weeks in the tenth year of the Greek siege of Troy, and its subject, announced in the first line, is the wrath of Achilles. A plague sent by Apollo ravages the Greek camp because Agamemnon, commander of the Achaeans, has refused to return the captive daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses.","lessonTitles":["The cost of honour","Grief and rage","Shared mortality","War seen from the city"],"comparisons":["the-odyssey","testament-of-youth","the-nibelungenlied","the-bhagavad-gita","troilus-and-criseyde","lysistrata-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-iliad.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2199","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2199","translator":"Samuel Butler","translationYear":1898},"portrait":{"ref":"homer","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Homer.","credit":"NikonZ7II; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Homer","title":"Homer bust, Farnese collection (Naples)","creator":"NikonZ7II","date":"2022-04-02","medium/type":"sculpture","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Homer_bust%2C_Farnese_collection_%28Naples%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homer_bust,_Farnese_collection_(Naples).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/homer.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q6691; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":381,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-iliad.json","url":"/works/the-iliad/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/274274075640","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Hector goes out to face Achilles before the walls of Troy knowing he will likely die defending his city.","vices":["cowardice"]},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Achilles returns Hector’s body to Priam in Book XXIV, honoring the grief of an old enemy."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"The wrath of Achilles, the poem’s first word, costs countless Greek lives, showing the ruin of unruled anger.","vices":["wrath"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"wickham-the-inheritance-of-rome","title":"The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000","author":"Chris Wickham","year":"2009","sortYear":2009,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Dense modern scholarly synthesis."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","colonialism-empire","faith-religion","class-society","money-wealth","memory-time","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Inheritance of Rome is Chris Wickham's history of Europe and the Mediterranean from the last century of the western Roman empire to the year 1000. First published in 2009 in Britain and the United States (the American edition carried the subtitle Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000), it runs to about 650 pages and is written for general readers by one of the leading specialists in the period.","lessonTitles":["Every age on its own terms","Taxes, land and loyalty","A wider Europe"],"comparisons":["woolf-rome-an-empires-story","gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections","bede-ecclesiastical-history","heather-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire","herrin-byzantium"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/wickham-the-inheritance-of-rome.json","url":"/works/wickham-the-inheritance-of-rome/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Western kings, lacking Roman taxes, adapt by rewarding followers with land and building new forms of loyalty to hold their kingdoms together."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Charlemagne and his advisers pursue a program of religious and moral reform across the Frankish realm."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-innocence-of-father-brown","title":"The Innocence of Father Brown","author":"G. K. Chesterton","year":"1911","sortYear":1911,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["crime-punishment","faith-religion","guilt-sin","justice-law","identity-self","virtue-ethics","satire-folly"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","suicide","alcohol","opium-laudanum","pharmacology-poisons","disability-deformity","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"The Innocence of Father Brown collects the first twelve stories about Father Brown, a short, round-faced Roman Catholic priest from Essex with a shabby umbrella and an armful of brown-paper parcels, who solves crimes by understanding the sinners who commit them. In \"The Blue Cross\" Aristide Valentin, head of the Paris police, lands at Harwich hunting the giant French thief Flambeau and follows a trail of absurdities across London: salt in a sugar bowl, soup thrown at a wall, a window broken and paid for in advance, price labels swapped on a fruit stall.","lessonTitles":["Reason belongs to faith","Knowing evil from the inside","Mercy that brings the sinner back","The proud man on the heights"],"comparisons":["the-screwtape-letters","crime-and-punishment","the-brothers-karamazov","pensees","the-scarlet-pimpernel"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-innocence-of-father-brown.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #204","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/204","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-innocence-of-father-brown","caption":"Sydney Seymour Lucas's illustration for The Innocence of Father Brown (1911).","credit":"Sydney Seymour Lucas; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Innocence of Father Brown","title":"Innocence of Fr Brown Lucas 006","creator":"Sydney Seymour Lucas","date":"1911","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Innocence_of_Fr_Brown_Lucas_006.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Innocence_of_Fr_Brown_Lucas_006.png","institution":"","creditLine":"This image has been extracted from another file","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-innocence-of-father-brown.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":513,"height":720,"bytes":66372,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-innocence-of-father-brown.json","url":"/works/the-innocence-of-father-brown/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Brown tells Wilfred Bohun on the church tower that humility is the mother of giants, and his own refusal to think himself above sin is how he reads every criminal."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"In The Blue Cross Brown sees through Flambeau's disguise and quietly posts the sapphire cross to Westminster before walking onto the heath with him."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Speaking to Flambeau in the tree in The Flying Stars, Brown asks him to give back the diamonds for his own soul's sake, and wins a friend instead of a conviction."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Israel Gow takes every grain of the gold willed to him and not one grain more, even putting the earl's skull back in the grave once its gold tooth is removed."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"justinian-institutes","title":"The Institutes of Justinian","author":"Justinian I (Tribonian and commissioners)","year":"533 CE","sortYear":533,"era":"medieval","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Technical legal textbook; useful alongside a guide to Roman law."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","education","family","race-slavery","money-wealth","crime-punishment"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","disability-deformity","surgery","medical-ethics","physicians-doctors","pharmacology-poisons","ancient-medicine"],"blurb":"The Institutes of Justinian is a short official textbook of Roman law, issued at Constantinople on 21 November 533 and given the force of law, together with the Digest, from 30 December of that year. It was written for first-year law students: the preface, addressed to the youth desirous of studying the law, explains that the emperor, having reconquered Africa and set in order both the imperial constitutions and the writings of the old jurists, has commissioned Tribonian, Theophilus and Dorotheus to compose an elementary book so that beginners may learn the law as it is actually in force.","lessonTitles":["Definitions as foundations","Three kinds of law","Order makes learning possible","Responsibility for harm"],"comparisons":["commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","magna-carta","summa-theologica","cicero-republic-and-laws","grotius-rights-of-war-and-peace","procopius-secret-history"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/justinian-institutes.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #5983 (The Institutes of Justinian, trans. J. B. Moyle, Oxford: Clarendon Press)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5983","translator":"J. B. 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Its central claim is that dreams are meaningful psychic acts that can be interpreted, and that every dream, properly analysed, proves to be the fulfilment of a wish.","lessonTitles":["Meaning hides in the trivial detail","The physician's self-exoneration","Literature as evidence of the mind","Sleep defends itself"],"comparisons":["the-principles-of-psychology","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-theban-plays","macbeth","civilization-and-its-discontents","the-world-as-will-and-representation","the-anatomy-of-melancholy"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-interpretation-of-dreams.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #66048","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66048","translator":"A. A. 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Written after Josephus had defected to the Romans, the work tries to explain a catastrophe to several audiences at once: Jews who had survived it, Romans who had conquered, and Greek-speaking readers who needed Judean politics translated into the language of civil war, faction and providence.","lessonTitles":["Civil war magnifies external conquest","Historians can be witnesses and defendants","Siege warfare is a medical catastrophe","Sacred places become political targets"],"comparisons":["jewish-antiquities","the-annals-of-imperial-rome","the-twelve-caesars","the-history-of-the-church","the-bible"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"the-jewish-war","caption":"Early edition of The Jewish War.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Jewish War","title":"Jewish war, josephus flavius 1559","creator":"Unknown author","date":"2011-08-08","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Jewish_war%2C_josephus_flavius_1559.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_war,_josephus_flavius_1559.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Photos of exhibits at the Diaspora Museum, Tel Aviv - en:Beit Hatefutsot;","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-jewish-war.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":490,"height":720,"bytes":61995,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-jewish-war.json","url":"/works/the-jewish-war/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Josephus describes the endurance of the defenders of Jerusalem and Masada."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"journal-of-john-woolman","title":"The Journal of John Woolman","author":"John Woolman","year":"1774","sortYear":1774,"era":"18th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Plain 18th-century Quaker prose."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","race-slavery","virtue-ethics","travel-journey","money-wealth","war-violence","death-mortality","animals"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","plague-epidemic","death-dying","nursing-caregiving","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The Journal of John Woolman is the spiritual autobiography of a New Jersey Quaker tailor and minister, begun in his thirty-sixth year and continued until a few days before his death. He opens in Northampton, Burlington County, where as a child he reads the twenty-second chapter of Revelation by the roadside and, soon after, kills a mother robin with a stone and then her nestlings, an act whose horror teaches him that God has placed in every mind a principle of goodness toward all creatures.","lessonTitles":["A conscience grows by small obediences","Speaking plainly in love","Wealth, wants and the labour of others","Going to learn as well as to teach"],"comparisons":["franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","walden","confessions","grace-abounding","narrative-and-fourth-of-july","practice-of-the-presence-of-god"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/journal-of-john-woolman.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #37311","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37311","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-woolman","caption":"Portrait of John Woolman.","credit":"Probably Robert Smith III; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Woolman","title":"John Woolman","creator":"Probably Robert Smith III","date":"Unknown date","medium/type":"painting, drawing or print","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/John_Woolman.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Woolman.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"The Journal and Essays of John Woolman (1922), first few pages: https://archive.org/details/journalessaysofj00wool","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-woolman.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q509027 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":593,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/journal-of-john-woolman.json","url":"/works/journal-of-john-woolman/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"After writing one bill of sale for an enslaved woman, Woolman refuses to write the next conveyance a young Friend asks of him."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"In 1756 he lays down a growing shop of goods and keeps only his tailoring and apple trees so as to live free of cumbers."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"At Wehaloosing he writes that in his own eyes he appeared inferior to many among the Delaware people he had come to visit."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He travels through a dangerous wilderness in wartime in 1763, resigned even to captivity, to visit the town on the Susquehanna."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"On the voyage he chooses the steerage and spends his days among the sailors, grieving over their hardships and speaking with them one by one."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god","title":"The Journey of the Mind into God","author":"Bonaventure","year":"1259","sortYear":1259,"era":"medieval","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classical-10th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"demanding theology"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","travel-journey","virtue-ethics","science-knowledge","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["mind-body","altered-states","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"The Journey of the Mind into God is Bonaventure's compact map of contemplative ascent, written after meditation on Francis of Assisi's vision of the six-winged seraph at La Verna. The work is structured around six stages, corresponding to the seraph's wings, by which the mind rises through creation, the self, and the names of God before passing beyond conceptual mastery into ecstatic union.","lessonTitles":["Journey of the Mind into God: formed attention","Journey of the Mind into God: order and disorder","Journey of the Mind into God: body and soul"],"comparisons":["early-franciscan-sources","the-consolation-of-philosophy"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god.txt","source":"CCEL: The Mind's Road to God","sourceUrl":"https://ccel.org/ccel/bonaventure/mindsroad/cache/mindsroad.txt","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god","caption":"Portrait of Bonaventure.","credit":"Claude François; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Bonaventure","title":"Saint Bonaventure Saint Bonaventure","creator":"Claude François","date":"1655","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_Claude_%28dit_Fr%C3%A8re_Luc%29_-_Saint_Bonaventure.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois,_Claude_(dit_Fr%C3%A8re_Luc)_-_Saint_Bonaventure.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"[1]","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":640,"height":583,"bytes":53200,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god.json","url":"/works/the-journey-of-the-mind-into-god/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-jungle-book","title":"The Jungle Book","author":"Rudyard Kipling","year":"1894","sortYear":1894,"era":"19th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["animals","nature-landscape","justice-law","identity-self","coming-of-age","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","fever-infection","altered-states","grief"],"blurb":"The Jungle Book is a collection of seven animal stories, each followed by a song or poem. The first three tell of Mowgli, a man's cub raised by wolves in the Seeonee hills of central India.","lessonTitles":["Living under a Law","Belonging to two worlds","Courage in small bodies","One who looks for a better way"],"comparisons":["the-call-of-the-wild","the-wind-in-the-willows","aesops-fables","watership-down","captains-courageous","robinson-crusoe"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-jungle-book.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #236","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/236","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-jungle-book","caption":"Early edition of The Jungle Book (1894).","credit":"Illustrated by John Lockwood Kipling; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Jungle Book","title":"JunglebookCover","creator":"Illustrated by John Lockwood Kipling","date":"1894","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/JunglebookCover.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JunglebookCover.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Low-resolution scanned image","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-jungle-book.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":455,"height":597,"bytes":53689,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-jungle-book.json","url":"/works/the-jungle-book/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Rikki-tikki goes alone into the dark bathroom and holds on to Nag's head until the cobra is killed."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Baloo, Bagheera and Kaa set aside their own fears and quarrels to rescue Mowgli from the Cold Lairs."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Kotick searches the oceans for five seasons for a beach where no men come, though every seal tells him it does not exist."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Mowgli keeps his word to the Pack by bringing Shere Khan's hide to the Council Rock."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-koran","title":"The Koran","author":"Anonymous (Islamic scripture)","year":"c. 610–632 CE","sortYear":610,"era":"medieval","genre":"religious-scripture","originalLanguage":"Classical Arabic","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"comparative religion; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","justice-law","death-mortality","guilt-sin","family","virtue-ethics","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","alcohol","addiction","childbirth-maternal","starvation-nutrition","leprosy","suicide","pain","public-health-sanitation","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Koran, or Quran ('recitation'), is the central scripture of Islam. It consists of 114 chapters called suras, of very unequal length, each made up of verses (ayat).","lessonTitles":["Signs in nature","Social justice as worship","Continuity of prophecy"],"comparisons":["the-bible","confessions","the-bhagavad-gita","persian-letters"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-koran.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2800","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2800","translator":"J. M. 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She says she has heard Breton lais, songs commemorating adventures, and has put them into verse so they will not be forgotten.","lessonTitles":["Love against confinement","Humanity in the beast","Preserving stories"],"comparisons":["troilus-and-criseyde","metamorphoses","the-nibelungenlied","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-lais-of-marie-de-france.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #11417","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11417","translator":"Eugene Mason","translationYear":1911},"portrait":{"ref":"marie-de-france","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Marie de France.","credit":"Richard of Verdun; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Marie de France","title":"Marie de France detail from BNF Arsenal MS 3142 f 256","creator":"Richard of Verdun","date":"2020-06-29 19:47:43","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Marie_de_France_detail_from_BNF_Arsenal_MS_3142_f_256.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_de_France_detail_from_BNF_Arsenal_MS_3142_f_256.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"englishare.net","localPath":"site/public/portraits/marie-de-france.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Medieval manuscript image; no contemporary likeness survives. 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Beside Caldron Pool, under the great waterfall in the far west, lives Shift, a clever, ugly old Ape, with his simple friend Puzzle the Donkey, whom he bullies. When a lion's skin washes down the falls, Shift sews it into a coat for Puzzle and, showing him by firelight in a stable on a hill, announces to the Narnians that Aslan has returned.","lessonTitles":["A lie dressed in a lion's skin","The Dwarfs are for the Dwarfs","Rash anger and honest surrender","The end that is a beginning"],"comparisons":["the-magicians-nephew","the-silver-chair","the-bible","the-republic","the-pilgrims-progress","the-screwtape-letters"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-last-battle","caption":"C. S. Lewis in 1917.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. Lewis","title":"CS Lewis (1917)","creator":"Unknown author","date":"1917","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/CS_Lewis_%281917%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CS_Lewis_(1917).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.tyndale.com/sites/ww2reads/book/cs-lewis-a-life/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-last-battle.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":158,"height":229,"bytes":13664,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-last-battle.json","url":"/works/the-last-battle/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Tirian, Jewel, Poggin and the children fight on at Stable Hill against Calormenes and Dwarfs when they know they cannot win."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Bound to a tree and deceived on every side, Tirian still calls on the true Aslan and is answered by the arrival of Eustace and Jill."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"After killing two Calormenes in anger, Tirian and Jewel refuse to hide and give themselves up to be judged."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Tirian and Jewel stand together from the first rash charge to the final battle and pass through the door side by side."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-last-days-of-socrates","title":"The Last Days of Socrates","author":"Plato","year":"c. 399–347 BCE","sortYear":-390,"era":"ancient","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["death-mortality","justice-law","virtue-ethics","faith-religion","education","crime-punishment"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons","death-dying","philosophy-as-therapy","mind-body","grief","ancient-medicine","physicians-doctors","altered-states","dreams-nightmares","suicide"],"blurb":"The Last Days of Socrates gathers four dialogues by Plato that together tell the story of Socrates' trial and death in Athens in 399 BCE: the Euthyphro, the Apology, the Crito and the Phaedo. In the Euthyphro, Socrates meets Euthyphro outside the court where Socrates must answer an indictment for impiety and corrupting the young.","lessonTitles":["The examined life","Integrity under pressure","Facing death"],"comparisons":["phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","meditations","twelve-angry-men","the-bible"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-last-days-of-socrates.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #76464","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/76464","translator":"Benjamin Jowett","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"plato","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Plato.","credit":"Marie-Lan Nguyen; CC BY 2.5.","media":{"subject":"Plato","title":"Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377","creator":"Marie-Lan Nguyen","date":"2009","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY 2.5","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/plato.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q859; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":480,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-last-days-of-socrates.json","url":"/works/the-last-days-of-socrates/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/372740412551","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Socrates faces execution calmly, refusing to abandon philosophy or plead dishonorably.","vices":["cowardice"]},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"In the Crito Socrates refuses to escape, holding that one must never return wrong for wrong.","vices":["injustice"]},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Crito, Phaedo, and the companions stay with Socrates to the end, and the Phaedo closes by calling him the best and wisest of men."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-last-of-the-mohicans","title":"The Last of the Mohicans","author":"James Fenimore Cooper","year":"1826","sortYear":1826,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"frontier violence"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","friendship","death-mortality","revenge","nature-landscape","race-slavery","heroism","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["alcohol","madness-psychosis","physicians-doctors","war-wounds","grief","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757 is set in the wilderness of northern New York during the French and Indian War. Colonel Munro, the Scottish commander of Fort William Henry on Lake George, which the scout calls the Horican, is threatened by the French general Montcalm and his Native allies.","lessonTitles":["Friendship across peoples","The roots of revenge","Courage of different kinds","Elegy for a vanishing people"],"comparisons":["ivanhoe","the-song-of-hiawatha","the-sign-of-the-beaver","the-scarlet-letter","the-iliad"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-last-of-the-mohicans.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #940","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/940","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-last-of-the-mohicans","caption":"Early edition of The Last of the Mohicans (1826).","credit":"James Fenimore Cooper; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Last of the Mohicans","title":"The Last of the Mohicans title page (1826)","creator":"James Fenimore Cooper","date":"1826-02-01","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_title_page_%281826%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_title_page_(1826).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://onlineonly.christies.com.cn/s/fine-printed-books-manuscripts/last-mohicans-152/169713","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-last-of-the-mohicans.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":436,"height":720,"bytes":26230,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-last-of-the-mohicans.json","url":"/works/the-last-of-the-mohicans/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"At Uncas's grave Hawkeye takes Chingachgook's hand and tells him that he is not alone."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Cora refuses Magua's offer of life as his wife and kneels calmly before his knife on the mountain ledge."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"At Glenn's Falls Cora urges Hawkeye and the Mohicans to escape for help rather than die defending the captives."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"David Gamut sings his psalms in the cave, in captivity and at the sick woman's bedside, trusting in God amid every danger."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"bastiat-the-law","title":"The Law","author":"Frédéric Bastiat","year":"1850","sortYear":1850,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Clear, pointed 19th-century prose."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","money-wealth","faith-religion","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Law (La Loi) is a pamphlet of about sixteen thousand words that Frédéric Bastiat published in Paris in 1850, during the Second Republic, when he sat in the Legislative Assembly and was dying of a disease of the throat and lungs. It is his most direct statement of the purpose and limits of law.","lessonTitles":["Rights come before law","A test for legal plunder","When law becomes a prize","Justice and voluntary fraternity"],"comparisons":["second-treatise-of-government","the-social-contract","the-spirit-of-the-laws","the-communist-manifesto","freedom-and-the-law","the-wealth-of-nations"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/bastiat-the-law.txt","source":"Frederic Bastiat, Essays on Political Economy, 3rd (People's) ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1874), Project Gutenberg #15962","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15962","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"frederic-bastiat","caption":"Portrait of Frédéric Bastiat (1848).","credit":"Émile Desmaisons. Lithograph by Auguste-Hilaire Léveillé.; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Frédéric Bastiat","title":"Bastiat","creator":"Émile Desmaisons. Lithograph by Auguste-Hilaire Léveillé.","date":"1848","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Bastiat.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bastiat.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (National Library of France), ID: ark:/12148/btv1b10569224c","localPath":"site/public/portraits/frederic-bastiat.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q13515 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":575,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/bastiat-the-law.json","url":"/works/bastiat-the-law/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Bastiat insists that the law exists to give each person the secure possession of what is his and to take from no one."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He published the pamphlet against the prevailing currents of the 1848 Assembly while seriously ill in the last months of his life."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"His reply to Lamartine defends fraternity as a free act of love that law would corrupt by compelling it."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"leipzig-disputation","title":"The Leipzig Disputation","author":"Martin Luther, Johann Eck, and Andreas Karlstadt","year":"1519","sortYear":1519,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","fate-free-will","power-politics","justice-law","language-storytelling","education"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Leipzig Disputation was a formal academic debate held in the great hall of the Pleissenburg, the ducal castle at Leipzig, from late June to mid-July 1519, under the patronage of Duke George of Saxony and against the wishes of the local bishop of Merseburg. It grew out of a challenge by Johann Eck of Ingolstadt, who had criticized Luther's theses on indulgences and in late 1518 published theses for debate with Andreas Karlstadt of Wittenberg, aimed in fact at Luther.","lessonTitles":["The disputation as a school of argument","Authority: Scripture, fathers, councils and popes","The weight of a name: Jan Hus","Grace and the will before Erasmus"],"comparisons":["luther-selected-sermons-and-treatises","erasmus-on-free-will","luther-bondage-of-the-will","webster-second-reply-to-hayne","lincoln-douglas-debates"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"martin-luther","caption":"Portrait of Martin Luther.","credit":"Lucas Cranach the Elder; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Martin Luther","title":"Portrait of Martin Luther","creator":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","date":"1528","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther,_1528_(Veste_Coburg).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"GalleriX","localPath":"site/public/portraits/martin-luther.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q9554; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":455,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/leipzig-disputation.json","url":"/works/leipzig-disputation/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Pressed by Eck before the duke and the university, Luther stated that some of Hus's condemned articles were Christian, knowing how dangerous the admission was."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Eck prepared his authorities so thoroughly that he could steer the debate on the papacy toward the question of Hus, the point he judged decisive."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Both parties agreed in advance to notaries and outside university judges so that the debate would be recorded and assessed fairly."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"apollodorus-library","title":"The Library (Bibliotheca)","author":"Apollodorus (attributed)","year":"1st–2nd century AD","sortYear":100,"era":"ancient","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"reference handbook; some violent myths"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["the-supernatural","heroism","faith-religion","family","fate-free-will","war-violence","language-storytelling","madness-mind"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["ancient-medicine","madness-psychosis","physicians-doctors","surgery","reanimation-galvanism","pharmacology-poisons","pain","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"The Library is the only complete handbook of Greek mythology to survive from antiquity. In plain, compressed prose it tells the traditional stories of the gods and heroes in order, from the beginning of the world to the death of Odysseus, organized chiefly by family lines.","lessonTitles":["A map of the myths","Many versions, honestly reported","Pride and its limits","Labour and endurance"],"comparisons":["metamorphoses","the-iliad","argonautica","the-theban-plays","hippocratic-writings","bulfinch-age-of-fable"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/apollodorus-library.txt","source":"Apollodorus, The Library, translated by Sir James George Frazer (Loeb Classical Library, 1921), as transcribed by the Theoi Classical Texts Library","sourceUrl":"https://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus1.html","translator":"Sir James George Frazer","translationYear":1921},"portrait":{"ref":"apollodorus-library","caption":"Title page of an 1805 edition of Apollodorus's Bibliotheca.","credit":"Title page of an 1805 edition of the Bibliotheca; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)","title":"Bibliotheke des Apollodor","creator":"Title page of an 1805 edition of the Bibliotheca","date":"1805","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Bibliotheke_des_Apollodor.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bibliotheke_des_Apollodor.JPG","institution":"","creditLine":"https://archive.org/stream/bibliothequedap00unkngoog#page/n11/mode/2up","localPath":"site/public/portraits/apollodorus-library.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q817383 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":431,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/apollodorus-library.json","url":"/works/apollodorus-library/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Heracles endures twelve labours for Eurystheus, from the Nemean lion to Cerberus, to atone for his madness."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Oedipus saves Thebes by reasoning out the Sphinx's riddle after many have died failing to answer it."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The Library's many stories of those punished for slighting Dionysus or Hera show the honor owed to the gods in Greek belief."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"sterne-tristram-shandy","title":"The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman","author":"Laurence Sterne","year":"1759-1767","sortYear":1759,"era":"18th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["satire-folly","family","language-storytelling","memory-time","art-creation","death-mortality","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["childbirth-maternal","physicians-doctors","war-wounds","obsession-monomania","mind-body","death-dying","tuberculosis-consumption"],"blurb":"Tristram Shandy promises to tell the life and opinions of its narrator, a Yorkshire gentleman, and spends most of its nine volumes failing to reach his life at all. Tristram begins with the moment of his conception in March 1718, when his mother interrupts his father at the critical instant to ask whether he has remembered to wind up the clock.","lessonTitles":["Hobby-horses and the people who ride them","The comedy of theory","Kindness as the measure of a man","Writing against time"],"comparisons":["don-quixote","rabelais-gargantua-and-pantagruel","an-essay-concerning-human-understanding","fielding-tom-jones","gullivers-travels"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/sterne-tristram-shandy.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1079","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1079","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"laurence-sterne","caption":"Laurence Sterne, painted by Joshua Reynolds (1760).","credit":"Joshua Reynolds; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Laurence Sterne","title":"Laurence Sterne by Sir Joshua Reynolds","creator":"Joshua Reynolds","date":"1760","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Laurence_Sterne_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laurence_Sterne_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. This may be due to recogn","localPath":"site/public/portraits/laurence-sterne.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q218960 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":576,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/sterne-tristram-shandy.json","url":"/works/sterne-tristram-shandy/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Toby and Trim nurse the dying Lieutenant Le Fever at the inn and take responsibility for his orphaned son."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Corporal Trim serves Toby for years as companion and fellow engineer, and the brothers Walter and Toby stay affectionate through every quarrel over their hobby-horses."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Toby, the least learned man at Shandy Hall, answers Walter's lectures with modesty and a whistled Lillabullero rather than pride."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"boswell-life-of-johnson","title":"The Life of Samuel Johnson","author":"James Boswell","year":"1791","sortYear":1791,"era":"18th-century","genre":"biography","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Abridged; 18th-century prose and long conversations."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","language-storytelling","faith-religion","death-mortality","madness-mind","virtue-ethics","art-creation","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","hypochondria","philosophy-as-therapy","neurosis-anxiety","opium-laudanum","physicians-doctors","death-dying","disability-deformity","sleep-insomnia","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"The Life of Samuel Johnson is James Boswell's account of the poet, essayist, critic and lexicographer Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), arranged year by year and built largely from conversations Boswell wrote down over twenty-one years of friendship. It opens with Johnson's birth in Lichfield, the son of a bookseller, his childhood scrofula, for which his mother took him to London to be touched by Queen Anne, and his schooling.","lessonTitles":["Conversation as a form of truth-telling","Patronage, independence and honest labour","Faith held under the shadow of melancholy","Friendship kept in repair"],"comparisons":["plutarch-lives","walton-lives","rousseaus-confessions","the-pilgrims-progress","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","the-anatomy-of-melancholy"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/boswell-life-of-johnson.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1564","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1564","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"james-boswell","caption":"Portrait of James Boswell (1785).","credit":"Joshua Reynolds; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"James Boswell","title":"James Boswell of Auchinleck","creator":"Joshua Reynolds","date":"1785","medium/type":"painting, drawing or print","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/James_Boswell_of_Auchinleck.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Boswell_of_Auchinleck.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/use-this-image.php?mkey=mw00687","localPath":"site/public/portraits/james-boswell.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q335060 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":594,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/boswell-life-of-johnson.json","url":"/works/boswell-life-of-johnson/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Johnson compiles the Dictionary over years of poverty with a handful of copyists and no patron's help."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"He gives a home in his London house to the blind Anna Williams, the practitioner Robert Levett and other poor dependents."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"He joins Reynolds in founding the Literary Club in 1764 and keeps faith with Boswell, Garrick and the Thrales for decades."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"After the 1783 stroke takes his speech, he tests his mind with Latin verse and calmly writes notes summoning his physicians."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Before his last communion in December 1784 he prays that his whole hope and confidence may rest on Christ's merits."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"life-of-st-teresa-of-jesus","title":"The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus","author":"Teresa of Avila","year":"1565","sortYear":1565,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"Spanish","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Demanding writing on prayer and mystical experience."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","saints","identity-self","illness-body","friendship","guilt-sin","stoicism-endurance","gender-women"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","pain","quackery-charlatans","altered-states","disability-deformity","death-dying","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus is the spiritual autobiography that the Carmelite nun Teresa of Avila wrote at the command of her confessors, so that they could judge whether the extraordinary graces she reported came from God. It follows her from childhood in Avila to the founding of the convent of St. Joseph in 1562, and in its middle chapters becomes a treatise on prayer.","lessonTitles":["Prayer as friendship","The four waters: effort and grace","Humility and discernment","Reform begins small"],"comparisons":["confessions","story-of-a-soul","practice-of-the-presence-of-god","early-franciscan-sources","apologia-pro-vita-sua"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/life-of-st-teresa-of-jesus.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #8120","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8120","translator":"David Lewis","translationYear":1904},"portrait":{"ref":"teresa-of-avila","caption":"Teresa of Avila, painted by Eduardo Balaca (c. 1877).","credit":"Eduardo Balaca; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Teresa of Ávila","title":"Santa Teresa de Jesús (Museo del Prado)","creator":"Eduardo Balaca","date":"circa 1877","medium/type":"painting, drawing or print","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"[2]","localPath":"site/public/portraits/teresa-of-avila.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q174880 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":537,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/life-of-st-teresa-of-jesus.json","url":"/works/life-of-st-teresa-of-jesus/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Teresa submits each vision to her confessors and writes that she may be deceived, recounting her faults more fully than her graces."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"She endures years of paralysis and the hostility of Avila over St. Joseph's without abandoning her purpose."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Before the image of the wounded Christ in Chapter IX she gives herself to God after years of wavering."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"She defines prayer itself as friendship with God and relies on friends such as Peter of Alcantara in the work of reform."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"lincoln-douglas-debates","title":"The Lincoln-Douglas Debates","author":"Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas","year":"1858","sortYear":1858,"era":"19th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"period racial language"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["race-slavery","power-politics","justice-law","leadership","language-storytelling","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Lincoln-Douglas Debates are the seven joint debates held between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, and Senator Stephen A. Douglas, the Democratic incumbent, during the 1858 contest for a United States Senate seat from Illinois. Senators were then chosen by the state legislature, so the two men were campaigning for legislative candidates of their parties.","lessonTitles":["Popular sovereignty and the question of a moral limit","Asking the question that divides an opponent's coalition","The founders as authorities on both sides","Public sentiment and the office of the speaker"],"comparisons":["house-divided-speech","webster-second-reply-to-hayne","compromise-of-1850-speeches","gettysburg-address","uncle-toms-cabin"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/lincoln-douglas-debates.txt","source":"Political Debates Between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. 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S. Lewis","year":"1950","sortYear":1950,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","guilt-sin","the-supernatural","heroism","childhood","innocence-experience","family","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["war-wounds"],"blurb":"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe opens during the Second World War, when Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy Pevensie are sent away from London because of the air raids to stay in the great country house of an old Professor. On a rainy day of hide-and-seek, Lucy, the youngest, climbs into a wardrobe in an empty room and comes out in a snowy wood beside a lamp-post.","lessonTitles":["Betrayal and ransom","Telling the truth when no one believes you","Good is not the same as safe","Winter gives way to spring"],"comparisons":["the-magicians-nephew","prince-caspian","the-last-battle","on-fairy-stories","the-pilgrims-progress","the-screwtape-letters"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe","caption":"C. S. Lewis in 1917.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. 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He builds her strong and declares that she must never be sold, so that his descendants many generations on can live in her.","lessonTitles":["Time passes in patterns","Change can come slowly","Caring for what our families made"],"comparisons":["mike-mulligan-and-his-steam-shovel","make-way-for-ducklings","little-house-in-the-big-woods","walden","the-velveteen-rabbit"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/the-little-house.json","url":"/works/the-little-house/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The builder's great-great-granddaughter honours her ancestor by rescuing the house he built and keeping his rule that it never be sold."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The Little House stays standing through decades of digging, traffic and trains because she was built strong and well."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Even surrounded by tall buildings, the shabby house keeps longing for the country, and her longing is answered when she is moved to a new hill."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-little-prince","title":"The Little Prince","author":"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry","year":"1943","sortYear":1943,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","love-desire","childhood","innocence-experience","death-mortality","travel-journey","satire-folly","isolation-alienation"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["alcohol","addiction","death-dying","grief","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"The Little Prince is told by a pilot who, as a boy of six, drew a boa constrictor digesting an elephant; every grown-up who saw Drawing Number One took it for a hat, and he gave up art for flying. Years later his engine fails in the Sahara, a thousand miles from anyone, with water for about a week.","lessonTitles":["Taming and responsibility","Seeing what matters","The foolish grown-ups","Love that asks for patience"],"comparisons":["the-velveteen-rabbit","the-phantom-tollbooth","gullivers-travels","alices-adventures-in-wonderland","peter-pan"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"the-little-prince","caption":"Portrait of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry","title":"Antoine de Saint-Euxpery (1920)","creator":"Unknown author","date":"circa 1920","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Antoine_de_Saint-Euxpery_%281920%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine_de_Saint-Euxpery_(1920).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/29-june-1900/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-little-prince.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":534,"height":720,"bytes":52733,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-little-prince.json","url":"/works/the-little-prince/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The fox and the prince tame each other through patient daily visits, and though the fox says he will cry at their parting, he counts the taming worth it for the colour of the wheat fields."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The prince admits on Earth that he was too young to know how to love his rose and should have judged her by her deeds."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The prince faithfully pulls up baobab shoots and rakes his volcanoes every morning so that his planet will not be destroyed."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The prince goes back to his rose, choosing to bear the cost of returning because he is responsible for her."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"walton-lives","title":"The Lives of Richard Hooker, George Herbert and Robert Sanderson","author":"Izaak Walton","year":"1665-1678","sortYear":1665,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"biography","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"17th-century prose with editorial notes."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","virtue-ethics","death-mortality","memory-time","marriage","friendship","illness-body","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["tuberculosis-consumption","fever-infection","starvation-nutrition","death-dying","nursing-caregiving","neurosis-anxiety"],"blurb":"Izaak Walton's Lives are short, affectionate biographies of English churchmen, written by a London tradesman and angler who loved the Church of England and the men who served it. The library text is the second volume of the Cassell's National Library edition of 1898, based on John Major's 1825 edition with Austin Dobson's notes, and contains three of the five lives: Richard Hooker (first published 1665), George Herbert (1670) and Robert Sanderson (1678); the lives of Donne and Wotton belong to the first volume and are not included.","lessonTitles":["Patience in a narrow lot","Turning from ambition to service","Mercy in small things","Conscience and order in a divided church"],"comparisons":["grace-abounding","donne-sermons-and-devotions","vasari-lives-of-the-artists","plutarch-lives","boswell-life-of-johnson","practice-of-the-presence-of-god"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/walton-lives.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #13139","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13139","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"izaak-walton","caption":"Portrait of Izaak Walton (circa 1672).","credit":"Jacob Huysmans; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Izaak Walton","title":"Izaak Walton","creator":"Jacob Huysmans","date":"circa 1672","medium/type":"painting, drawing or print","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Izaak_Walton.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Izaak_Walton.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.nndb.com/people/708/000094426/izaak-walton-1-sized.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/izaak-walton.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q562133 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":602,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/walton-lives.json","url":"/works/walton-lives/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Herbert lays aside his court ambitions and lies prostrate before the altar at his induction to the small parish of Bemerton."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Herbert helps a poor man reload his fallen horse, and Sanderson pleads with a landlord for a tenant ruined by a flood."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Hooker keeps writing The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity through poverty, controversy and a long final sickness."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Herbert reads public prayers twice daily at Bemerton, and his parishioners pause their ploughs at his bell."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery","title":"The Logic of Scientific Discovery","author":"Karl Popper","year":"1934 (English 1959)","sortYear":1934,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","doubt-meaning","education","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Logic of Scientific Discovery is Karl Popper's account of what makes a theory scientific and how scientific knowledge grows. It first appeared in Vienna in 1934, with the imprint date 1935, as Logik der Forschung, in a series edited by Moritz Schlick and Philipp Frank of the Vienna Circle.","lessonTitles":["A theory must be able to fail","Do not rescue a theory by special pleading","Knowledge without bedrock","Prefer bold theories"],"comparisons":["mill-system-of-logic-book-iii","an-enquiry-concerning-human-understanding","einstein-relativity","kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions","popper-the-open-society-and-its-enemies","novum-organum"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery.json","url":"/works/popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Popper holds that even the best-tested theory remains a conjecture, since science rests on no bedrock."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He asks scientists to propose bold theories that risk refutation rather than safe ones that say little."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"His rules against conventionalist stratagems require that a theory be judged fairly by the evidence rather than protected by special pleading."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-lord-of-the-rings","title":"The Lord of the Rings","author":"J. 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Sixty years after his adventure, Bilbo Baggins leaves the Shire on his eleventy-first birthday and, at Gandalf's urging, leaves his magic ring to his young cousin and heir Frodo.","lessonTitles":["Power that cannot be used well","Pity and the limits of the hero","Faithful service","Wounds that do not heal"],"comparisons":["the-hobbit","on-fairy-stories","beowulf","the-last-battle","the-pilgrims-progress","paradise-lost"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-lord-of-the-rings","caption":"Portrait of J. R. R. Tolkien.","credit":"Unknown photo studio; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"J. R. R. Tolkien","title":"J. R. R. 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The library text is Guest's translation in the one-volume form, with her introduction and a few of her notes; it follows her order, opening with the three Arthurian romances.","lessonTitles":["Let the chief be a bridge","Keeping faith when no one is watching","Patience under false accusation","Wisdom over force: Manawyddan","Trust in marriage: Geraint and Enid"],"comparisons":["le-morte-darthur","sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","cuchulain-of-muirthemne","metamorphoses","volsunga-saga"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-mabinogion.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #5160","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5160","translator":"Lady Charlotte Guest","translationYear":1849},"portrait":{"ref":"the-mabinogion","caption":"Lady Charlotte Guest, whose English translation of the Mabinogion appeared 1838–1849 (portrait 1852).","credit":"William Walker; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.","media":{"subject":"Lady Charlotte Guest","title":"Lady Charlotte Guest, translator of the Mabinogion","creator":"William Walker","date":"1852date QS:P571,+1852-00-00T00:00:00Z/9","medium/type":"engraving","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Portrait_of_Lady_Charlotte_Guest_%284674585%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Lady_Charlotte_Guest_(4674585).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the National Library of Wales You can view this image in its original context on the NLW Catalogue","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-mabinogion.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Commons file; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":558,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/the-mabinogion.json","url":"/works/the-mabinogion/","virtues":[{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Pwyll lies beside Arawn's wife every night of his year in Annwvyn without touching her, keeping faith with a friend who will never see what he does."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Bendigeid Vran lies down across the river so that his whole host can cross over his body."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Manawyddan leaves each English town rather than fight the jealous craftsmen, and wins back Dyved by a patient bargain over a captured mouse."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Rhiannon bears seven years of penance at the horse-block for a crime she did not commit until Teirnyon restores her son."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Enid keeps warning Geraint of danger on their silent journey though he has forbidden her to speak, staying loyal to a husband who doubts her."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-magicians-nephew","title":"The Magician's Nephew","author":"C. 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In London around 1900, Digory Kirke has been sent to live with his Uncle Andrew and Aunt Letty because his father is in India and his mother is gravely ill.","lessonTitles":["Curiosity and responsibility","Two kinds of magician","The temptation in the garden","Wonder at creation"],"comparisons":["the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe","the-last-battle","paradise-lost","the-bible","frankenstein"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-magicians-nephew","caption":"C. S. Lewis in 1917.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. 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Janet stands close to Charcot but less theatrical; he is interested in how psychological functions fall apart, become dissociated, or continue automatically outside ordinary awareness.","lessonTitles":["The Major Symptoms of Hysteria teaches historical caution","The Major Symptoms of Hysteria links evidence and authority","The Major Symptoms of Hysteria complicates mind and body","The Major Symptoms of Hysteria warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["lectures-on-the-diseases-of-the-nervous-system","studies-on-hysteria","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-psychology-of-dementia-praecox"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-major-symptoms-of-hysteria.txt","source":"Internet Archive scan of the 1907 Macmillan edition","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/symptomsofhyster00janeiala","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-major-symptoms-of-hysteria","caption":"Portrait of Pierre Janet.","credit":"not stated; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Pierre Janet","title":"Photo of Pierre Janet","creator":"not stated","date":"no later than 1907","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Photo_of_Pierre_Janet.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photo_of_Pierre_Janet.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"The Bookman: http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b623112;view=1up;seq=582;size=200","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-major-symptoms-of-hysteria.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":518,"height":720,"bytes":33475,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-major-symptoms-of-hysteria.json","url":"/works/the-major-symptoms-of-hysteria/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-master-and-margarita","title":"The Master and Margarita","author":"Mikhail Bulgakov","year":"written 1928–1940; published 1966–1967","sortYear":1967,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"Russian","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"violence; nudity; satire"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["the-supernatural","satire-folly","art-creation","faith-religion","love-desire","power-politics","madness-mind","guilt-sin"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["asylum-institution","madness-psychosis","physicians-doctors","pain","neurosis-anxiety","dreams-nightmares","alcohol","pharmacology-poisons","death-dying","melancholia-depression"],"blurb":"The Master and Margarita interweaves two stories: the visit of the Devil to Soviet Moscow in the 1930s and a novel about Pontius Pilate written by an unnamed author known as the Master. On a hot spring evening at Patriarch's Ponds, the literary bureaucrat Mikhail Berlioz and the young poet Ivan Bezdomny are discussing the non-existence of Jesus when a mysterious foreigner joins them.","lessonTitles":["Cowardice is the worst vice","Art survives oppression","Satire through the supernatural"],"comparisons":["we","candide","the-bible","macbeth","white-nights"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"mikhail-bulgakov","caption":"Portrait of Mikhail Bulgakov.","credit":"Moisej Nappelbaum; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Mikhail Bulgakov","title":"Михаил-Булгаков","creator":"Moisej Nappelbaum","date":"1928","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Mikhail Bulgakov Museum","localPath":"site/public/portraits/mikhail-bulgakov.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q835; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":542,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-master-and-margarita.json","url":"/works/the-master-and-margarita/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/317724217676","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"mayflower-compact","title":"The Mayflower Compact","author":"The Mayflower Pilgrims","year":"1620","sortYear":1620,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","justice-law","leadership","home-exile","travel-journey"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["death-dying","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"The Mayflower Compact is a single paragraph of about two hundred words, signed on 11 November 1620 (Old Style; 21 November by the modern calendar) aboard the ship Mayflower as it lay at anchor in the hook of Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor. The ship had left Plymouth, England, in September with about a hundred passengers.","lessonTitles":["A covenant before God and one another","Law made for the general good","Order in a crisis"],"comparisons":["a-model-of-christian-charity","second-treatise-of-government","the-founding-documents","articles-of-confederation","the-pilgrims-progress"],"quoteCount":4,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/mayflower-compact.txt","source":"The Mayflower Compact (1620), text as printed in William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation; transcription from The Avalon Project, Yale Law School","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mayflower.asp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"mayflower-compact","caption":"The signing of the Mayflower Compact aboard the Mayflower, 1620 (later painting).","credit":"Jean Leon Gerome Ferris; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Mayflower Compact","title":"The Mayflower Compact, 1620","creator":"Jean Leon Gerome Ferris","date":"","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/The_Mayflower_Compact_1620_cph.3g07155.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mayflower_Compact_1620_cph.3g07155.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3g07155.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. 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See Commons:Licensing.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/mayflower-compact.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":507,"bytes":74649,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/mayflower-compact.json","url":"/works/mayflower-compact/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Facing a landing outside their patent and talk of disorder, the leaders secure a lawful government before anyone goes ashore."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The signers promise to frame just and equal laws for the general good and to obey them."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The agreement opens in the name of God and is made in the presence of God for his glory and the advancement of the Christian faith."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-meek-one","title":"The Meek One","author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","year":"1876","sortYear":1876,"era":"19th-century","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"Russian","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"mature themes: suicide"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["marriage","isolation-alienation","guilt-sin","death-mortality","gender-women","honor-shame","madness-mind"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["suicide","grief","melancholia-depression","psychology-unconscious","fever-infection","nursing-caregiving","physicians-doctors","obsession-monomania","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Meek One (Krotkaya), also translated as A Gentle Creature, is a long short story that Dostoevsky published in his one-man journal A Writer's Diary in November 1876, prompted by newspaper reports of suicides, including that of a young seamstress who leapt from a window holding an icon. In a short preface Dostoevsky calls it a 'fantastic' story, explaining that it is realistic in every respect except its form: it imagines the inner monologue of a man as though a stenographer could record his chaotic thoughts.","lessonTitles":["Pride as a weapon","Understanding too late","Hearing the silent"],"comparisons":["white-nights","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","effi-briest","a-dolls-house-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-meek-one.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #36034","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36034","translator":"Constance Garnett","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"fyodor-dostoyevsky","caption":"Portrait of Fyodor Dostoevsky.","credit":"Vasily Perov; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Fyodor Dostoyevsky","title":"Portrait of Fedor Dostoyevsky","creator":"Vasily Perov","date":"1872","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Google Arts & Culture — kgHBFHS7SpcayQ","localPath":"site/public/portraits/fyodor-dostoyevsky.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q991; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":576,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-meek-one.json","url":"/works/the-meek-one/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/397251108279","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-merchant-of-venice","title":"The Merchant of Venice","author":"William Shakespeare","year":"c. 1596-97 (published 1600)","sortYear":1596,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"antisemitism; needs historical context"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","money-wealth","faith-religion","revenge","friendship","love-desire","marriage","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","humoral-medicine","surgery","anatomy-dissection","neurosis-anxiety"],"blurb":"The Merchant of Venice joins two stories, a bond for a pound of flesh and a lottery of caskets, and moves between the commercial city of Venice and Belmont, the country estate of the heiress Portia. Antonio, a wealthy merchant, opens the play sad without knowing why.","lessonTitles":["Mercy above the letter of the law","Appearances and the caskets","Injury and revenge","Bonds of friendship and marriage"],"comparisons":["much-ado-about-nothing","the-taming-of-the-shrew","romeo-and-juliet","henry-v","the-pilgrims-progress"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-merchant-of-venice.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1515","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1515","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-merchant-of-venice","caption":"Early edition of The Merchant of Venice.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Merchant of Venice","title":"Merchant venice tp","creator":"Unknown","date":"","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Merchant_venice_tp.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Merchant_venice_tp.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Unknown sourceUnknown source","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-merchant-of-venice.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":366,"height":534,"bytes":60046,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-merchant-of-venice.json","url":"/works/the-merchant-of-venice/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Antonio signs a bond for his own flesh so that Bassanio can go to Belmont to court Portia."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Bassanio rejects the gold and silver caskets as outward show and chooses the plain lead, winning Portia."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Portia, as Balthazar, refuses to wrest the law of Venice even for Antonio's sake and decides the case by the bond's exact words."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Portia's Act 4 speech teaches that mercy blesses both giver and receiver and is an attribute of God himself."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","title":"The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood","author":"Howard Pyle","year":"1883","sortYear":1883,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","heroism","justice-law","honor-shame","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["grief"],"blurb":"Howard Pyle’s The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883) gathers the Sherwood outlaw tales into one continuous prose romance for young readers: archery contests, Lincoln green fellowship, clever rescues, and courtesy toward the poor in the days of King Henry. Pyle’s Robin is bold and playful rather than grim; Little John, Friar Tuck, and the merry men turn skill into loyalty.","lessonTitles":["Justice and merry courage","Fellowship over ego","Skill with courtesy"],"comparisons":["the-princess-and-the-goblin","treasure-island"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #10148","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10148","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","caption":"Early edition of The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883).","credit":"Howard Pyle; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood","title":"1883 decorative title page","creator":"Howard Pyle","date":"1883","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/1883_decorative_title_page.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1883_decorative_title_page.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://archive.org/details/merryadventureso00pylerich/page/n12/mode/1up","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":522,"height":720,"bytes":111776,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood.json","url":"/works/the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The band resists corrupt force on behalf of the wronged.","vices":["injustice"]},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Merry men share danger and keep loyalty under pressure.","vices":["disloyalty"]},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Robin meets peril with skill and cheerful grit.","vices":["cowardice"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-metamorphosis","title":"The Metamorphosis","author":"Franz Kafka","year":"1915","sortYear":1915,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["modernism"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"unsettling themes; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["identity-self","family","isolation-alienation","illness-body","money-wealth","death-mortality","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","nursing-caregiving","fever-infection","starvation-nutrition","death-dying","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Metamorphosis is a novella in three parts about Gregor Samsa, a travelling salesman in cloth who supports his parents and his seventeen-year-old sister Grete, and who wakes one morning in his room to find that he has been changed into a monstrous insect. Kafka tells the story plainly, in the third person and almost entirely from Gregor's point of view, never explaining the transformation and never letting it become a dream.","lessonTitles":["Worth beyond usefulness","The slow wearing-out of care","The inner person behind a changed body"],"comparisons":["the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","metamorphoses","billy-budd-and-other-stories","frankenstein","the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"franz-kafka","caption":"Portrait of Franz Kafka.","credit":"Atelier Jacobi: Sigismund Jacobi (1860–1935); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Franz Kafka","title":"Kafka1906 cropped","creator":"Atelier Jacobi: Sigismund Jacobi (1860–1935)","date":"circa 1906","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Kafka1906_cropped.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kafka1906_cropped.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2008_july_02 Franz Kafka: Pictures of a Life by Klaus Wagenbach (1984), p. 58","localPath":"site/public/portraits/franz-kafka.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q905 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":330,"height":440}},"path":"content/works/the-metamorphosis.json","url":"/works/the-metamorphosis/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"In Part II Grete at first sets out a variety of foods to discover what her changed brother can eat, a picture of care that the story later shows failing."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Gregor has worked for years at a job he dislikes to pay his parents' debt and hopes to send Grete to the conservatory."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Gregor hides under the couch so as not to frighten his sister and, at the end, accepts that he must disappear, thinking of his family with love."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-metaphysical-poets","title":"The Metaphysical Poets","author":"Various (ed. Helen Gardner)","year":"c. 1600–1680 (anthology 1957)","sortYear":1633,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"demanding verse"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","faith-religion","death-mortality","art-creation","memory-time","science-knowledge","illness-body"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["death-dying","grief","physicians-doctors","mind-body","melancholia-depression","anatomy-dissection","fever-infection","aging-senescence","vampirism-blood","pain"],"blurb":"The Metaphysical Poets is Helen Gardner's anthology of English poets of the seventeenth century who wrote in the style that Samuel Johnson, borrowing a phrase from Dryden, called 'metaphysical'. Johnson complained that in their verse the most heterogeneous ideas were yoked by violence together; T. S. Eliot, in his 1921 review of Herbert Grierson's earlier anthology, praised them for a unified sensibility in which thought and feeling were fused.","lessonTitles":["Thinking through feeling","Confronting death","Faith as struggle"],"comparisons":["macbeth","troilus-and-criseyde","whitman-complete-poems","confessions","dorothy-parker-complete-poems"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-metaphysical-poets.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg/CCEL component poet files","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48688 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48772 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28375 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38549 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38550 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61586","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-metaphysical-poets","caption":"Abraham Cowley, one of the metaphysical poets, by Sir Peter Lely.","credit":"Peter Lely; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Various (ed. 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This may be due to recognition of the \"sweat of the brow\" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skil","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-metaphysical-poets.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":583,"height":720,"bytes":48110,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-metaphysical-poets.json","url":"/works/the-metaphysical-poets/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/392227661177","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"archimedes-the-method","title":"The Method (Geometrical Solutions Derived from Mechanics)","author":"Archimedes","year":"c. 250 BCE","sortYear":-250,"era":"ancient","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Geometric proofs; needs strong mathematics."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","education","friendship","memory-time","art-creation"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Method, known in Greek as the Ephodos and translated in the library text as Geometrical Solutions Derived from Mechanics, is a letter from Archimedes of Syracuse to Eratosthenes, the head of the Library at Alexandria. In it Archimedes does something almost unique in ancient mathematics: he explains how he found his results before he proved them.","lessonTitles":["Discovery and proof are different tasks","Giving credit to predecessors","Mathematics and the physical world","A lost book recovered"],"comparisons":["euclid-elements-book-i","galileo-selected-writings","plutarch-lives","aristotle-posterior-analytics-and-physics","discourse-on-method"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/archimedes-the-method.txt","source":"Geometrical Solutions Derived from Mechanics, trans. from J. L. Heiberg's German by Lydia G. Robinson (Chicago: Open Court, 1909), Project Gutenberg #7825","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7825","translator":"Lydia G. 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It gathers his principal essays in the philosophy of science, written between about 1968 and 1974, around a single idea: the unit of scientific appraisal is not an isolated theory but a research programme, a series of theories that develop over time from a shared core.","lessonTitles":["Theories are not abandoned one test at a time","Progress means predicting the new","History tests philosophy"],"comparisons":["popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery","kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions","feyerabend-against-method","duhem-the-aim-and-structure-of-physical-theory","copernicus-on-the-revolutions","principia"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/lakatos-the-methodology-of-scientific-research-programmes.json","url":"/works/lakatos-the-methodology-of-scientific-research-programmes/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Lakatos argues that scientists should neither abandon a fruitful programme at the first anomaly nor cling to one that has stopped predicting anything new."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"His account defends the persistence of scientists like the Newtonians who kept developing their programme through long periods of unsolved anomalies."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"In Chapter 2 he insists that methodologies be judged fairly against the whole history of science rather than against a few convenient cases."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-misanthrope-and-other-plays","title":"The Misanthrope and Other Plays","author":"Molière","year":"1666 (The Misanthrope)","sortYear":1666,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["satire-folly","virtue-ethics","love-desire","faith-religion","illness-body","class-society","marriage"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["hypochondria","quackery-charlatans","physicians-doctors","humoral-medicine","bloodletting","melancholia-depression","death-dying","medical-ethics","pharmacology-poisons"],"blurb":"The Misanthrope and Other Plays collects several of Molière's comedies; the edition translated by John Wood and David Coward includes The Misanthrope, The Sicilian, Tartuffe, A Doctor in Spite of Himself and The Imaginary Invalid. 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Mama, a widow, earns their living as a dressmaker in the rented yellow house on New Dollar Street, where she lives with her four children: Sylvie, the eldest, gentle and grown-up; Joey, the steady older brother who does the heavy chores; Jane, the imaginative middle girl through whose eyes much of the book is seen; and Rufus, five and a half and always in the middle of something.","lessonTitles":["Rich in each other","Fears that look different in daylight","Share and share alike","Caring for one another in sickness"],"comparisons":["the-hundred-dresses","little-women","the-boxcar-children","homer-price"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/the-moffats.json","url":"/works/the-moffats/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Mama supports the family by sewing for customers at home, and Joey fetches the coal and does the heavy work of the house."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The children bring the Salvation Army man they lost off the wagon home to share Sunday dinner, though the Moffats have little to spare."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Through Rufus's scarlet fever and the quarantine, the older children keep the house running while Mama nurses him."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"monroe-doctrine","title":"The Monroe Doctrine","author":"James Monroe","year":"1823","sortYear":1823,"era":"19th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","war-violence","colonialism-empire","leadership","justice-law"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"The Monroe Doctrine is the name later given to a few passages in President James Monroe's Seventh Annual Message to Congress, sent in writing on December 2, 1823, and read aloud to the new Eighteenth Congress. The library text gives the whole message, so readers can see the famous statements in their setting.","lessonTitles":["Two hemispheres, two systems","A policy in its setting","Neutrality and its limits"],"comparisons":["washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","the-founding-documents","madison-selected-writings","jefferson-selected-writings","citizenship-in-a-republic"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/monroe-doctrine.txt","source":"James Monroe, Seventh Annual Message, December 2, 1823, as printed in James D. 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Pym and his friend Augustus Barnard first make a disastrous drunken voyage in the Ariel, a small boat nearly destroyed before rescue.","lessonTitles":["Adventure writing can expose the body's limits","Hoax and realism can intensify horror","Exploration carries racial fantasy with it","Some endings refuse interpretation"],"comparisons":["heart-of-darkness","lord-jim","the-call-of-cthulhu-and-other-weird-stories","treasure-island","poe-tales"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #51060","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51060","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"edgar-allan-poe","caption":"Portrait of Edgar Allan Poe.","credit":"Unknown author Unknown author ; Restored by Yann Forget and Adam Cuerden; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Edgar Allan Poe","title":"Edgar Allan Poe, circa 1849, restored, squared off","creator":"Unknown author Unknown author ; Restored by Yann Forget and Adam Cuerden","date":"1849-06","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe,_circa_1849,_restored,_squared_off.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Derived from File:Edgar Allan Poe, circa 1849, restored.jpg ; originally from http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=39406","localPath":"site/public/portraits/edgar-allan-poe.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q16867; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":512,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket.json","url":"/works/the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/265179628317","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"rowlandson-narrative-of-the-captivity","title":"The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson","author":"Mary Rowlandson","year":"1682","sortYear":1682,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Wartime killings and captivity; Puritan prose."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","war-violence","stoicism-endurance","family","home-exile","gender-women","death-mortality","travel-journey"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["war-wounds","starvation-nutrition","grief","death-dying","addiction","sleep-insomnia","trauma-shell-shock"],"blurb":"Mary Rowlandson's narrative tells of the eleven weeks and five days she spent as a captive during King Philip's War, the conflict of 1675-1676 between the New England colonies and an alliance of Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc and other Native peoples led in part by the Wampanoag sachem Metacom, whom the English called King Philip. It opens on 10 February 1675, by the Old Style calendar then used in English New England (20 February 1676 in modern reckoning), when a large war party attacks Lancaster, Massachusetts.","lessonTitles":["Reading suffering through Scripture","Endurance and the small mercies","Seeing the other side of a war"],"comparisons":["the-last-of-the-mohicans","grace-abounding","mayflower-compact","the-scarlet-letter","the-witch-of-blackbird-pond"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/rowlandson-narrative-of-the-captivity.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #851","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/851","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"mary-rowlandson","caption":"Mary Rowlandson defending her house, from the frontispiece of a 1770 edition of her narrative.","credit":"Coverly/Rowlandson; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Mary Rowlandson (1770 edition frontispiece)","title":"1770 MaryRowlandson Captivity","creator":"Coverly/Rowlandson","date":"1770","medium/type":"painting, drawing or print","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/1770_MaryRowlandson_Captivity.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1770_MaryRowlandson_Captivity.png","institution":"","creditLine":"Library Company of Philadelphia; J. 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From the bottom up: popular reading & writing in the Michael Zinman Collection of Early American Imprints. 2004. http://www.librarycompany.org","localPath":"site/public/portraits/mary-rowlandson.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q271905 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":318,"height":410}},"path":"content/works/rowlandson-narrative-of-the-captivity.json","url":"/works/rowlandson-narrative-of-the-captivity/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Rowlandson endures twenty removes on foot, wounded and hungry, while caring for her dying daughter and seeking her other children."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"She turns to the Bible from Medfield at every crisis and reads her release as God's deliverance."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"She gives up tobacco from the day of her capture and refuses Metacom's offered pipe."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"After despairing at Deuteronomy 28 she reads on to the promise of gathering in Deuteronomy 30 and takes heart."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-natural-history-of-selborne","title":"The Natural History of Selborne","author":"Gilbert White","year":"1789","sortYear":1789,"era":"18th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["nature-landscape","science-knowledge","animals","faith-religion","memory-time","education"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","public-health-sanitation","pain"],"blurb":"The Natural History of Selborne is a book of letters about one Hampshire parish, written by its curate over about twenty years to two learned correspondents: the zoologist Thomas Pennant and the lawyer and antiquary Daines Barrington. White opens with the place itself: its position among the chalk downs and sandy heaths of east Hampshire, its soils, springs and beech hanger, the deep hollow lanes worn into the rock, the forest of Wolmer and its decayed deer.","lessonTitles":["Attention as a discipline","Evidence before conclusions","Small creatures matter","Creation and Providence"],"comparisons":["the-voyage-of-the-beagle","the-burgess-bird-book-for-children","natural-history-a-selection","on-the-origin-of-species"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-natural-history-of-selborne.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1408","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1408","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-natural-history-of-selborne","caption":"Early edition of The Natural History of Selborne (1813).","credit":"Gilbert White; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Natural History of Selborne","title":"White's Selborne 1813 title page (detail)","creator":"Gilbert White","date":"1813","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/White%27s_Selborne_1813_title_page_%28detail%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:White%27s_Selborne_1813_title_page_(detail).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80773#page/13/mode/1up","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-natural-history-of-selborne.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":441,"height":720,"bytes":51976,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-natural-history-of-selborne.json","url":"/works/the-natural-history-of-selborne/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"White weighs every report on swallows in winter and refuses to accept claims no one actually witnessed."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"He kept dated records of weather and creatures at Selborne for over forty years."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"White confines himself to one parish and admits plainly what he has not yet been able to learn."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"He reads the creatures of Selborne as works of Providence and applies Scripture to them with reverence and humor."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"eddington-the-nature-of-the-physical-world","title":"The Nature of the Physical World","author":"Arthur Eddington","year":"1928","sortYear":1928,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","faith-religion","memory-time","fate-free-will","doubt-meaning","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["mind-body"],"blurb":"The Nature of the Physical World is Arthur Eddington's account, for general readers, of what relativity, thermodynamics and quantum theory had done to the picture of the physical world, and of what that picture leaves room for in human experience. It is substantially the Gifford Lectures he gave at the University of Edinburgh from January to March 1927, published in 1928 by Cambridge University Press and Macmillan.","lessonTitles":["What physics measures","The arrow of time","Freedom and the new physics","Science and the spiritual world"],"comparisons":["einstein-relativity","heisenberg-physics-and-philosophy","poincare-science-and-hypothesis","schrodinger-what-is-life"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"arthur-eddington","caption":"Arthur Eddington, Bain News Service photograph (Library of Congress).","credit":"George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Arthur Eddington","title":"Arthur Stanley Eddington","creator":"George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.","date":"Unrecorded","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Arthur_Stanley_Eddington.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Stanley_Eddington.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.38064.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached w","localPath":"site/public/portraits/arthur-eddington.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q215022 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":538,"height":688}},"path":"content/works/eddington-the-nature-of-the-physical-world.json","url":"/works/eddington-the-nature-of-the-physical-world/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"In Chapter XII Eddington insists that physics knows only pointer readings and claims no knowledge of what things are in themselves."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"In Chapter XV he defends religious experience as a genuine approach to reality alongside science."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kaldellis-the-new-roman-empire","title":"The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium","author":"Anthony Kaldellis","year":"2023","sortYear":2023,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Long modern scholarly history."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","leadership","identity-self","faith-religion","war-violence","justice-law","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","physicians-doctors","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The New Roman Empire is a one-volume narrative history of the eastern Roman Empire, the state modern writers call Byzantium, from the reforms of Diocletian in the late third century to the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Its author, Anthony Kaldellis, is a historian at the University of Chicago, and the book was published by Oxford University Press at the end of 2023 (many catalogues date it 2024) in more than a thousand pages with maps, color plates and glossaries.","lessonTitles":["Names shape understanding","Why a state endures","Emperors and the consent of the people","A Christian empire"],"comparisons":["herrin-byzantium","gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections","anna-komnene-alexiad","psellos-chronographia","runciman-the-fall-of-constantinople-1453","procopius-secret-history"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/kaldellis-the-new-roman-empire.json","url":"/works/kaldellis-the-new-roman-empire/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Kaldellis narrates how the empire survived the seventh-century Persian and Arab onslaughts and rebuilt itself in Anatolia."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The book credits the empire's endurance partly to a legal system, from Justinian's codification onward, that gave subjects reason to support the state."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"The narrative closes with Constantine XI choosing to die defending Constantinople in 1453 rather than abandon it."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Kaldellis shows emperors such as Alexios I restoring a broken state through diplomacy and careful finance as much as through battle."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-new-york-trilogy","title":"The New York Trilogy","author":"Paul Auster","year":"1985–1986","sortYear":1985,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"postmodern fiction; adult content"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["identity-self","language-storytelling","isolation-alienation","madness-mind","memory-time","art-creation","crime-punishment","doubt-meaning"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["obsession-monomania","melancholia-depression","neurosis-anxiety","madness-psychosis","asylum-institution","psychology-unconscious","grief","mind-body"],"blurb":"The New York Trilogy gathers three linked short novels: City of Glass, Ghosts and The Locked Room. 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The fighting had largely ended after Yorktown, and peace with Britain was close, but the officers had gone unpaid for months.","lessonTitles":["Answering a grievance without rejecting the aggrieved","The army under civil authority","Reason against passion","Personal credit spent for the public good"],"comparisons":["washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","articles-of-confederation","hamiltons-reports-and-opinion-on-the-bank","julius-caesar","the-founding-documents"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/newburgh-address.txt","source":"George Washington's Mount Vernon, transcript of the Newburgh Address (from the manuscript at the Massachusetts Historical Society, as published in The Papers of George Washington / Founders Online)","sourceUrl":"https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collections/article/newburgh-address-george-washington-to-officers-of-the-army-march-15-1783","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"george-washington","caption":"Portrait of George Washington.","credit":"Gilbert Stuart; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"George Washington","title":"George Washington","creator":"Gilbert Stuart","date":"1803","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.clarkart.edu/ArtPiece/Detail/George-Washington","localPath":"site/public/portraits/george-washington.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q23; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":592,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/newburgh-address.json","url":"/works/newburgh-address/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Washington forbids the irregular meeting but calls a lawful one of his own, so that the officers' grievance is heard without the anonymous writer's direction."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Holding the loyalty of the army at the war's end, Washington uses it to keep the soldiers obedient to Congress rather than to gain power for himself."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He asks the officers to show patient virtue rising superior to the pressure of the most complicated sufferings, and to keep enduring until Congress can pay them."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"As witnesses reported, he put on his spectacles before his officers and spoke plainly of having grown gray in their common service."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-nibelungenlied","title":"The Nibelungenlied","author":"Anonymous","year":"c. 1200","sortYear":1200,"era":"medieval","genre":"epic","originalLanguage":"Middle High German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"battle violence"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["honor-shame","revenge","war-violence","love-desire","power-politics","fate-free-will","death-mortality","gender-women"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["war-wounds","grief","trauma-shell-shock","death-dying","pain","disability-deformity"],"blurb":"The Nibelungenlied is a medieval German epic of courtship, deception, insult and catastrophic revenge. Its first half centers on Siegfried, prince of Xanten, who comes to Worms hoping to win Kriemhild, sister of the Burgundian kings Gunther, Gernot and Giselher.","lessonTitles":["Honor can make truth lethal","Loyalty without conscience becomes atrocity","Grief can become a political force","Heroic culture is a machine for extinction"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","the-odyssey","wuthering-heights","macbeth","troilus-and-criseyde"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-nibelungenlied.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1151","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1151","translator":"Daniel B. 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Aristotle begins from the idea that every craft, inquiry and action aims at some good, and that the highest practical good is eudaimonia, often translated happiness or flourishing.","lessonTitles":["Character is practiced into being","The good life is not a mood","Weakness of will is intelligible"],"comparisons":["the-republic","meditations","on-friendship"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-nicomachean-ethics.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #8438","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8438","translator":"D. P. 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The poem opens not with Odysseus but with disorder: his son Telemachus is growing up under the pressure of suitors who consume the estate and demand that Penelope choose a new husband.","lessonTitles":["Homecoming requires more than arrival","Intelligence includes restraint","Hospitality is a moral diagnostic","Storytelling heals and endangers"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","the-nibelungenlied","don-quixote","treasure-island"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-odyssey.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1727","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1727","translator":"Samuel Butler","translationYear":1900},"portrait":{"ref":"homer","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Homer.","credit":"NikonZ7II; CC BY-SA 4.0.","media":{"subject":"Homer","title":"Homer bust, Farnese collection (Naples)","creator":"NikonZ7II","date":"2022-04-02","medium/type":"sculpture","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Homer_bust%2C_Farnese_collection_%28Naples%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homer_bust,_Farnese_collection_(Naples).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/homer.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q6691; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":381,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-odyssey.json","url":"/works/the-odyssey/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/256484016964","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Odysseus survives by counsel and patience, from the trick of Noman to waiting disguised in his own hall.","vices":["imprudence"]},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Penelope, Telemachus, Eumaeus, and the old dog Argos keep faith with an absent master for twenty years.","vices":["disloyalty"]},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"The crew perish for eating the cattle of the Sun against warning, while Odysseus restrains himself.","vices":["intemperance"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-old-man-and-the-sea","title":"The Old Man and the Sea","author":"Ernest Hemingway","year":"1952","sortYear":1952,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":["classical-9th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–10","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":10,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["stoicism-endurance","heroism","nature-landscape","death-mortality","friendship"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["aging-senescence","pain","starvation-nutrition","disability-deformity"],"blurb":"The Old Man and the Sea follows Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who has gone eighty-four days without taking a fish, as he sails far into the Gulf Stream and hooks a marlin larger than his skiff. Hemingway narrows the plot until skill, endurance, hunger, memory, prayer, and pain are concentrated in one body at sea.","lessonTitles":["Old Man and the Sea: formed attention","Old Man and the Sea: order and disorder","Old Man and the Sea: body and soul"],"comparisons":["beowulf","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","a-farewell-to-arms"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"ernest-hemingway","caption":"Portrait of Ernest Hemingway.","credit":"Lloyd Arnold; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Ernest Hemingway","title":"ErnestHemingway","creator":"Lloyd Arnold","date":"1939","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ErnestHemingway.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.phoodie.info/2013/07/19/from-the-desk-of-ernest-hemingway-this-weekend-cuba-libre-celebrates-my-birthday/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/ernest-hemingway.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata (Public domain).","width":576,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/the-old-man-and-the-sea.json","url":"/works/the-old-man-and-the-sea/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Santiago endures days at sea fighting the marlin and the sharks."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"tocqueville-old-regime","title":"The Old Regime and the Revolution","author":"Alexis de Tocqueville","year":"1856","sortYear":1856,"era":"19th-century","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"1856 translation; OCR text."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","class-society","justice-law","faith-religion","language-storytelling","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["pain","starvation-nutrition","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The Old Regime and the Revolution (L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution), published in Paris in June 1856, is Alexis de Tocqueville's study of France before 1789. Its argument is that the Revolution, which its makers believed had broken French history in two, in fact completed a work the monarchy had long been doing: the concentration of power in a central administration and the levelling of the French into similar, separated individuals.","lessonTitles":["Revolutions inherit more than they destroy","Grievances grow sharper as they lighten","Equality without liberty isolates","Ideas without experience"],"comparisons":["democracy-in-america","reflections-on-the-revolution-in-france","burke-paine-debate","the-spirit-of-the-laws","a-tale-of-two-cities","the-social-contract"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/tocqueville-old-regime.txt","source":"Internet Archive (oldregimerevolut00tocq)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/oldregimerevolut00tocq","translator":"John Bonner","translationYear":1856},"portrait":{"ref":"alexis-de-tocqueville","caption":"Portrait of Alexis de Tocqueville (1850).","credit":"Théodore Chassériau; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Alexis de Tocqueville","title":"Alexis de Tocqueville","creator":"Théodore Chassériau","date":"1850","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_%28Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Versailles%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexis_de_Tocqueville_(Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Versailles).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"[1]","localPath":"site/public/portraits/alexis-de-tocqueville.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q140694; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":534,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/tocqueville-old-regime.json","url":"/works/tocqueville-old-regime/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Tocqueville warns that reforms undertaken without free institutions unsettle everything at once, as the provincial assembly changes of 1787 did."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"He records how the taille and the road corvée fell on peasants while nobles and officials enjoyed exemptions."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"The appendix praises the estates of Languedoc, whose members undertook great public works for their province by their own effort."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The preface admits that the revolutionaries, however bold, could not escape the habits their history had formed in them."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"popper-the-open-society-and-its-enemies","title":"The Open Society and Its Enemies","author":"Karl Popper","year":"1945","sortYear":1945,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","science-knowledge","justice-law","utopia-dystopia","class-society","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Open Society and Its Enemies is Karl Popper's two-volume critique of philosophies that claim to know the laws of history and to justify a closed, planned society. Popper wrote it in New Zealand between 1938 and 1943, after the annexation of Austria, as what he later called his war work, and it was published in London by Routledge in 1945.","lessonTitles":["Ask how to limit the damage rulers can do","Piecemeal reform rather than blueprints","The limits of tolerance","History has no meaning of its own, but we may give it one"],"comparisons":["the-republic","plato-laws","hegel-philosophy-of-right","the-communist-manifesto","hayek-the-road-to-serfdom","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/popper-the-open-society-and-its-enemies.json","url":"/works/popper-the-open-society-and-its-enemies/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Popper's praise of Socrates, who knew that he knew nothing, grounds his case for institutions that allow criticism and correction of error."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Chapter 9 counsels reform by small, testable steps against the most urgent evils rather than by a complete blueprint."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Chapter 10 argues that free people must bear the strain of personal responsibility rather than seek refuge in a closed society."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-oresteia","title":"The Oresteia","author":"Aeschylus","year":"458 BCE","sortYear":-458,"era":"ancient","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"violence"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","revenge","family","guilt-sin","war-violence","power-politics","fate-free-will","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["dreams-nightmares","madness-psychosis","grief","trauma-shell-shock","suicide","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Oresteia follows the House of Atreus from inherited blood guilt to the foundation of civic justice. Agamemnon opens at Argos, where a watchman sees the beacon announcing Troy’s fall.","lessonTitles":["Justice must outgrow revenge","Trauma is inherited as story","Institutions need emotional foundations"],"comparisons":["the-theban-plays","the-nibelungenlied","macbeth","euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-oresteia.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #8604","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8604","translator":"E. D. A. Morshead","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"aeschylus","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Aeschylus.","credit":"Tilemachos Efthimiadis; CC BY-SA 2.0.","media":{"subject":"Aeschylus","title":"Aeschylusathens","creator":"Tilemachos Efthimiadis","date":"2014-04-29 22:06:20","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Aeschylusathens.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aeschylusathens.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/telemax/5710524254","localPath":"site/public/portraits/aeschylus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q40939; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":480,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-oresteia.json","url":"/works/the-oresteia/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The trilogy moves from blood vengeance to the founding of a jury court on the Areopagus.","vices":["vengeance"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"arendt-the-origins-of-totalitarianism","title":"The Origins of Totalitarianism","author":"Hannah Arendt","year":"1951","sortYear":1951,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","race-slavery","faith-religion","isolation-alienation","justice-law","home-exile","war-violence","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["death-dying","starvation-nutrition","trauma-shell-shock"],"blurb":"The Origins of Totalitarianism is Hannah Arendt's attempt to understand how the Nazi and Soviet regimes, which she treats as a new form of government without precedent, could arise out of European history. It was published in New York by Harcourt, Brace in 1951 (in Britain as The Burden of Our Time).","lessonTitles":["A new form of government needs new categories","Rights need a political home","Loneliness as a political condition","Every end contains a beginning"],"comparisons":["hayek-the-road-to-serfdom","solzhenitsyn-the-gulag-archipelago","leviathan","heart-of-darkness","mans-search-for-meaning","city-of-god"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"hannah-arendt","caption":"Portrait of Hannah Arendt (1975).","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Hannah Arendt","title":"Hannah Arendt 1975 (cropped)","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"1975","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Hannah_Arendt_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hannah_Arendt_1975_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"American Memory","localPath":"site/public/portraits/hannah-arendt.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q60025 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":181,"height":161}},"path":"content/works/arendt-the-origins-of-totalitarianism.json","url":"/works/arendt-the-origins-of-totalitarianism/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Arendt insists in her preface on facing reality without resorting to comforting precedents, and writes of the camps without looking away."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Ch. 9 asks what is owed to the stateless, who had lost every legal protection through no deed of their own."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"The final chapter sets the human capacity to begin anew, grounded in each birth, against the logic of total domination."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-passions-of-the-soul","title":"The Passions of the Soul","author":"Rene Descartes","year":"1649","sortYear":1649,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"hard philosophy"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["madness-mind","identity-self","virtue-ethics","science-knowledge","love-desire","illness-body"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["mind-body","anatomy-dissection","ancient-medicine","fever-infection","melancholia-depression","neurosis-anxiety","philosophy-as-therapy","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"Les Passions de l'âme, published in Amsterdam and Paris in November 1649, was Descartes's last book and his fullest account of how mind and body interact in emotional life. It grew out of his correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, who in 1643 had asked him how an immaterial thinking soul could move a body, and who later pressed him on the regulation of grief and the good life.","lessonTitles":["Emotions have a physiology","Indirect mastery of the passions","Generosity as the key to the virtues","Wonder as the first passion"],"comparisons":["meditations-on-first-philosophy","ethics","the-principles-of-psychology","galen-selected-works","letters-from-a-stoic","a-treatise-of-human-nature"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"rene-descartes","caption":"Portrait of Rene Descartes.","credit":"After Frans Hals; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Rene Descartes","title":"Portrait of the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes (1596-1650)","creator":"After Frans Hals","date":"1649","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"André Hatala [e.a.] (1997) De eeuw van Rembrandt , Bruxelles: Crédit communal de Belgique, ISBN 2-908388-32-4 .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/rene-descartes.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q9191; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":588,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-passions-of-the-soul.json","url":"/works/the-passions-of-the-soul/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-pearl","title":"The Pearl","author":"John Steinbeck","year":"1947","sortYear":1947,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":"violence; death of a child"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["money-wealth","class-society","family","guilt-sin","fate-free-will","language-storytelling","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","medical-ethics","pharmacology-poisons","pain","death-dying","grief"],"blurb":"The Pearl is a short novella in six chapters, framed as a folk tale retold in the Gulf town of La Paz, on the coast of Baja California. Kino, a poor pearl diver, lives in a brush house by the shore with his wife, Juana, and their infant son, Coyotito.","lessonTitles":["Wealth that owns its owner","The powerful prey on the poor","Pride and its price","A story told as a parable"],"comparisons":["the-old-man-and-the-sea","of-mice-and-men","cannery-row","silas-marner","the-pilgrims-progress"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"john-steinbeck","caption":"Portrait of John Steinbeck.","credit":"McFadden Publications, Inc.; no photographer credited; photo likely the work of Sonya Noskowiak, as Steinbeck is wearing the same clothes from her 1935 studio session that produced the work shown here: https://www.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2006.74; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Steinbeck","title":"John Steinbeck 1939 (cropped)","creator":"McFadden Publications, Inc.; no photographer credited; photo likely the work of Sonya Noskowiak, as Steinbeck is wearing the same clothes from her 1935 studio session that produced the work shown here: https://www.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2006.74","date":"1939-11","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/John_Steinbeck_1939_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Steinbeck_1939_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Photoplay , November 1939 (page 22) Photograph is flipped horizontally for magazine publication","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-steinbeck.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q39212; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":599,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-pearl.json","url":"/works/the-pearl/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Juana sees that the pearl is drawing evil to the family and tries to throw it into the sea before it can destroy them."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Kino refuses to be cheated by the pearl buyers and faces the trackers in the mountains to protect his wife and son."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Juan Tomás and Apolonia hide Kino's family in their house after the fire, at risk to themselves."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"At the end Kino gives up the Pearl of the World, flinging it back into the Gulf instead of clinging to the dream it promised."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-persian-expedition","title":"The Persian Expedition","author":"Xenophon","year":"c. 370 BCE","sortYear":-370,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","leadership","travel-journey","home-exile","stoicism-endurance","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["war-wounds","surgery","physicians-doctors","starvation-nutrition","pharmacology-poisons","altered-states","pain","disability-deformity","dreams-nightmares","sleep-insomnia","death-dying","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"The Persian Expedition, known in Greek as the Anabasis or 'march up-country', is Xenophon's account of the campaign of 401–399 BCE in which about ten thousand Greek mercenaries followed Cyrus the Younger into Mesopotamia and then fought their way home. Cyrus, younger son of Darius II, gathers an army in Sardis on the pretext of a war against Pisidian raiders, while his real aim is to unseat his brother, King Artaxerxes II.","lessonTitles":["Authority must be rebuilt by persuasion","Three portraits of command","The body sets the limits of strategy","Arriving is harder than marching"],"comparisons":["the-odyssey","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","the-histories","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-age-of-alexander","seven-pillars-of-wisdom"],"quoteCount":12,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-persian-expedition.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1170","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1170","translator":"H. G. Dakyns","translationYear":"1890s"},"portrait":{"ref":"xenophon","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Xenophon.","credit":"Carole Raddato; CC BY-SA 2.0.","media":{"subject":"Xenophon","title":"Bust of Xenophon","creator":"Carole Raddato","date":"2020-02-15","medium/type":"sculpture","license":"CC BY-SA 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Bust_of_Xenophon.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Xenophon.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/53387950886/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/xenophon.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q129772; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":477,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-persian-expedition.json","url":"/works/the-persian-expedition/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Xenophon rallies the leaderless Ten Thousand and leads them home through hostile country."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Xenophon wakes in the night, asks why he is lying idle, and organizes the retreat with practical sense."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-phantom-of-the-opera","title":"The Phantom of the Opera","author":"Gaston Leroux","year":"1910","sortYear":1910,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"7–12","minGrade":7,"maxGrade":12,"note":"gothic suspense"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","art-creation","isolation-alienation","the-supernatural","identity-self","honor-shame","crime-punishment"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","obsession-monomania","death-dying"],"blurb":"The narrator, presenting himself as a researcher, announces that the Opera ghost really existed and that he has proved it from archives, the memories of old employees and the papers of a mysterious Persian. In the 1880s the ballet girls of the Paris Opera whisper about a ghost in evening dress with a death's head; the scene-shifter Joseph Buquet, who claims to have seen him, is found hanged in the third cellar.","lessonTitles":["The angel and the voice","Mask and face","Compassion that changes a heart","Courage in the dark"],"comparisons":["the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde","frankenstein","dracula","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-woman-in-white"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-phantom-of-the-opera.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #175, The Phantom of the Opera","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/175","translator":"Alexander Teixeira de Mattos","translationYear":1911},"portrait":{"ref":"gaston-leroux","caption":"Portrait of Gaston Leroux.","credit":"Unidentified photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Gaston Leroux","title":"G. LEROUX","creator":"Unidentified photographer","date":"1907","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/G._LEROUX.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:G._LEROUX.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"www.fnac.com","localPath":"site/public/portraits/gaston-leroux.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q298827 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":403,"height":578}},"path":"content/works/the-phantom-of-the-opera.json","url":"/works/the-phantom-of-the-opera/","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Christine, a captive, lets Erik kiss her forehead and weeps with him, the first compassion he has ever received."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Christine turns the scorpion, agreeing to marry Erik, to save the people in the Opera above from the gunpowder."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The Persian risks his life to guide Raoul through the cellars to rescue Christine."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Christine keeps her promise to return the ring and bury Erik, and the narrator prays over his remains that God might show him mercy."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-phantom-tollbooth","title":"The Phantom Tollbooth","author":"Norton Juster","year":"1961","sortYear":1961,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","language-storytelling","science-knowledge","travel-journey","childhood","satire-folly","coming-of-age"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression"],"blurb":"The Phantom Tollbooth is a comic fantasy about Milo, a boy so bored that nothing seems worth doing, learning, or even noticing. One afternoon he finds a large package in his room containing a toy tollbooth, a map of unfamiliar lands, coins and a rule book.","lessonTitles":["Boredom is a way of not looking","Words and numbers need each other","Do not jump to conclusions","The enemies of learning"],"comparisons":["alices-adventures-in-wonderland","the-pilgrims-progress","gullivers-travels","the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/the-phantom-tollbooth.json","url":"/works/the-phantom-tollbooth/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Milo escapes the Doldrums only by beginning to think, and learns on the Island of Conclusions what hasty judgment costs."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Milo leads his friends through the Mountains of Ignorance and up to the Castle in the Air though every demon there tries to stop him."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Tock stays at Milo's side from the Doldrums to the Castle in the Air, and even the cowardly Humbug finally stands with them against the demons."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"hegel-philosophy-of-history","title":"The Philosophy of History","author":"G. W. F. Hegel","year":"1837","sortYear":1837,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","faith-religion","fate-free-will","war-violence","science-knowledge","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Philosophy of History (Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Geschichte) is the posthumous edition of the lectures on the philosophy of world history that G. W. F. Hegel gave five times at the University of Berlin between the winter of 1822-23 and that of 1830-31. Hegel never wrote it as a book.","lessonTitles":["Three ways to write history","History as the progress of freedom","Great individuals and larger purposes"],"comparisons":["hegel-philosophy-of-right","city-of-god","the-histories","gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections","the-communist-manifesto"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"g-w-f-hegel","caption":"Portrait of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1831).","credit":"Jakob Schlesinger; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel","title":"Jakob Schlesinger - Hegel 1831","creator":"Jakob Schlesinger","date":"1831","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Jakob_Schlesinger_-_Hegel_1831.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jakob_Schlesinger_-_Hegel_1831.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://recherche.smb.museum/detail/963803 (Alte Nationalgalerie)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/g-w-f-hegel.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q9235 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":571,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/hegel-philosophy-of-history.json","url":"/works/hegel-philosophy-of-history/","virtues":[{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Hegel's account of world-historical individuals such as Caesar dwells on the greatness of soul and passion required to accomplish great things, while noting what it costs them."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The Introduction's survey of original, reflective and philosophical history teaches readers to ask from what standpoint any history is written."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-picture-of-dorian-gray","title":"The Picture of Dorian Gray","author":"Oscar Wilde","year":"1891","sortYear":1891,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"mature themes: vice, murder, suicide"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["art-creation","guilt-sin","identity-self","the-supernatural","innocence-experience","death-mortality","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["opium-laudanum","addiction","suicide","pharmacology-poisons","heredity-degeneration","aging-senescence","psychology-unconscious","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Picture of Dorian Gray is Oscar Wilde's only novel, a moral fable told in the polished language of the London drawing room. In the studio of the painter Basil Hallward, the witty Lord Henry Wotton sees an unfinished portrait of an extraordinarily handsome young man and insists on meeting its subject.","lessonTitles":["Words that shape a life","Conscience made visible","Beauty and goodness","Late repentance and false repentance"],"comparisons":["the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde","frankenstein","metamorphoses","romeo-and-juliet","confessions","poe-tales"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-picture-of-dorian-gray.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #174, The Picture of Dorian Gray","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/174","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"oscar-wilde","caption":"Portrait of Oscar Wilde.","credit":"Napoleon Sarony / Adam Cuerden; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Oscar Wilde","title":"Oscar Wilde by Napoleon Sarony. 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Written by a tinker-preacher in prison, it became the English-speaking world’s most widely read religious narrative after Scripture.","lessonTitles":["Named temptations","Companionship on the way","Burden and Cross"],"comparisons":["robinson-crusoe","aesops-fables"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-pilgrims-progress.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #131","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/131","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-pilgrims-progress","caption":"Early edition of The Pilgrim's Progress.","credit":"The original uploader was Drboisclair at English Wikipedia.; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Pilgrim's Progress","title":"Pilgrim's Progress first edition 1678","creator":"The original uploader was Drboisclair at English Wikipedia.","date":"8 February 2007 (original upload date)","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-pilgrims-progress.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":421,"height":720,"bytes":108210,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-pilgrims-progress.json","url":"/works/the-pilgrims-progress/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Christian walks by promise toward a City not yet seen.","vices":["unbelief"]},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Hopeful’s companionship pulls Christian out of despair.","vices":["despair"]},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Pilgrims endure Vanity Fair and Doubting Castle without quitting.","vices":["cowardice"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"camus-the-plague","title":"The Plague","author":"Albert Camus","year":"1947","sortYear":1947,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":true,"curricula":["existentialism"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; epidemic death and suffering."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["death-mortality","illness-body","faith-religion","doubt-meaning","home-exile","virtue-ethics","isolation-alienation","friendship"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","public-health-sanitation","physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving","death-dying","fever-infection","medical-ethics","tuberculosis-consumption","grief","suicide"],"blurb":"The Plague is a chronicle of an epidemic of bubonic and then pneumonic plague in Oran, a commercial port on the Algerian coast, in an unspecified year of the 1940s. The narrator, who reveals himself only at the end as the physician Bernard Rieux, writes as an impartial witness, drawing also on the notebooks of his friend Jean Tarrou.","lessonTitles":["Decency rather than heroism","Two sermons and the suffering of a child","Exile and separation","The plague within"],"comparisons":["the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war","robinson-crusoe","narrative-of-yellow-fever-1793","the-brothers-karamazov","camus-the-stranger","sts-roch-and-sebastian"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"albert-camus","caption":"Albert Camus in 1957, the year of his Nobel Prize.","credit":"United Press International; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Albert Camus","title":"Albert Camus, 1957 (Nobel Prize portrait)","creator":"United Press International","date":"1957","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Camus,_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel,_portrait_en_buste,_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau,_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche,_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3c08028.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/albert-camus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q34670 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":599,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/camus-the-plague.json","url":"/works/camus-the-plague/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Rieux works through months of exhausting rounds, lancing buboes and ordering isolations, without the support of hope in a cure."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Rambert gives up his chance to escape to the woman he loves and stays to serve in the sanitary squads."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Grand keeps the statistics of the epidemic night after night with the same conscientiousness he gives to his clerical work."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"After the death of Othon's son Paneloux refuses to abandon his belief, preaching that Christians must hold to God even where they cannot understand."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"poetic-edda","title":"The Poetic Edda","author":"Anonymous (Old Norse)","year":"c. 800–1100 (MS c. 1270)","sortYear":1000,"era":"medieval","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"Old Norse","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"heroic violence; demanding"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["the-supernatural","fate-free-will","heroism","honor-shame","revenge","death-mortality","faith-religion","family"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["alcohol","disability-deformity","childbirth-maternal","ancient-medicine","death-dying","grief","dreams-nightmares"],"blurb":"The Poetic Edda is the collection of anonymous Old Norse poems about the gods and heroes of the North, preserved chiefly in the Icelandic manuscript known as the Codex Regius, written about 1270. 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The library's text is not a full translation but Lewis Spence's 1908 English study, which retells and partly translates the first books from Brasseur de Bourbourg's French and Ximénez's Spanish and then comments on them.","lessonTitles":["Creation and remembrance","Pride brought low","Cunning against death","Reading a sacred book through a translator"],"comparisons":["the-bible","hesiod-theogony-and-works-and-days","kalevala","epic-of-gilgamesh","poetic-edda"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/popol-vuh.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #56550","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56550","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"popol-vuh","caption":"First page of the Popol Vuh in Francisco Ximénez's manuscript (c. 1701–1703).","credit":"Francisco Ximénez; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.","media":{"subject":"Popol Vuh manuscript (Ximénez)","title":"First page of the Popol Vuh in Francisco Ximénez's manuscript","creator":"Francisco Ximénez","date":"c. 1701–1703","medium/type":"manuscript","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Empiezan_las_historias%28Popol_vuh%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Empiezan_las_historias(Popol_vuh).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Newberry Library manuscript, via Wikimedia Commons","localPath":"site/public/portraits/popol-vuh.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Commons file; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":495,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/popol-vuh.json","url":"/works/popol-vuh/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Vukub-Cakix boasts that his jewelled eyes and teeth make the sun and moon unnecessary, and the twins bring him down.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The wooden people are destroyed because they do not think on Hurakan, while the first maize people pray to the Creator for the sun.","vices":["irreverence"]},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The twins send Xan ahead to learn the names of the lords of Xibalba, so they neither bow to the wooden figures nor sit on the red-hot stone.","vices":["imprudence"]},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The twins pass through the Houses of Lances, Cold, Jaguars and Fire without yielding to the lords of death."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Xmucane, at first doubtful, receives the fugitive Xquiq into her home after the miracle of the maize."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-portable-dorothy-parker","title":"The Portable Dorothy Parker","author":"Dorothy Parker","year":"1944 (collection)","sortYear":1944,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"collection","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"adult themes: suicide, abortion"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["love-desire","gender-women","satire-folly","madness-mind","illness-body","class-society","language-storytelling","isolation-alienation"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","suicide","alcohol","addiction","neurosis-anxiety","hysteria","sexuality-medicalized","psychology-unconscious","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Portable Dorothy Parker collects poems, stories, sketches, reviews and occasional pieces that display Parker's distinctive mixture of speed, polish, cruelty and pain. The volume is not a single narrative but a portable career: the brittle lyrics of disappointed love, the dramatic monologues of women waiting for calls or managing humiliation, the social comedies of parties and hotel rooms, the criticism that makes taste sound conversational, and the political pieces that reveal moral seriousness beneath the pose of urban detachment.","lessonTitles":["Wit can be a symptom and a weapon","Waiting is a psychological action","Social polish can hide violence","Comic minor forms can carry major suffering"],"comparisons":["dorothy-parker-complete-poems","passing","butterfield-8","the-waves","excellent-women"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"dorothy-parker","caption":"Portrait of Dorothy Parker.","credit":"Unknown author Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Dorothy Parker","title":"Young Dorothy Parker","creator":"Unknown author","date":"est. in the 1910s or early 1920s","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Young_Dorothy_Parker.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Dorothy_Parker.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.litkicks.com/DorothyParker","localPath":"site/public/portraits/dorothy-parker.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q270707; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":651,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-portable-dorothy-parker.json","url":"/works/the-portable-dorothy-parker/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/264704033287","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-portable-faulkner","title":"The Portable Faulkner","author":"William Faulkner","year":"1946 (ed. 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Malcolm Cowley arranged stories, novel excerpts, genealogical material and commentary so that readers could see Faulkner's invented county as one continuous historical field.","lessonTitles":["History is carried by form","Family stories can be prisons","Racial categories damage everyone while protecting power","The grotesque can preserve moral seriousness"],"comparisons":["wuthering-heights","twelve-years-a-slave","the-scarlet-letter","the-waves","east-of-eden"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"william-faulkner","caption":"Portrait of William Faulkner.","credit":"Carl Van Vechten; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"William Faulkner","title":"Carl Van Vechten - William Faulkner (greyscale and cropped)","creator":"Carl Van Vechten","date":"1954-12-11","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Carl_Van_Vechten_-_William_Faulkner_%28greyscale_and_cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Van_Vechten_-_William_Faulkner_(greyscale_and_cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3f06403 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. 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At Gardencourt, the English estate of her uncle, Isabel meets her invalid cousin Ralph Touchett, who loves her imaginatively and persuades his dying father to leave her a fortune so that she can live freely.","lessonTitles":["Freedom can be misunderstood as mere openness","Taste can disguise domination","Consciousness has ethical force","Victimhood and responsibility can coexist"],"comparisons":["washington-square","daisy-miller","the-scarlet-letter","effi-briest","persuasion"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-portrait-of-a-lady.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2833","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2833","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"henry-james","caption":"Portrait of Henry James.","credit":"John Singer Sargent (died 1925); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Henry James","title":"Henry James","creator":"John Singer Sargent (died 1925)","date":"1913; bequeathed to NPG in 1916","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Henry_James_by_John_Singer_Sargent_cleaned.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_James_by_John_Singer_Sargent_cleaned.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof . This may be due to recognition of the \" sweat of the brow \" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement . 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It was meant to teach young poets the old stories and the poetic names (kennings) that the court verse of Scandinavia depended on, at a time when Iceland had been Christian for more than two centuries.","lessonTitles":["A Christian scholar keeps the pagan stories","Baldr and the overlooked mistletoe","Thor at Utgarda-Loki's hall","Tyr's pledge to the Wolf","Where poetry comes from"],"comparisons":["poetic-edda","beowulf","apollodorus-library","bulfinch-age-of-fable","the-hobbit","metamorphoses"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/prose-edda.txt","source":"Snorri Sturluson, The Prose Edda, translated by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur (New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1916), Internet Archive","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/proseedda00snor","translator":"Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur","translationYear":1916},"portrait":{"ref":"snorri-sturluson","caption":"Portrait of Snorri Sturluson.","credit":"Christian Krohg; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Snorri Sturluson","title":"Snorre Sturluson-Christian Krohg","creator":"Christian Krohg","date":"1899","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Snorre_Sturluson-Christian_Krohg.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Snorre_Sturluson-Christian_Krohg.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Sturluson, Snorre; Christian Krohg, ill. 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Working from the Burgholzli clinic, word-association studies, Bleuler's dementia praecox, and Freud's ideas about complexes, Jung argues that seemingly senseless symptoms may express emotionally charged complexes.","lessonTitles":["The Psychology of Dementia Praecox teaches historical caution","The Psychology of Dementia Praecox links evidence and authority","The Psychology of Dementia Praecox complicates mind and body","The Psychology of Dementia Praecox warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["dementia-praecox-or-the-group-of-schizophrenias","lectures-on-clinical-psychiatry","the-interpretation-of-dreams","the-major-symptoms-of-hysteria"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-psychology-of-dementia-praecox.txt","source":"Internet Archive scan of Peterson/Brill 1909 translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/psychologyofdeme00junguoft","translator":"Frederick Peterson and A. A. 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The novel begins after the death of Alden Pyle, a young American official whose innocence, confidence and political theories have made him dangerous.","lessonTitles":["Innocence is not harmless","Detachment is a moral position","Love can disguise possession","Bodies refute abstractions"],"comparisons":["heart-of-darkness","the-power-and-the-glory","a-burnt-out-case","testament-of-youth","the-underdogs"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"graham-greene","caption":"Portrait of Graham Greene.","credit":"FOTO:Fortepan — ID 84697 : Adományozó/Donor: Magyar Hírek folyóirat. archive copy at the Wayback Machine; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Graham Greene","title":"Graham Greene angol író, 1975 Fortepan 84697","creator":"FOTO:Fortepan — ID 84697 : Adományozó/Donor: Magyar Hírek folyóirat. archive copy at the Wayback Machine","date":"1975","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Graham_Greene_angol_%C3%ADr%C3%B3%2C_1975_Fortepan_84697.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Graham_Greene_angol_%C3%ADr%C3%B3,_1975_Fortepan_84697.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.fortepan.hu/_photo/download/fortepan_84697.jpg archive copy at the Wayback Machine","localPath":"site/public/portraits/graham-greene.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q128560; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":490,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-quiet-american.json","url":"/works/the-quiet-american/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/274292608062","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-railway-children","title":"The Railway Children","author":"E. 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It appeared in the New York Evening Mirror on 29 January 1845, ahead of its printing in The American Review, and made Poe famous almost overnight.","lessonTitles":["Grief that feeds on its own questions","Sound as meaning","Comfort refused"],"comparisons":["the-odyssey","my-last-duchess","because-i-could-not-stop-for-death","the-narrative-of-arthur-gordon-pym-of-nantucket","poe-tales"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-raven.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1065: The Raven","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1065","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-raven","caption":"Édouard Manet's illustration for Mallarmé's 1875 French translation of The Raven.","credit":"Édouard Manet; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Raven","title":"Raven Manet C2","creator":"Édouard Manet","date":"1875","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Raven_Manet_C2.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raven_Manet_C2.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Library of Congress[1][2]","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-raven.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":548,"height":720,"bytes":100040,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-raven.json","url":"/works/the-raven/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"hope","reason":"The poem portrays hope's absence with such precision, as the speaker refuses forgetting, healing, and reunion, that it shows by contrast what hope would require.","vices":["despair"]},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The speaker's error lies in treating a bird's single learned word as a prophecy, a lesson in judging what deserves to be believed."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-real-mother-goose","title":"The Real Mother Goose","author":"Blanche Fisher Wright (illustrator); traditional rhymes","year":"1916","sortYear":1916,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":"read-aloud"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["childhood","education","language-storytelling","family","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["disability-deformity"],"blurb":"The Real Mother Goose (1916) gathers the nursery rhymes English-speaking children have sung for centuries—Humpty Dumpty, Jack and Jill, Old Mother Goose, Little Bo-Peep, and scores of others—into one illustrated volume by Blanche Fisher Wright. The rhymes themselves are traditional: short, strongly metered verses that stick in the ear and the memory.","lessonTitles":["The ear learns first","Mishap without despair","Shared memory"],"comparisons":["a-childs-garden-of-verses","black-beauty"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-real-mother-goose.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #10607","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10607","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-real-mother-goose","caption":"\"Three Wise Men of Gotham,\" illustrated by Blanche Fisher Wright for The Real Mother Goose (1916).","credit":"Blanche Fisher Wright; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Real Mother Goose","title":"Three wise men of Gotham (The Real Mother Goose)","creator":"Blanche Fisher Wright","date":"1916","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Three_wise_men_of_Gotham_%28The_Real_Mother_Goose%29.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_wise_men_of_Gotham_(The_Real_Mother_Goose).png","institution":"","creditLine":"file:The Real Mother Goose.djvu","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-real-mother-goose.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":691,"bytes":90643,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-real-mother-goose.json","url":"/works/the-real-mother-goose/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Many rhymes quietly honor daily tasks—baking, shepherding, fetching water—as the stuff of childhood play."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Comic falls and failures teach children to laugh at mishap without cruelty.","vices":["pride"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-red-badge-of-courage","title":"The Red Badge of Courage","author":"Stephen Crane","year":"1895","sortYear":1895,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"war violence"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","coming-of-age","honor-shame","heroism","identity-self","nature-landscape","death-mortality","guilt-sin"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["war-wounds","trauma-shell-shock","neurosis-anxiety","death-dying","nursing-caregiving","pain","tuberculosis-consumption"],"blurb":"The Red Badge of Courage follows Henry Fleming, a young private of the 304th New York, through two days of fighting in an unnamed Civil War battle that readers have long identified with Chancellorsville in May 1863. Crane calls him almost always simply the youth.","lessonTitles":["Courage is not the absence of fear","The excuses we make","A false badge and a true one","Friendship that changes a man"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","lord-jim","across-five-aprils","personal-memoirs","henry-v"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-red-badge-of-courage.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #73","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-red-badge-of-courage","caption":"Early edition of The Red Badge of Courage (1895).","credit":"Stephen Crane; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Red Badge of Courage","title":"TheRedBadgeOfCourage","creator":"Stephen Crane","date":"New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1895","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/TheRedBadgeOfCourage.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TheRedBadgeOfCourage.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Abebooks: The Red Badge of Courage","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-red-badge-of-courage.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":288,"height":443,"bytes":42110,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-red-badge-of-courage.json","url":"/works/the-red-badge-of-courage/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"On the second day Henry takes up the colors from the dying color sergeant and carries them forward through the charge and the retreat."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Wilson nurses the returning Henry with coffee, a wet handkerchief bandage and his own blankets without questioning his story."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Wilson returns from the first day stripped of his boasting and later asks Henry for his packet of letters with plain embarrassment."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The tattered soldier, badly wounded himself, worries about Henry's supposed wound and about Jim Conklin, and Henry's desertion of him becomes the sin he cannot forget."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-republic","title":"The Republic","author":"Plato","year":"c. 380 BCE","sortYear":-380,"era":"ancient","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"demanding philosophy; best with guidance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","virtue-ethics","education","power-politics","identity-self","science-knowledge","utopia-dystopia"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["philosophy-as-therapy","mind-body","psychology-unconscious","mania","addiction","medical-ethics","sexuality-medicalized"],"blurb":"The Republic begins with a question that never stays small: what is justice, and is the just life happier than the unjust? Socrates meets Cephalus, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus, Glaucon and Adeimantus in the Piraeus.","lessonTitles":["Politics begins in psychology","Education shapes appetite before argument","Therapy can become control"],"comparisons":["the-last-days-of-socrates","the-arthashastra","we"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-republic.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1497","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1497","translator":"Benjamin Jowett","translationYear":1892},"portrait":{"ref":"plato","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Plato.","credit":"Marie-Lan Nguyen; CC BY 2.5.","media":{"subject":"Plato","title":"Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377","creator":"Marie-Lan Nguyen","date":"2009","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY 2.5","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/plato.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q859; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":480,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-republic.json","url":"/works/the-republic/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The whole dialogue seeks a definition of justice in the city and in the soul.","vices":["injustice"]},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Plato describes temperance as the harmony of the soul’s parts under reason."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"cicero-republic-and-laws","title":"The Republic and The Laws","author":"Marcus Tullius Cicero","year":"c. 54-51 BC","sortYear":-54,"era":"ancient","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Fragmentary dialogue; 19th-century translation; OCR text."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","leadership","faith-religion","death-mortality","virtue-ethics","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","quackery-charlatans","melancholia-depression","mind-body","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"Cicero wrote his two dialogues on the state in the troubled 50s BC, when the Roman Republic was strained by the private power of Pompey, Caesar and Crassus. On the Commonwealth (De re publica), published in 51 BC, imitates Plato's Republic but asks what the best constitution is for a real people, and answers with Rome itself.","lessonTitles":["A people is joined by justice, not by numbers","Blend the simple forms so that none decays alone","There is one true law above every statute","Earthly glory looks small from heaven"],"comparisons":["cicero-first-catilinarian","the-republic","polybius-histories-book-vi","politics","city-of-god","cicero-on-duties"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/cicero-republic-and-laws.txt","source":"The Treatises of M. T. Cicero, ed. C. D. Yonge (London: Henry G. Bohn, Bohn's Classical Library, 1853), containing Francis Barham's translations of the Commonwealth (Republic) and the Laws, via the Internet Archive (treatisescicero00ciceuoft)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/treatisescicero00ciceuoft","translator":"Francis Barham","translationYear":1841},"portrait":{"ref":"marcus-tullius-cicero","caption":"Cicero, engraving by Francesco Bartolozzi (1790).","credit":"Francesco Bartolozzi; CC0.","media":{"subject":"Cicero","title":"Francesco Bartolozzi - Cicero - B1977.14.19547 - Yale Center for British Art","creator":"Francesco Bartolozzi","date":"1790","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Francesco_Bartolozzi_-_Cicero_-_B1977.14.19547_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Francesco_Bartolozzi_-_Cicero_-_B1977.14.19547_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Yale Center for British Art","localPath":"site/public/portraits/marcus-tullius-cicero.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Commons file; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":585,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/cicero-republic-and-laws.json","url":"/works/cicero-republic-and-laws/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Laelius defends justice as a law of nature against Philus's argument that it is only the interest of the stronger."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Scipio's preference for a mixed constitution rests on a practical study of how each simple form has decayed in history."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The second book of the Laws begins the whole code with the duty of approaching the gods in purity and keeping the ancestral rites."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"In the Dream Scipio is taught to seek the reward of virtue itself rather than the narrow, short-lived praise of men."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"grotius-rights-of-war-and-peace","title":"The Rights of War and Peace (Book I)","author":"Hugo Grotius","year":"1625","sortYear":1625,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Dense legal argument with classical citations."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","justice-law","power-politics","faith-religion","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Rights of War and Peace (De jure belli ac pacis libri tres) is Hugo Grotius's treatise on the law that binds nations and rulers in war, published in Paris in 1625, seven years into the Thirty Years' War and while its author lived in exile from the Dutch Republic. The complete work has three books: Book I asks what war is, whether war can ever be lawful, and who holds the sovereign power to wage it; Book II examines the just causes of war, chiefly defence, the recovery of property and the punishment of wrongs, and with them property, contracts, treaties, embassies and the right of burial; Book III treats what may be done in war and the moderations (temperamenta) that humanity and good faith impose even on lawful force.","lessonTitles":["Law reaches even into war","Natural law and the will of God","Christian conscience and the sword","Who may make war"],"comparisons":["cicero-on-duties","city-of-god","summa-theologica","leviathan","kant-perpetual-peace","on-war"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/grotius-rights-of-war-and-peace.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #46564 (The Rights of War and Peace, trans. A. C. Campbell, with an introduction by David J. Hill, New York and London: M. Walter Dunne, 1901)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46564","translator":"A. C. Campbell","translationYear":1814},"portrait":{"ref":"hugo-grotius","caption":"Portrait of Hugo Grotius (1631).","credit":"Workshop of Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Hugo Grotius","title":"Portret van Hugo de Groot (1583-1645) Rijksmuseum SK-A-581","creator":"Workshop of Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt","date":"1631","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Portret_van_Hugo_de_Groot_%281583-1645%29_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-581.jpeg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Hugo_de_Groot_(1583-1645)_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-581.jpeg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/SK-A-581 Alternative: www.rijksmuseum.nl : Home : Info : Pic","localPath":"site/public/portraits/hugo-grotius.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q154959 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":616,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/grotius-rights-of-war-and-peace.json","url":"/works/grotius-rights-of-war-and-peace/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Grotius insists in Chapter I that even war is governed by right and must aim at peace."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Chapter III separates the right to sovereignty from the manner of holding it, a careful distinction meant to settle disputes about who may make war."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Chapter II tests the lawfulness of war against the whole of Scripture and the early Church before reaching a conclusion."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-river-war","title":"The River War","author":"Winston Churchill","year":"1899","sortYear":1899,"era":"19th-century","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","colonialism-empire","technology-modernity","faith-religion","heroism","leadership","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","fever-infection","war-wounds","public-health-sanitation","physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving","death-dying","melancholia-depression","trauma-shell-shock"],"blurb":"The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan is the young Winston Churchill's history of the Anglo-Egyptian campaigns of 1896–1899 that destroyed the Mahdist state in the Sudan. Churchill begins with geography and the Nile, which he presents as the thread on which the whole story hangs, and then with the rebellion of Muhammad Ahmad, a Dongolawi boat-builder's son and Sufi ascetic who proclaimed himself the Mahdi in 1881.","lessonTitles":["Supply wins wars that battles only finish","Triumphalism and its own evidence","Disease as the unglamorous enemy","Understanding the enemy's cause"],"comparisons":["heart-of-darkness","seven-pillars-of-wisdom","the-histories","the-conquest-of-gaul","the-persian-expedition"],"quoteCount":11,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-river-war.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #4943","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4943","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"winston-churchill","caption":"Portrait of Winston Churchill.","credit":"Flickr : Sir Winston Churchill; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Winston Churchill","title":"The Roaring Lion","creator":"Flickr : Sir Winston Churchill","date":"30 December 1941","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948_%28restored%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948_(restored).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Flickr : Sir Winston Churchill","localPath":"site/public/portraits/winston-churchill.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q8016; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":579,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-river-war.json","url":"/works/the-river-war/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-road-not-taken","title":"The Road Not Taken","author":"Robert Frost","year":"1915; collected 1916","sortYear":1915,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["fate-free-will","identity-self","memory-time","travel-journey","nature-landscape","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Road Not Taken is a twenty-line lyric in four five-line stanzas, first printed in The Atlantic Monthly in August 1915 and placed by Frost, in italics, at the head of his third book, Mountain Interval (1916). It is among the most quoted American poems and among the most often misread.","lessonTitles":["Read what the poem says, not what it is remembered to say","Choices close doors","The stories we tell about ourselves"],"comparisons":["tennyson-ulysses","the-pilgrims-progress","if-kipling","tintern-abbey","frost-early-poems"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-road-not-taken.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #29345: Robert Frost, Mountain Interval (New York: Henry Holt, 1916)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29345","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-road-not-taken","caption":"Early edition of The Road Not Taken (1915).","credit":"Robert Frost; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Road Not Taken","title":"RoadAtlantic","creator":"Robert Frost","date":"1915-08","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/RoadAtlantic.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RoadAtlantic.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Hathitrust: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.19147394&view=1up&seq=235&skin=2021","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-road-not-taken.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":417,"height":720,"bytes":46036,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-road-not-taken.json","url":"/works/the-road-not-taken/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The traveler stands long and looks down one road as far as he can before choosing, modeling deliberation even when the future cannot be seen."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The poem's admission that the roads were worn really about the same quietly exposes the temptation to inflate one's own choices into heroic stories.","vices":["vainglory"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"hayek-the-road-to-serfdom","title":"The Road to Serfdom","author":"F. A. Hayek","year":"1944","sortYear":1944,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","money-wealth","utopia-dystopia","leadership","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The Road to Serfdom is a short book by the Austrian-born economist F. A. Hayek, written in London during the Second World War and published by Routledge in March 1944 and by the University of Chicago Press that September. Hayek dedicated it to the socialists of all parties.","lessonTitles":["General rules versus particular commands","Knowledge is scattered among many people","Means and ends cannot be separated","Good intentions and unintended results"],"comparisons":["freedom-and-the-law","the-wealth-of-nations","animal-farm","orwell-politics-and-the-english-language","the-communist-manifesto","on-liberty"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/hayek-the-road-to-serfdom.json","url":"/works/hayek-the-road-to-serfdom/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Hayek's argument rests on admitting that no planner can know enough to direct the lives and work of millions."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Chapter 6 asks that coercion be governed by general rules applying equally to all, not by officials' judgments about particular people."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Hayek published against the prevailing wartime opinion of his academic colleagues, expecting and receiving strong opposition."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"ammianus-marcellinus-roman-history","title":"The Roman History","author":"Ammianus Marcellinus","year":"c. 390 CE","sortYear":390,"era":"ancient","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Long, digressive late-Roman history; best read in selections."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","war-violence","leadership","faith-religion","colonialism-empire","virtue-ethics","illness-body","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","ancient-medicine","humoral-medicine","physicians-doctors","war-wounds","death-dying","fever-infection","starvation-nutrition","epilepsy-seizures","pharmacology-poisons","dreams-nightmares"],"blurb":"Ammianus Marcellinus wrote his history in thirty-one books, beginning with the accession of Nerva in AD 96, where Tacitus had stopped, and ending with the Gothic victory at Adrianople in 378. The first thirteen books are lost.","lessonTitles":["A soldier writes what he saw","Julian measured in full","Disaster from mismanagement","Religion in a divided age"],"comparisons":["tacitus-the-histories","gibbon-decline-and-fall-selections","heather-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire","procopius-history-of-the-wars-persian-war","city-of-god","the-history-of-the-peloponnesian-war"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/ammianus-marcellinus-roman-history.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #28587 (The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, trans. C. D. Yonge, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1862)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28587","translator":"C. D. 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It opens by calling the monastery a school for the Lord’s service and asks what kind of person desires life.","lessonTitles":["A community needs rhythms","Authority must adapt to weakness","Moderation can be radical"],"comparisons":["early-christian-lives","early-christian-writings","meditations"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-rule-of-st-benedict.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #50040","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50040","translator":"Leonard J. 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Horace's Sermones, written after the civil wars and during the rise of Augustus, are conversational poems about greed, ambition, social climbing, sexual folly, legacy-hunting, literary quarrels, dinner parties and the art of living within limits.","lessonTitles":["Satire is moral medicine","Moderation is harder than it sounds","Bad language can reveal bad desires","Freedom is inward discipline"],"comparisons":["gullivers-travels","candide","meditations","plutarch-essays","the-misanthrope-and-other-plays"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-satires-of-horace-and-persius.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #5419/#50657","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5419 ; https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50657","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-satires-of-horace-and-persius","caption":"Horace, on a Roman contorniate medallion.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Horace and Persius","title":"(contorniate Médaillon Horace Rome (...)Horace (0065-0008 btv1b11343890r 1 (cropped)","creator":"Unknown","date":"356-425","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/%28contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_%28...%29Horace_%280065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(contorniate_M%C3%A9daillon_Horace_Rome_(...)Horace_(0065-0008_btv1b11343890r_1_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"(1) https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b11343890r.r=monnroimp%20contorniateHorace%20Horace?rk=107296;4 (2) https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b113438916.r=monnroimp%20contorniateHorace%20Horace?rk=42918;4","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-satires-of-horace-and-persius.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":715,"height":720,"bytes":75160,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-satires-of-horace-and-persius.json","url":"/works/the-satires-of-horace-and-persius/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/277994617883","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-scarlet-letter","title":"The Scarlet Letter","author":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","year":"1850","sortYear":1850,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"adultery theme"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["guilt-sin","justice-law","gender-women","faith-religion","isolation-alienation","identity-self","illness-body","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["mind-body","melancholia-depression","physicians-doctors","medical-ethics","sexuality-medicalized","childbirth-maternal","death-dying","psychology-unconscious"],"blurb":"The Scarlet Letter is set in seventeenth-century Puritan Boston but begins with a nineteenth-century frame, The Custom-House, in which a narrator claims to discover an embroidered letter A and the story of Hester Prynne. Hester appears on the scaffold with her infant Pearl, condemned to wear the scarlet letter for adultery while refusing to name the child's father.","lessonTitles":["Public shame does not control meaning","Hidden guilt can become bodily illness","Revenge deforms the healer","Children read what adults conceal"],"comparisons":["the-portrait-of-a-lady","washington-square","wuthering-heights","frankenstein","passing"],"quoteCount":2,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-scarlet-letter.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #25344","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25344","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"nathaniel-hawthorne","caption":"Portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne.","credit":"Mathew Benjamin Brady; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","title":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","creator":"Mathew Benjamin Brady","date":"between circa 1860 and circa 1865","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Nathaniel_Hawthorne_-_NARA_-_530280cr.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Hawthorne_-_NARA_-_530280cr.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"U.S. National Archives and Records Administration","localPath":"site/public/portraits/nathaniel-hawthorne.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q69339; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":540,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-scarlet-letter.json","url":"/works/the-scarlet-letter/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/276431173494","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Hester bears her public shame while Dimmesdale’s hidden sin consumes him until confession."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-scarlet-pimpernel","title":"The Scarlet Pimpernel","author":"Baroness Orczy","year":"1905","sortYear":1905,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","identity-self","marriage","war-violence","honor-shame","justice-law","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","pain"],"blurb":"The Scarlet Pimpernel opens in Paris in September 1792, at the height of the Revolution's Terror, where crowds gather at the city gates to watch aristocrats caught trying to flee. Sergeant Bibot boasts that no one will slip past him, yet the hideous old woman whose cart he waves through, after she hints that her grandson inside has smallpox, is the mysterious Englishman known as the Scarlet Pimpernel, and the Comtesse de Tournay and her children are hidden beneath the load.","lessonTitles":["The mask of folly","Pride on both sides","Loyalty under pressure","Rescue as a calling"],"comparisons":["a-tale-of-two-cities","the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-innocence-of-father-brown"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-scarlet-pimpernel.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #60","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-scarlet-pimpernel","caption":"Early edition of The Scarlet Pimpernel.","credit":"Baroness Emma Orczy; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Scarlet Pimpernel","title":"Thescarletpimpernel1908","creator":"Baroness Emma Orczy","date":"","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Thescarletpimpernel1908.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thescarletpimpernel1908.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Baroness Emma Orczy","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-scarlet-pimpernel.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":349,"height":528,"bytes":35181,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-scarlet-pimpernel.json","url":"/works/the-scarlet-pimpernel/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Percy walks into Chauvelin's trap at Calais to bring out Armand and the Comte de Tournay, and takes a beating in his carter's disguise without giving himself away."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The League risks death on French soil to rescue the de Tournays and other strangers who can do nothing for them in return."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Percy accepts being laughed at by all London as a fool so that the work of rescue can go on unsuspected.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Having pledged to Marguerite at Richmond that Armand shall be safe, Percy keeps his word and brings her brother aboard the Day Dream."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"boyle-the-sceptical-chymist","title":"The Sceptical Chymist","author":"Robert Boyle","year":"1661","sortYear":1661,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"17th-century dialogue; long and repetitive."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","doubt-meaning","nature-landscape","education","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons","physicians-doctors","humoral-medicine"],"blurb":"The Sceptical Chymist is a philosophical dialogue in which Robert Boyle tests the two reigning theories of what bodies are made of: the four elements of the Aristotelians (earth, water, air and fire) and the three principles, or tria prima, of the Paracelsian chemists (salt, sulphur and mercury). Both schools appealed to the same evidence, the analysis of mixed bodies by fire.","lessonTitles":["A sceptic can be a builder","Ask what an experiment really shows","Clear words are part of honest science","Appreciating practical skill while questioning theory"],"comparisons":["lavoisier-elements-of-chemistry","novum-organum","on-the-nature-of-the-universe","galileo-selected-writings","aristotle-posterior-analytics-and-physics","faraday-chemical-history-of-a-candle"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/boyle-the-sceptical-chymist.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #22914","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22914","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"robert-boyle","caption":"Portrait of Robert Boyle (1689).","credit":"Johann Kerseboom; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Robert Boyle","title":"The Shannon Portrait of the Hon Robert Boyle","creator":"Johann Kerseboom","date":"1689","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/The_Shannon_Portrait_of_the_Hon_Robert_Boyle.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Shannon_Portrait_of_the_Hon_Robert_Boyle.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/3r074v879","localPath":"site/public/portraits/robert-boyle.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q43393 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":570,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/boyle-the-sceptical-chymist.json","url":"/works/boyle-the-sceptical-chymist/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Carneades admits at the end that his paradox denying all elements is less probable than the rest of his argument."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Boyle keeps the useful chemical remedies and experiments while withholding assent from the theories offered to explain them."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The argument rests on years of furnace work, including plants Boyle raised in water and weighed before distilling them."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-screwtape-letters","title":"The Screwtape Letters","author":"C. S. Lewis","year":"1942","sortYear":1942,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","guilt-sin","virtue-ethics","satire-folly","war-violence","love-desire","the-supernatural","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","neurosis-anxiety","mind-body","starvation-nutrition","death-dying","philosophy-as-therapy"],"blurb":"The Screwtape Letters is a book of thirty-one letters written by Screwtape, a senior devil in the bureaucracy of Hell, to his nephew Wormwood, a junior tempter on his first assignment. Wormwood's charge is a young Englishman, never named and called only the patient, who lives with his mother at the outbreak of the Second World War.","lessonTitles":["Temptation through the small and ordinary","Reading by inversion","The present moment and the future","Ordinary goods as the Enemy's ground"],"comparisons":["the-pilgrims-progress","paradise-lost","the-divine-comedy","the-brothers-karamazov","letters-and-papers-from-prison","pensees"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-screwtape-letters","caption":"C. S. Lewis in 1917.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. Lewis","title":"CS Lewis (1917)","creator":"Unknown author","date":"1917","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/CS_Lewis_%281917%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CS_Lewis_(1917).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.tyndale.com/sites/ww2reads/book/cs-lewis-a-life/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-screwtape-letters.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":158,"height":229,"bytes":13664,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-screwtape-letters.json","url":"/works/the-screwtape-letters/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Screwtape's long effort in Letter XIV to make the patient proud of his own humility shows by inversion that true humility is self-forgetfulness."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The patient does his duty through the air raids despite fear, which Screwtape admits is a defeat for Wormwood."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The young woman's household, full of ordinary Christian love, so enrages Screwtape that he turns into a centipede in Letter XXII."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Screwtape's account of the mother's gluttony of delicacy in Letter XVII shows that intemperance can lie in fussiness over small portions as well as in excess."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-second-coming","title":"The Second Coming","author":"W. B. Yeats","year":"written 1919; published 1920","sortYear":1920,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"poetry","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","doubt-meaning","memory-time","war-violence","the-supernatural","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Second Coming is a twenty-two-line poem in two verse paragraphs in which Yeats imagines the end of the Christian era and the birth of something terrible to replace it. He wrote it in January 1919, in the months after the First World War, with the Russian Revolution and its violence recent and Ireland moving toward its own war of independence.","lessonTitles":["Conviction and its counterfeits","A counterfeit second coming","Images that outlive their system"],"comparisons":["journey-of-the-magi","ozymandias","the-tyger","the-bible"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-second-coming.txt","source":"Wikisource transcription of W. B. Yeats, Michael Robartes and the Dancer (Churchtown, Dundrum: Cuala Press, 1920 [issued 1921]), pp. 19-20","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Michael_Robartes_and_the_Dancer/The_Second_Coming","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-second-coming","caption":"Portrait of W. B. Yeats.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"W. B. Yeats","title":"Yeats1923","creator":"Unknown","date":"","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Yeats1923.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yeats1923.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-second-coming.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":280,"height":396,"bytes":20927,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-second-coming.json","url":"/works/the-second-coming/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"By naming the condition in which the best lack all conviction, the poem shows what is lost when courage and resolve fail among good people.","vices":["cowardice"]},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The speaker reads the signs of his time soberly, refusing the easy hope of a comforting revelation and facing the beast he actually sees."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"Read alongside Matthew 24, the poem's false second coming sharpens by contrast the Christian hope in a true return of Christ.","vices":["despair"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-secret-garden","title":"The Secret Garden","author":"Frances Hodgson Burnett","year":"1911","sortYear":1911,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["childhood","nature-landscape","illness-body","family","death-mortality","friendship","education","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","hypochondria","disability-deformity","childbirth-maternal","nursing-caregiving","mind-body","melancholia-depression","grief","starvation-nutrition","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The Secret Garden begins in imperial India, where Mary Lennox is a sickly, spoiled and emotionally neglected child. A cholera outbreak kills her parents and household, and Mary is sent to Misselthwaite Manor in Yorkshire to live with her reclusive uncle Archibald Craven.","lessonTitles":["Care can begin with attention","Beliefs about the body can shape illness","Grief can freeze a household","Children can become agents of restoration"],"comparisons":["little-women","black-beauty","david-copperfield","the-portrait-of-a-lady","a-little-princess"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-secret-garden.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #17396","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17396","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"frances-hodgson-burnett","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Frances Hodgson Burnett.","credit":"Herbert Rose Barraud (1845-1896); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Frances Hodgson Burnett","title":"Frances Burnett","creator":"Herbert Rose Barraud (1845-1896)","date":"2006-05-12 19:29:37","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Frances_Burnett.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frances_Burnett.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"scan by Phrood","localPath":"site/public/portraits/frances-hodgson-burnett.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q276028; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":506,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-secret-garden.json","url":"/works/the-secret-garden/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/265353604222","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"procopius-secret-history","title":"The Secret History","author":"Procopius of Caesarea","year":"c. 550 CE","sortYear":550,"era":"medieval","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"Ancient Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Mature content: sexual slander and graphic invective against the imperial court."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","satire-folly","marriage","money-wealth","leadership","guilt-sin"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","madness-psychosis"],"blurb":"The Secret History, in Greek the Anekdota or unpublished things, is a short work in thirty chapters in which Procopius sets out to tell what he says he could not safely write in his Wars while its subjects were alive: the hidden causes of events and the private conduct of the emperor Justinian, the empress Theodora, the general Belisarius and his wife Antonina. It is usually dated to about 550, though some scholars place it later in the 550s, and it was not circulated in Procopius's lifetime.","lessonTitles":["One historian, three portraits","Invective is evidence of a kind","The cost of grand ambition"],"comparisons":["procopius-history-of-the-wars-persian-war","justinian-institutes","the-twelve-caesars","psellos-chronographia","kaldellis-the-new-roman-empire"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/procopius-secret-history.json","url":"/works/procopius-secret-history/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Procopius presents his book as a duty to record the truth about wrongs that the official histories concealed, though readers must judge how fairly he does so."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The work's own existence, hidden for fear of the emperor, invites students to weigh what prudence requires of a writer under an autocrat."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-sickness-unto-death","title":"The Sickness Unto Death","author":"Soren Kierkegaard","year":"1849","sortYear":1849,"era":"19th-century","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"Danish","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"Adult/Advanced","minGrade":13,"maxGrade":null,"note":"hard philosophy"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","identity-self","doubt-meaning","guilt-sin","madness-mind","death-mortality"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","suicide","neurosis-anxiety","physicians-doctors","philosophy-as-therapy","death-dying","madness-psychosis","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Sickness Unto Death: A Christian Psychological Exposition for Upbuilding and Awakening was published in Copenhagen on 30 July 1849 under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus, with Kierkegaard named as editor. Its title comes from Jesus' words about Lazarus in John 11:4, 'This sickness is not unto death.' The introduction argues that for the Christian even death is not the sickness unto death, since there is hope beyond it; the true sickness unto death is despair, a condition in which one cannot die and cannot live, a perpetual dying without end.","lessonTitles":["The self is a task, not a given","Despair can hide inside contentment","Two shapes of failing to be oneself","Faith as the opposite of sin"],"comparisons":["fear-and-trembling","pensees","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-bible"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"soren-kierkegaard","caption":"Portrait of Soren Kierkegaard.","credit":"La Biblioteca Real de Dinamarca; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Soren Kierkegaard","title":"Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) - (cropped)","creator":"La Biblioteca Real de Dinamarca","date":"circa 1840","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_%281813-1855%29_-_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_(1813-1855)_-_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/45270502@N06/9645352916/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/soren-kierkegaard.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q6512; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":510,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-sickness-unto-death.json","url":"/works/the-sickness-unto-death/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-sign-of-the-beaver","title":"The Sign of the Beaver","author":"Elizabeth George Speare","year":"1983","sortYear":1983,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","coming-of-age","nature-landscape","education","home-exile","family","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","childbirth-maternal","grief","nursing-caregiving","starvation-nutrition","pain"],"blurb":"The Sign of the Beaver takes place in the Maine woods in 1768. Matt Hallowell, twelve years old and about to turn thirteen, has helped his father clear land and build a log cabin on a new claim.","lessonTitles":["A teacher who becomes a student","Keeping a promise to wait","Seeing a story from the other side","Growing up is earned"],"comparisons":["robinson-crusoe","my-side-of-the-mountain","the-courage-of-sarah-noble","the-bronze-bow","little-house-in-the-big-woods"],"quoteCount":1,"path":"content/works/the-sign-of-the-beaver.json","url":"/works/the-sign-of-the-beaver/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Matt stays at the cabin through autumn and the first snows with no word from his family, living on what Attean taught him."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"At their parting Matt gives Attean his grandfather's watch and Attean leaves Matt his dog, calling him brother."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Matt, who came to teach Attean reading, accepts being taught by him to make a fishhook, set snares and read the clan marks in the forest."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Matt declines Saknis's offer to join the beaver people because he will not abandon his father's charge and his family's coming."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-silver-chair","title":"The Silver Chair","author":"C. S. Lewis","year":"1953","sortYear":1953,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","travel-journey","the-supernatural","memory-time","friendship","education","heroism","childhood"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","altered-states","pain","aging-senescence","death-dying","grief"],"blurb":"The Silver Chair begins behind the gym at Experiment House, a muddled modern boarding school where bullies rule. Jill Pole is crying there when Eustace Scrubb, much changed since his voyage on the Dawn Treader, tells her about Narnia.","lessonTitles":["Remembering the Signs","Puddleglum's courage","The comfortable trap","Holding to the truth in the dark"],"comparisons":["the-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader","the-republic","the-princess-and-the-goblin","the-pilgrims-progress","the-last-battle","the-odyssey"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-silver-chair","caption":"C. S. Lewis in 1917.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"C. S. 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Crayon opens by explaining that he wanders to see the shifting scenes of life, then describes the voyage itself, a visit to the Liverpool historian William Roscoe, and a portrait of a wife who sustains her ruined husband.","lessonTitles":["Waking into a changed world","Credulity and the prank","Keeping old customs","Grief honored, not hurried"],"comparisons":["a-christmas-carol","henry-iv-part-1","the-scarlet-letter","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-sketch-book.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2048","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2048","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-sketch-book","caption":"Early edition of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (1819).","credit":"Washington Irving; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.","title":"TheSketchbookTitlePage","creator":"Washington Irving","date":"1819","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/TheSketchbookTitlePage.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TheSketchbookTitlePage.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Cropped from https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/british/images/vc186p2.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-sketch-book.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":406,"height":720,"bytes":26281,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-sketch-book.json","url":"/works/the-sketch-book/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Rip will help any neighbor but neglects his own farm, and his twenty-year sleep turns that idleness into a fable."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Squire Bracebridge opens his hall to tenants and villagers at Christmas, and Crayon praises the season for kindling charity in the heart."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"In The Widow and Her Son, the old mother keeps coming to the village church to worship even in the depth of her grief."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Ichabod's greed for the Van Tassel farm and his belief in every ghost story leave him easy prey for Brom Bones's trick."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-social-contract","title":"The Social Contract","author":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","year":"1762","sortYear":1762,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","virtue-ethics","faith-religion","class-society","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["aging-senescence","death-dying","public-health-sanitation","physicians-doctors","dementia-memory"],"blurb":"Of the Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right is a compact treatise in four books, the only finished part of a larger work on political institutions that Rousseau abandoned. It opens with its most famous sentence, that man is born free and everywhere in chains, and with a promise not to explain how this happened but to say what could make it legitimate.","lessonTitles":["Might cannot manufacture right","The general will is not majority opinion","Representation as a loss of freedom","Every polity carries its own mortality","The cost of a civic religion"],"comparisons":["leviathan","second-treatise-of-government","the-republic","the-prince","rousseaus-confessions"],"quoteCount":13,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-social-contract.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #46333","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46333","translator":"G. D. H. 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The Introduction presents the songs as gathered by the singer Nawadaha from the forest, the birds and the rivers, and addresses readers who believe every human heart is human.","lessonTitles":["Strength used for others","Peace among quarrelling nations","Grief and its limits","Keeping memory alive"],"comparisons":["paul-reveres-ride","the-last-of-the-mohicans","the-aeneid","beowulf","the-sign-of-the-beaver"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-song-of-hiawatha.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #19","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-song-of-hiawatha","caption":"Hiawatha and Minnehaha, sculpture in Minneapolis.","credit":"Photo: Emiel (Wikimedia Commons); sculpture by Jacob Fjelde; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Song of Hiawatha","title":"Hiawatha and Minnehaha","creator":"Photo: Emiel (Wikimedia Commons); sculpture by Jacob Fjelde","date":"2006 (photo); 1912 (sculpture)","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Hiawatha_and_Minnehaha.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hiawatha_and_Minnehaha.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-song-of-hiawatha.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":374,"height":600,"bytes":71320,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-song-of-hiawatha.json","url":"/works/the-song-of-hiawatha/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Hiawatha fasts seven days and prays to the Master of Life not for himself but for the good of his people."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"In the famine he goes alone into the frozen forest to seek food for the dying Minnehaha."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"He mourns Chibiabos for seven weeks with a lament that names him the sweetest of all singers."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"He welcomes the Black-Robe and his companions as guests and commands his people to protect them."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"He builds the canoe, invents picture-writing and teaches the art of healing for the use of all."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-song-of-roland","title":"The Song of Roland","author":"Anonymous","year":"c. 1100","sortYear":1100,"era":"medieval","genre":"epic","originalLanguage":"Old French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["classical-9th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–10","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":10,"note":"battle violence"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","honor-shame","war-violence","faith-religion","guilt-sin","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["war-wounds","trauma-shell-shock","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Song of Roland transforms a historical rearguard action in Charlemagne's Spanish campaign into a sacred and feudal epic of loyalty, betrayal, martyrdom, and judgment. The plot turns on Ganelon's resentment.","lessonTitles":["Song of Roland: formed attention","Song of Roland: order and disorder","Song of Roland: body and soul"],"comparisons":["beowulf","the-aeneid","bulfinch-legends-of-charlemagne"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-song-of-roland.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #391","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/391","translator":"C. K. 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Jh., Exemplar Philipps des Guten), folio. 154v","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-song-of-roland.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":680,"height":720,"bytes":138266,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-song-of-roland.json","url":"/works/the-song-of-roland/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Roland and the rearguard hold the pass at Roncesvalles against overwhelming odds."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Oliver urges Roland to sound the horn in time, and Roland’s refusal shows courage without counsel.","vices":["rashness"]},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Roland and Oliver remain companions to death despite their quarrel."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-souls-of-black-folk","title":"The Souls of Black Folk","author":"W. E. B. Du Bois","year":"1903","sortYear":1903,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["race-slavery","identity-self","education","faith-religion","justice-law","language-storytelling","death-mortality","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["grief","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Souls of Black Folk is a book of fourteen chapters framed by a short Forethought and Afterthought, in which W. E. B. Du Bois sets out to show readers what it meant to be Black in the United States at the opening of the twentieth century. He announces his subject at once: the great problem of the new century is the color line.","lessonTitles":["Seeing oneself through two sets of eyes","Disagreeing with a leader in good faith","What a university is for","Sorrow that sings of hope"],"comparisons":["up-from-slavery","atlanta-exposition-address","narrative-and-fourth-of-july","uncle-toms-cabin","sermons-and-letter-from-birmingham-jail"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-souls-of-black-folk.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #408, The Souls of Black Folk","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/408","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"w-e-b-du-bois","caption":"Portrait of W. E. B. Du Bois.","credit":"James E. Purdy / Adam Cuerden; CC0.","media":{"subject":"W. E. B. Du Bois","title":"W.E.B. Du Bois by James E. Purdy, 1907 (cropped)","creator":"James E. Purdy / Adam Cuerden","date":"1907","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/W.E.B._Du_Bois_by_James_E._Purdy%2C_1907_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:W.E.B._Du_Bois_by_James_E._Purdy,_1907_(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"National Portrait Gallery","localPath":"site/public/portraits/w-e-b-du-bois.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q158060 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":502,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/the-souls-of-black-folk.json","url":"/works/the-souls-of-black-folk/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Alexander Crummell, in Chapter XII, perseveres through rejection by a seminary and years of poverty without yielding to hate, despair or doubt."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Du Bois argues in Chapter III that the vote, civil rights and higher education are owed to Black Americans and must be asked for openly."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"The final chapter hears in the Sorrow Songs a faith that men will someday be judged by their souls."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Du Bois credits Booker T. Washington's real achievements before contesting his program, modeling generous disagreement."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-spirit-of-the-laws","title":"The Spirit of the Laws","author":"Montesquieu","year":"1748","sortYear":1748,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"long; best read in excerpts"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","nature-landscape","money-wealth","faith-religion","race-slavery","virtue-ethics","honor-shame"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["public-health-sanitation","leprosy","plague-epidemic","syphilis-venereal","suicide","alcohol","mind-body"],"blurb":"Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws (De l'esprit des lois), published anonymously at Geneva in 1748 after many years of reading and travel, asks why the laws of different peoples differ and what makes them fit or unfit for those who live under them. His answer is that laws are relations: they must suit the form of government and also the climate and soil, the religion, commerce, manners and size of a nation.","lessonTitles":["Laws must suit the nation that lives under them","Every holder of power tends to push it further","Virtue, honour and fear as springs of government","Climate is a condition, not a destiny","Trade as a bond between peoples"],"comparisons":["persian-letters","the-federalist-papers","second-treatise-of-government","the-founding-documents","politics","democracy-in-america"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-spirit-of-the-laws.txt","source":"The Spirit of Laws, translated by Thomas Nugent, revised by J. V. Prichard (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1914 edition); plain-text rendering by Jon Roland, Constitution Society","sourceUrl":"https://www.constitution.org/2-Authors/cm/sol.htm","translator":"Thomas Nugent, revised by J. V. 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It is set on the morning of 25 October 1415 at Agincourt in northern France, where a small English army, worn down by sickness and a long march, faces a much larger French host.","lessonTitles":["Turning weakness into privilege","The honour of free consent","Memory as reward"],"comparisons":["friends-romans-countrymen","elizabeth-speech-at-tilbury","pericles-funeral-oration","lepanto"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/st-crispins-day-speech.txt","source":"Henry V, Act 4, Scene 3, as in the library text (Project Gutenberg #1521)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1521","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"st-crispins-day-speech","caption":"The Battle of Agincourt, from the 15th-century St Albans Chronicle.","credit":"Unknown illuminator (St Albans Chronicle); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The St Crispin's Day Speech","title":"Battle of Agincourt, St. Alban's Chronicle by Thomas Walsingham","creator":"Unknown illuminator (St Albans Chronicle)","date":"circa 1422","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Agincourt,_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Lambeth Palace Library, London, UK / The Bridgeman Art Library","localPath":"site/public/portraits/st-crispins-day-speech.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":599,"bytes":140240,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/st-crispins-day-speech.json","url":"/works/st-crispins-day-speech/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Facing a far larger French army, Henry refuses to wish for one man more and resolves to fight with those he has."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Henry confesses that if it be a sin to covet honour he is the most offending soul alive, and makes honour the prize of the day."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"He promises that whoever sheds his blood with him shall be his brother, however humble his condition."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Henry offers passports and money to any man unwilling to fight rather than compelling an unwilling soldier."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"story-of-a-soul","title":"The Story of a Soul","author":"Therese of Lisieux","year":"1898","sortYear":1898,"era":"19th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"7–12","minGrade":7,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Simple devotional prose; illness and death at the end."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","saints","childhood","family","illness-body","death-mortality","identity-self","coming-of-age"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["tuberculosis-consumption","death-dying","neurosis-anxiety","altered-states","grief","pain","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"The Story of a Soul is the autobiography of Thérèse Martin, a young Carmelite nun of Lisieux in Normandy, written at the request of her superiors in the last years of her short life and published a year after her death. In the library text, Thomas N. Taylor's 1912 translation, it is arranged in eleven chapters addressed to her sister Pauline, by then Mother Agnes of Jesus, and framed by a prologue on her parents and birth and an epilogue on her final illness.","lessonTitles":["The little way","Every flower in its place","Growing out of over-sensitivity","Love as a vocation"],"comparisons":["life-of-st-teresa-of-jesus","confessions","practice-of-the-presence-of-god","the-story-of-my-boyhood-and-youth","golden-legend-popular-saints"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/story-of-a-soul.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #16772","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16772","translator":"Thomas N. Taylor","translationYear":1912},"portrait":{"ref":"therese-of-lisieux","caption":"Portrait of Thérèse of Lisieux (1895-04-15).","credit":"Céline Martin; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thérèse of Lisieux","title":"Teresa-de-Lisieux","creator":"Céline Martin","date":"1895-04-15","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Teresa-de-Lisieux.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teresa-de-Lisieux.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Les archives du Carmel de Lisieux","localPath":"site/public/portraits/therese-of-lisieux.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q181715 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":565,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/story-of-a-soul.json","url":"/works/story-of-a-soul/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Thérèse calls herself a little flower and seeks a way to Heaven fit for those too small to climb the stairs of perfection."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"At the papal audience she speaks to Leo XIII despite being told to keep silent, and she later bears tuberculosis with patience."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"She prays for the condemned murderer Pranzini and discovers in Chapter XI that her vocation is love."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"She receives her first hemorrhage on Good Friday 1896 with joy as a sign that she will soon be with Christ."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","title":"The Story of King Arthur and His Knights","author":"Howard Pyle","year":"1903","sortYear":1903,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","leadership","honor-shame","virtue-ethics","the-supernatural","marriage","power-politics","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["war-wounds","nursing-caregiving"],"blurb":"The Story of King Arthur and His Knights is the first of Howard Pyle's four Arthurian volumes, drawn chiefly from Malory and told in a deliberately antique English with Pyle's own illustrations. It has two books.","lessonTitles":["Kingship as service","Humility before honor","Wisdom can be beguiled","Duty wedded to inclination"],"comparisons":["sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-song-of-roland","troilus-and-criseyde"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #60184","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60184","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","caption":"Early edition of The Story of King Arthur and His Knights (1903).","credit":"Howard Pyle; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Story of King Arthur and His Knights","title":"The Story of King Arthur and His Knights by Howard Pyle - 1903 cover","creator":"Howard Pyle","date":"1903-11","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/The_Story_of_King_Arthur_and_His_Knights_by_Howard_Pyle_-_1903_cover.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Story_of_King_Arthur_and_His_Knights_by_Howard_Pyle_-_1903_cover.png","institution":"","creditLine":"Cover scan of first edition of 1903 publication.","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":501,"height":720,"bytes":66489,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights.json","url":"/works/the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Arthur serves as a gardener's boy at Cameliard, and Gawaine submits his will to the wife he married from duty."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Arthur insists on fighting by his own strength and keeps Excalibur only for serious battle in defense of his people."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Arthur defends King Leodegrance and Guinevere against King Ryence and Duke Mordaunt's unjust demands."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Pyle frames Excalibur as a sign of God's calling and closes the episode with a blessing of truth and faith."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Arthur faces a year under sentence of death to answer the enchanter's riddle and returns to keep his covenant."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-story-of-my-boyhood-and-youth","title":"The Story of My Boyhood and Youth","author":"John Muir","year":"1913","sortYear":1913,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"5–12","minGrade":5,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Lively nature and farm stories; some harsh discipline."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["nature-landscape","childhood","coming-of-age","education","science-knowledge","family","faith-religion","animals"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","fever-infection","anatomy-dissection","sleep-insomnia","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The Story of My Boyhood and Youth is John Muir's account of his first twenty-five years, from a Scottish seaside town to the edge of what he calls the University of the Wilderness. In the first chapter he remembers Dunbar on the stormy North Sea coast: rambles with his grandfather David Gilrye, who taught him his letters from shop signs, scrambles over the ruins of Dunbar Castle, fights and dares with schoolmates, the servant girls' terrifying tales of the Dandy Doctors who were said to steal children for the Edinburgh dissecting rooms, and a school where Mr. Lyon and his father together drilled grammar and Bible verses into him by memory and the rod.","lessonTitles":["Wonder as a teacher","Using stolen hours well","Honoring a hard father","Seeing order in creation"],"comparisons":["walden","franklin-autobiography-and-poor-richard","up-from-slavery","story-of-a-soul","life-on-the-mississippi"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-story-of-my-boyhood-and-youth.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #18359","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18359","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-muir","caption":"Portrait of John Muir (1912-05-29).","credit":"Underwood & Underwood; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Muir","title":"John Muir 1912","creator":"Underwood & Underwood","date":"1912-05-29","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/John_Muir_1912.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Muir_1912.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3a10297.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-muir.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q379580 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":504,"height":645}},"path":"content/works/the-story-of-my-boyhood-and-youth.json","url":"/works/the-story-of-my-boyhood-and-youth/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Muir rises at one in the morning all winter to teach himself mathematics and build clocks and a sawmill in the cellar."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He goes back down the Hickory Hill well and finishes cutting through the sandstone after nearly dying of choke-damp."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Warned by his father against praise, he refuses to read or keep the newspaper notices of his inventions at the State Fair."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"He learns from Griswold's lesson under the locust tree to see the Creator's single design in the pea vine and the tree."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-story-of-my-life","title":"The Story of My Life","author":"Helen Keller","year":"1903","sortYear":1903,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"memoir","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"5–12","minGrade":5,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Clear prose; the opening chapters suit younger readers."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","childhood","language-storytelling","illness-body","friendship","faith-religion","stoicism-endurance","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["disability-deformity","fever-infection","physicians-doctors","neurosis-anxiety","dreams-nightmares","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Story of My Life is Helen Keller's account of her first twenty-two years, written while she was a student at Radcliffe College. She begins at Ivy Green, the family home in Tuscumbia, Alabama, where she was born on June 27, 1880.","lessonTitles":["A word can open a world","A good teacher is patient and wise","Every struggle is a victory","Friends shape a life"],"comparisons":["up-from-slavery","the-story-of-my-boyhood-and-youth","the-true-story-of-my-life","the-pilgrims-progress","twenty-years-at-hull-house","heidi"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-story-of-my-life.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #2397","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2397","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"helen-keller","caption":"Portrait of Helen Keller (1920).","credit":"Los Angeles Times; restored by User:Rhododendrites; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Helen Keller","title":"Helen Keller circa 1920 - restored","creator":"Los Angeles Times; restored by User:Rhododendrites","date":"1920","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helen_Keller_circa_1920_-_restored.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Los Angeles Times photographic archive, UCLA Library","localPath":"site/public/portraits/helen-keller.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q38203 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":562,"height":719}},"path":"content/works/the-story-of-my-life.json","url":"/works/the-story-of-my-life/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Helen keeps studying for the Radcliffe examinations even when her algebra and geometry books are not in braille."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Anne Sullivan spells into Helen's hand for weeks, out of love, before her pupil understands a single word."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Helen practises her first sounds again and again until she can speak to her little sister when she comes home in 1890."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Helen fills her last chapter with thanks to the friends who read to her and believed in her."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"volsunga-saga","title":"The Story of the Volsungs (Volsunga Saga)","author":"Anonymous (Old Norse)","year":"13th century","sortYear":1260,"era":"medieval","genre":"epic","originalLanguage":"Old Norse","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Morris's archaic diction; feuds and killings."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["fate-free-will","revenge","honor-shame","heroism","family","money-wealth","the-supernatural","love-desire"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons","dementia-memory","war-wounds","ancient-medicine","childbirth-maternal","melancholia-depression","grief","dreams-nightmares","altered-states","alcohol"],"blurb":"The Story of the Volsungs is a thirteenth-century Icelandic prose saga that tells, from beginning to end, the legend of the Volsung kindred, the dragon-slayer Sigurd and the fall of the Niflungs. The library text is the translation by Eiríkr Magnússon and William Morris, first published in 1870, in the 1888 edition, with an introduction, the translators' preface, notes, and an appendix of Morris and Magnússon's versions of related Eddic lays, from the Second Lay of Helgi Hundings-bane to the Lament of Oddrun.","lessonTitles":["The curse that follows the gold","Oaths and the price of breaking them","Counsel for a hero: Brynhild's wise words","Courage facing a known fate"],"comparisons":["poetic-edda","prose-edda","the-nibelungenlied","beowulf","the-iliad","the-hobbit"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/volsunga-saga.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1152","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1152","translator":"Eiríkr Magnússon and William Morris","translationYear":1888},"portrait":{"ref":"volsunga-saga","caption":"Sigurd kills the dragon Fafnir, illustration by Arthur Rackham (1911).","credit":"Arthur Rackham; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.","media":{"subject":"Sigurd kills Fafnir, Arthur Rackham","title":"Sigurd kills Fafnir","creator":"Arthur Rackham","date":"1911","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Sigurd_kills_Fafnir_by_Rackham.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigurd_kills_Fafnir_by_Rackham.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Arthur Rackham","localPath":"site/public/portraits/volsunga-saga.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Commons file; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":470,"height":698}},"path":"content/works/volsunga-saga.json","url":"/works/volsunga-saga/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Hogni laughs while his heart is cut out at Atli's command, and Gunnar plays his harp in the worm-close rather than reveal the gold."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Brynhild counsels Sigurd on Hindfell to bear and forbear with his kin, shun quarrels with fools and beware strong drink."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Sigurd, dying, insists that he always held fast to his oath with Gunnar and never wronged him."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Sigurd tells Regin that a stout heart counts for more than a sharp sword when men meet their foes in fight."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"camus-the-stranger","title":"The Stranger","author":"Albert Camus","year":"1942","sortYear":1942,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"French","copyrighted":true,"curricula":["existentialism"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; a killing and an execution."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["doubt-meaning","death-mortality","isolation-alienation","justice-law","identity-self","crime-punishment","faith-religion"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["grief","aging-senescence","death-dying","altered-states"],"blurb":"The Stranger is a short novel in two parts narrated by Meursault, a young shipping clerk in Algiers in French Algeria, who reports what he sees and feels in plain, flat sentences and seldom explains himself.\n\nPart One, in six chapters, covers about eighteen days.","lessonTitles":["Judged for what he did not feel","The absurd","Honesty without kindness","Faith offered and refused"],"comparisons":["camus-the-plague","camus-the-fall","the-trial","crime-and-punishment","the-death-of-ivan-ilyich","notes-from-underground"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"albert-camus","caption":"Albert Camus in 1957, the year of his Nobel Prize.","credit":"United Press International; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Albert Camus","title":"Albert Camus, 1957 (Nobel Prize portrait)","creator":"United Press International","date":"1957","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Camus,_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel,_portrait_en_buste,_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau,_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche,_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3c08028.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/albert-camus.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q34670 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":599,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/camus-the-stranger.json","url":"/works/camus-the-stranger/","virtues":[{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Meursault refuses to tell the magistrate or the jury that he feels remorse or belief he does not have, even when a lie might save his life."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Céleste, the café owner, stands up in court and insists that the killing was a misfortune and that Meursault is a good man."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The chaplain keeps returning to the condemned man's cell and offers to pray for him even after being refused and attacked."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions","title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","author":"Thomas S. Kuhn","year":"1962","sortYear":1962,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"philosophy","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; no text stored."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["science-knowledge","language-storytelling","education","power-politics","memory-time"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["syphilis-venereal","physicians-doctors"],"blurb":"Thomas Kuhn's essay argues that the sciences do not grow by steady accumulation of facts but pass through long periods of settled work broken by revolutions in which the framework of a field is replaced. It was first published in 1962 by the University of Chicago Press as a monograph in the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, and a second edition of 1970 added a Postscript answering critics.","lessonTitles":["Most science is careful puzzle-solving","Expectation shapes what we notice","How histories are written","Reasons that persuade without compelling"],"comparisons":["popper-the-logic-of-scientific-discovery","lakatos-the-methodology-of-scientific-research-programmes","feyerabend-against-method","polanyi-personal-knowledge","copernicus-on-the-revolutions","lavoisier-elements-of-chemistry"],"quoteCount":2,"path":"content/works/kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions.json","url":"/works/kuhn-the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Kuhn's Postscript takes up critics' objections, admits that he used paradigm in too many senses, and clarifies rather than simply defends."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"He warns against reading past scientists only as forerunners of the present, asking that each be understood in the setting of his own paradigm."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The argument rests on detailed historical cases, from Priestley's gases to Roentgen's screens, rather than on abstract principle alone."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-subjection-of-women","title":"The Subjection of Women","author":"John Stuart Mill","year":"1869","sortYear":1869,"era":"19th-century","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Victorian argumentative prose."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["gender-women","marriage","justice-law","family","education","power-politics","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["hysteria","neurosis-anxiety","physicians-doctors","anatomy-dissection","melancholia-depression","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Subjection of Women is John Stuart Mill's extended argument that the legal subordination of women to men in mid-Victorian Britain was wrong in principle and an obstacle to human improvement, and that it should give way to perfect equality before the law. Mill drafted it in 1860–1861, after the death of his wife Harriet Taylor Mill, and published it with Longmans in 1869.","lessonTitles":["Custom is not the same as nature","Judge a law by what it permits the worst to do","Marriage as a school of equality","Wasted talents are a loss to everyone"],"comparisons":["on-liberty","vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman","the-republic","mill-considerations-on-representative-government","a-dolls-house-and-other-plays","jane-eyre"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-subjection-of-women.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #27083","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27083","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"john-stuart-mill","caption":"Portrait of John Stuart Mill (circa 1870).","credit":"London Stereoscopic Company; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"John Stuart Mill","title":"John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870","creator":"London Stereoscopic Company","date":"circa 1870","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company,_c1870.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Hulton Archive","localPath":"site/public/portraits/john-stuart-mill.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q50020; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":573,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-subjection-of-women.json","url":"/works/the-subjection-of-women/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Mill asks that marriage law be judged by what it allows the worst husband to do, not by the conduct of the best."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Chapter II pictures the ideal marriage as a friendship of equals who share pursuits and improve one another."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Mill openly acknowledges he is arguing against a deep-rooted feeling and an almost universal opinion, and presses the case anyway."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-swiss-family-robinson","title":"The Swiss Family Robinson","author":"Johann David Wyss","year":"1812","sortYear":1812,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["family","nature-landscape","education","faith-religion","home-exile","science-knowledge","animals","childhood"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["nursing-caregiving","starvation-nutrition"],"blurb":"The Swiss Family Robinson is told by a Swiss pastor who, with his wife and four sons, emigrates by sea toward a new settlement and is shipwrecked after a week-long storm. The crew abandons the ship in the boats, leaving the family alone on a wreck lodged among rocks near an unknown tropical coast.","lessonTitles":["A father teaches as he works","Providence and diligence together","Making a wilderness into a home","Brothers in unity"],"comparisons":["robinson-crusoe","treasure-island","the-odyssey"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-swiss-family-robinson.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #41659","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41659","translator":"William Henry Giles Kingston","translationYear":1879},"portrait":{"ref":"the-swiss-family-robinson","caption":"Illustration from The Family Robinson Crusoe, the first English edition (1816).","credit":"Unknown authorUnknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Swiss Family Robinson","title":"The Family Robinson Crusoe, 1816","creator":"Unknown authorUnknown author","date":"1816-01-01","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/The_Family_Robinson_Crusoe%2C_1816.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Family_Robinson_Crusoe,_1816.png","institution":"","creditLine":"https://archive.org/details/family-robinson-crusoe-v1/page/n5/mode/2up","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-swiss-family-robinson.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":468,"height":700,"bytes":100385,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-swiss-family-robinson.json","url":"/works/the-swiss-family-robinson/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The family turns a wreck and a wilderness into a farm, a tree house and a cliff dwelling by years of steady, planned labor."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The father begins and ends each venture with prayer and keeps the Sabbath as a day of rest and teaching even in the first weeks."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The father tests unknown foods, plans for the rainy season and makes repeated careful trips to salvage the wreck."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Four very different brothers learn to depend on each other's gifts, which the father names as the book's chief blessing."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Fritz sails alone to the smoking rock to rescue a stranger on the strength of a single note."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-sword-in-the-stone","title":"The Sword in the Stone","author":"T. H. White","year":"1938","sortYear":1938,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["education","coming-of-age","leadership","power-politics","animals","heroism","the-supernatural"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","madness-psychosis","grief"],"blurb":"The Sword in the Stone is T. H. White's comic and affectionate account of the boyhood of King Arthur, set in a merry, anachronistic Middle Ages. Arthur, called the Wart, is an orphan of unknown birth raised by the kindly Sir Ector at the Castle of the Forest Sauvage alongside Ector's son Kay, an older, proud and often unhappy boy who will one day be a knight while the Wart expects to be his squire.","lessonTitles":["Learning as a remedy","Might is not right","The humble one is chosen","Comedy and kindness"],"comparisons":["le-morte-darthur","the-story-of-king-arthur-and-his-knights","the-merry-adventures-of-robin-hood","the-hobbit","the-republic"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"the-sword-in-the-stone","caption":"Portrait of T. H. White.","credit":"Burns Library, Boston College.; CC BY 2.0.","media":{"subject":"T. H. 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Apollodorus repeats what Aristodemus told him about a banquet at Agathon’s house after the poet’s tragic victory.","lessonTitles":["Desire reveals lack","The body can educate the soul","Philosophy competes with intoxication"],"comparisons":["phaedrus-and-letters-vii-and-viii","on-friendship","twenty-love-poems-and-a-song-of-despair"],"quoteCount":1,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-symposium.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #1600","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1600","translator":"Benjamin Jowett","translationYear":1892},"portrait":{"ref":"plato","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Plato.","credit":"Marie-Lan Nguyen; CC BY 2.5.","media":{"subject":"Plato","title":"Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377","creator":"Marie-Lan Nguyen","date":"2009","medium/type":"photograph","license":"CC BY 2.5","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/plato.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q859; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":480,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-symposium.json","url":"/works/the-symposium/","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Alcibiades describes Socrates’ self-command in the cold of Potidaea and before temptation."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-tale-of-peter-rabbit","title":"The Tale of Peter Rabbit","author":"Beatrix Potter","year":"1902","sortYear":1902,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"K–2","minGrade":0,"maxGrade":2,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["childhood","animals","family","virtue-ethics","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons"],"blurb":"The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902) is Beatrix Potters short picture-story of a disobedient young rabbit who squeezes under Mr. McGregors gate after his mother has warned him away—his father, she reminds them, was put in a pie. Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cotton-tail gather blackberries; Peter eats lettuces, beans, and radishes until he meets Mr. McGregor, loses his shoes and blue jacket, hides in a watering can, and at last slips home frightened and unwell.","lessonTitles":["Disobedience has a plot","Mercy at home","Exact seeing"],"comparisons":["aesops-fables","black-beauty"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-tale-of-peter-rabbit.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #14838","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14838","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-tale-of-peter-rabbit","caption":"Cover of the first trade edition of The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902).","credit":"Beatrix Potter; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Tale of Peter Rabbit","title":"Peter Rabbit first edition 1902a","creator":"Beatrix Potter","date":"1902","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Peter_Rabbit_first_edition_1902a.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Rabbit_first_edition_1902a.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Aleph-bet Books","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-tale-of-peter-rabbit.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":511,"height":720,"bytes":67463,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-tale-of-peter-rabbit.json","url":"/works/the-tale-of-peter-rabbit/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Peter’s greedy feast of lettuces, beans, and radishes brings on sickness and fright.","vices":["gluttony"]},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Mrs. Rabbit’s warning and the sisters’ blackberry lane show wise caution about McGregor’s garden.","vices":["imprudence"]},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Mrs. Rabbit nurses the returning Peter with chamomile tea rather than shaming him.","vices":["indifference"]}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-taming-of-the-shrew","title":"The Taming of the Shrew","author":"William Shakespeare","year":"c. 1590-92 (First Folio 1623)","sortYear":1591,"era":"renaissance-early-modern","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["marriage","love-desire","gender-women","money-wealth","identity-self","language-storytelling","satire-folly","class-society"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["melancholia-depression","humoral-medicine","madness-psychosis","sleep-insomnia","starvation-nutrition","alcohol"],"blurb":"The Taming of the Shrew is a play within a play. 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Written while he taught at the University of Chicago, during the Gilded Age of American fortunes, it treats the habits of the rich not as personal vices but as institutions with a long evolutionary history, and it describes them in a dry, ironic scientific vocabulary that made the book famous.","lessonTitles":["Esteem needs evidence","Emulation without end","The instinct of workmanship","Reading irony in a scientific voice"],"comparisons":["the-wealth-of-nations","rousseau-discourse-on-inequality","democracy-in-america","the-great-gatsby","weber-the-protestant-ethic-and-the-spirit-of-capitalism","walden"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/veblen-theory-of-the-leisure-class.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #833","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/833","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"thorstein-veblen","caption":"Thorstein Veblen, photograph.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thorstein Veblen","title":"Veblen3a","creator":"Unknown","date":"","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Veblen3a.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thorstein-veblen.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q73646 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":572,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/veblen-theory-of-the-leisure-class.json","url":"/works/veblen-theory-of-the-leisure-class/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Veblen's instinct of workmanship, which values useful effort and dislikes waste, is the standard against which he measures conspicuous leisure."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"The analysis of feasts, stimulants and fashion in Chapters Four and Seven exposes how far consumption is driven by display rather than need."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"By showing how the desire for invidious distinction shapes taste, the book asks readers to examine their own wish to be admired for what they own."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-thirty-nine-steps","title":"The Thirty-Nine Steps","author":"John Buchan","year":"1915","sortYear":1915,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["heroism","identity-self","war-violence","power-politics","travel-journey","nature-landscape","friendship"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["fever-infection","nursing-caregiving","pharmacology-poisons","alcohol","neurosis-anxiety"],"blurb":"Richard Hannay, a thirty-seven-year-old Scottish-born mining engineer who has made his money in Rhodesia, has come home to London in the spring of 1914 and finds himself bored almost to despair. 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The library text is the 1859 revision edited by his nephew Edward Stanley Poole, in the 1912 Chatto & Windus reissue with a preface by Stanley Lane-Poole.","lessonTitles":["Stories as moral argument","Ingratitude and pardon","Destiny and responsibility","A translation as a window and a frame"],"comparisons":["the-arabian-nights","the-koran","the-canterbury-tales","ibn-battuta-travels","metamorphoses","galen-selected-works"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/lane-thousand-and-one-nights.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #34206","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34206","translator":"Edward William Lane","translationYear":1839},"portrait":{"ref":"edward-william-lane","caption":"Edward William Lane, drawn by his brother Richard James Lane (c. 1829).","credit":"Richard J. Lane; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Edward William Lane","title":"Edward William Lane","creator":"Richard J. 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D'Artagnan, eighteen years old, rides to Paris on a comic yellow pony with fifteen crowns, his father's advice and a letter of introduction to M. de Tréville, captain of the King's Musketeers.","lessonTitles":["Four swords, one oath","Courage and recklessness","Loyalty to king, queen and conscience","Justice, vengeance and pardon"],"comparisons":["the-count-of-monte-cristo","the-scarlet-pimpernel","ivanhoe","cyrano-de-bergerac","don-quixote"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-three-musketeers.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #1257, The Three Musketeers (anonymous 19th-century English translation as given by Project Gutenberg)","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1257","translator":"Anonymous (19th-century translation)","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"alexandre-dumas","caption":"Portrait of Alexandre Dumas.","credit":"Nadar; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Alexandre Dumas","title":"Alexander Dumas père (1802-1870)","creator":"Nadar","date":"1855","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_par_Nadar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Dumas_p%C3%A8re_par_Nadar_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"ZgHm9RK24bLVIg at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level","localPath":"site/public/portraits/alexandre-dumas.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q38337; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":546,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-three-musketeers.json","url":"/works/the-three-musketeers/","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"The four swear their oath in Chapter IX and keep it on the ride to London, each willing to be left behind so that d'Artagnan can reach Buckingham."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The friends hold the ruined bastion Saint-Gervais for an hour against repeated Rochellais attacks."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"D'Artagnan offers the lieutenant's commission to Athos, Porthos and Aramis before accepting it himself."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"D'Artagnan spares Lord de Winter's life after disarming him, and the Englishman becomes an ally."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"ibn-battuta-travels","title":"The Travels of Ibn Battuta","author":"Ibn Battuta","year":"1355","sortYear":1355,"era":"medieval","genre":"travel","originalLanguage":"Arabic","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Travel narrative; some passages on slavery and marriage customs."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["travel-journey","faith-religion","power-politics","home-exile","science-knowledge","language-storytelling","saints"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["plague-epidemic","death-dying","physicians-doctors","dreams-nightmares","disability-deformity","pharmacology-poisons","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"The Travels of Ibn Battuta is the account of a Moroccan legal scholar who left Tangier in June 1325, aged twenty-one, to make the pilgrimage to Mecca and did not settle at home again until 1349. Its Arabic title, given by its editor Ibn Juzayy, means A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling; it is usually called simply the Rihla, the Journey.","lessonTitles":["A connected world of faith and law","Travel guided by holy men","Observing others honestly","A book shaped by many hands"],"comparisons":["the-travels-of-marco-polo","ibn-khaldun-muqaddimah","the-koran","ghazali-deliverance-from-error","fall-of-constantinople-1453-eyewitness-accounts"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/ibn-battuta-travels.txt","source":"The Travels of Ibn Batuta, trans. Samuel Lee from the abridged Arabic manuscripts (London: Oriental Translation Committee, 1829), via the Internet Archive (b28406084)","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/b28406084","translator":"Samuel Lee","translationYear":1829},"portrait":{"ref":"ibn-battuta","caption":"Ibn Battuta in Egypt as imagined by Léon Benett (1878).","credit":"Léon Benett; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Ibn Battuta","title":"Découverte de la Terre 023","creator":"Léon Benett","date":"1878","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/D%C3%A9couverte_de_la_Terre_023.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%A9couverte_de_la_Terre_023.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://jv.gilead.org.il/rpaul/D%C3%A9couverte%20de%20la%20terre/","localPath":"site/public/portraits/ibn-battuta.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Commons file; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":482,"height":700}},"path":"content/works/ibn-battuta-travels.json","url":"/works/ibn-battuta-travels/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Ibn Battuta crosses deserts, mountains and seas for years after a holy man's charge in Alexandria, and does not abandon the purpose until he has met all three brothers."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"He sets out to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca and seeks out the shrines and holy men of every city on his way."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Hospices, judges and rulers welcome him across the Islamic world, and he records their hospitality, such as the cells with food for travellers in the Persian mountains."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-travels-of-marco-polo","title":"The Travels of Marco Polo","author":"Marco Polo (with Rustichello da Pisa)","year":"c. 1298–1300","sortYear":1298,"era":"medieval","genre":"travel","originalLanguage":"Old French (Franco-Italian)","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"7–12","minGrade":7,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["travel-journey","power-politics","faith-religion","money-wealth","science-knowledge","nature-landscape"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["pharmacology-poisons","fever-infection","altered-states","ancient-medicine","aging-senescence"],"blurb":"The book, known in Italy as Il Milione and in early French manuscripts as the Devisement du Monde (Description of the World), is less a diary than a geography of Asia as the Polos knew it, organized by route and region and told in the voice of Rustichello, who often addresses the reader directly. The Prologue tells how the Venetian brothers Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, trading in the Crimea and on the Volga in the 1260s, were carried by war farther and farther east until envoys brought them to Kublai, the Great Kaan of the Tartars, who questioned them about the Pope and the Christian faith and sent them back to Rome asking for a hundred learned Christians and oil from the lamp of the Holy Sepulchre.","lessonTitles":["Things seen and things heard","A merchant's eye on a great empire","Faith among the nations","Truth and doubt"],"comparisons":["the-histories","journey-to-the-west-a-mission-to-heaven","the-persian-expedition","the-voyage-of-the-beagle","gullivers-travels","the-arabian-nights"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-travels-of-marco-polo.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBooks #10636 and #12410, The Travels of Marco Polo, the complete Yule–Cordier edition (3rd ed., 1903), Vols. 1–2","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10636","translator":"Sir Henry Yule; revised by Henri Cordier","translationYear":1903},"portrait":{"ref":"marco-polo","caption":"Portrait of Marco Polo.","credit":"Salviati; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Marco Polo","title":"Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi","creator":"Salviati","date":"1867","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://urbanesalonanddayspa.com/15fa8o-marco-polo.org-cheap","localPath":"site/public/portraits/marco-polo.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q6101 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":573,"height":719}},"path":"content/works/the-travels-of-marco-polo.json","url":"/works/the-travels-of-marco-polo/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The Polos cross the Pamirs and the desert of Lop and spend nearly two years at sea on the voyage to Persia, during which most of their company died."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Marco learns the languages and customs of the court and brings back careful reports from his missions that win the Kaan's trust."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"The three Polos guard the princess Cocachin on the long voyage as if she were their own daughter until they deliver her safely in Persia."},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"The book ends by giving thanks to God for the travellers' safe return so that others might learn what the world contains."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-trial","title":"The Trial","author":"Franz Kafka","year":"1914-1915 (published 1925)","sortYear":1925,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"German","copyrighted":false,"curricula":["modernism","existentialism"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Summary and guide only; unsettling themes of guilt and death."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","guilt-sin","isolation-alienation","doubt-meaning","death-mortality","power-politics","identity-self"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["mind-body","neurosis-anxiety","pain","disability-deformity","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Trial follows Josef K., a respected chief clerk at a large bank in an unnamed city, from the morning of his thirtieth birthday, when two warders appear in his lodgings and tell him he is under arrest, to the eve of his thirty-first, when two men in frock coats lead him to a quarry and kill him. Neither K. nor the reader ever learns what he is accused of or what law he has broken.","lessonTitles":["A law that cannot be seen","The question of guilt","Before the Law","Seeking help in the wrong places"],"comparisons":["the-metamorphosis","bleak-house","billy-budd-and-other-stories","crime-and-punishment","camus-the-stranger","the-sickness-unto-death"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"franz-kafka","caption":"Portrait of Franz Kafka.","credit":"Atelier Jacobi: Sigismund Jacobi (1860–1935); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Franz Kafka","title":"Kafka1906 cropped","creator":"Atelier Jacobi: Sigismund Jacobi (1860–1935)","date":"circa 1906","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Kafka1906_cropped.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kafka1906_cropped.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2008_july_02 Franz Kafka: Pictures of a Life by Klaus Wagenbach (1984), p. 58","localPath":"site/public/portraits/franz-kafka.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q905 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":330,"height":440}},"path":"content/works/the-trial.json","url":"/works/the-trial/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"At his first hearing K. stands before the crowded court and openly denounces its proceedings, refusing to be cowed."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Seeing the warders flogged because of his complaint, K. tries to buy them off and stop the beating, though he finally shuts the door on them."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"K.'s decision to dismiss Huld after watching Block's servility shows him judging rightly that the lawyer's help is worthless."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-trial-of-joan-of-arc","title":"The Trial of Joan of Arc","author":"Jeanne d'Arc; Pierre Cauchon; Guillaume Bouille; T. Douglas Murray","year":"1431; rehabilitation 1450-1456; Murray translation 1902","sortYear":1431,"era":"medieval","genre":"hagiography","originalLanguage":"French and Latin","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["saints","faith-religion","justice-law","war-violence","gender-women","power-politics","madness-mind","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["altered-states","madness-psychosis","epilepsy-seizures","trauma-shell-shock","mind-body","medical-ethics"],"blurb":"The trial records of Joan of Arc are not a saint's life in the ordinary devotional sense. They are hostile legal documents that accidentally preserve one of the most vivid medieval voices.","lessonTitles":["A hostile archive can preserve a living voice","Vision becomes dangerous when it authorizes action","Retrospective diagnosis can become another trial","Canonization and nationalism edit the same person differently"],"comparisons":["the-bible","early-christian-lives","the-varieties-of-religious-experience","the-anatomy-of-melancholy","medical-inquiries-and-observations-upon-diseases-of-the-mind"],"quoteCount":4,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-trial-of-joan-of-arc.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #57389","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57389","translator":"T. Douglas Murray","translationYear":1902},"portrait":{"ref":"joan-of-arc","caption":"Posthumous or imagined likeness of Joan of Arc.","credit":"Clément de Fauquembergue; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Joan of Arc","title":"Contemporaine afb jeanne d arc","creator":"Clément de Fauquembergue","date":"1429-05-10","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Contemporaine_afb_jeanne_d_arc.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Contemporaine_afb_jeanne_d_arc.png","institution":"","creditLine":"Transferred from nl.wikipedia to Commons by Koektrommel using CommonsHelper .","localPath":"site/public/portraits/joan-of-arc.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Central historical figure of the trial records. Wikidata Q7226; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":479,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-trial-of-joan-of-arc.json","url":"/works/the-trial-of-joan-of-arc/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Joan answers her judges with steadiness through long interrogations."},{"virtue":"faith","reason":"Joan holds to her Voices and to God under pressure."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-trojan-war","title":"The Trojan War","author":"Olivia Coolidge","year":"1952","sortYear":1952,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"short-stories","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","heroism","honor-shame","fate-free-will","death-mortality","home-exile","friendship","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["war-wounds","madness-psychosis","suicide","plague-epidemic","ancient-medicine"],"blurb":"Olivia Coolidge's The Trojan War retells the whole legend of Troy, from its cause in heaven to the homecomings of the Greek kings, in 33 short chapters that can each be read as a story on its own. It begins with the golden apple thrown among the goddesses, the judgment of Paris, and the beauty of Helen, whom Paris carries off from her husband Menelaus of Sparta.","lessonTitles":["Small choices, great wars","Anger and its cost","Two kinds of hero","Victory is not the end"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","the-odyssey","black-ships-before-troy","the-aeneid","the-oresteia"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"the-trojan-war","caption":"The Procession of the Trojan Horse into Troy, by Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo (c. 1760).","credit":"Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Trojan War","title":"The Procession of the Trojan Horse in Troy","creator":"Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo","date":"circa 1760","medium/type":"artwork","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo_-_The_Procession_of_the_Trojan_Horse_in_Troy_-_WGA22382.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo_-_The_Procession_of_the_Trojan_Horse_in_Troy_-_WGA22382.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Web Gallery of Art: Image Info about artworkwga QS:P11807,\"t/tiepolo/giandome/1/trojan_ho\"","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-trojan-war.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":419,"bytes":54381,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-trojan-war.json","url":"/works/the-trojan-war/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Hector goes out to face Achilles before the walls of Troy, knowing the danger, to defend his city and family."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Priam goes alone by night to the tent of the man who killed his son and begs for Hector's body."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Achilles' grief and fury at Patroclus's death show how deeply the two companions were bound."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Odysseus returns to Ithaca in disguise and waits in the swineherd's hut until the moment comes to string his bow."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"euripides-trojan-women-and-other-plays","title":"The Trojan Women and Other Plays","author":"Euripides","year":"415–c. 414 BC","sortYear":-415,"era":"ancient","genre":"drama","originalLanguage":"Greek","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"war grief; human sacrifice; revenge"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","death-mortality","gender-women","revenge","faith-religion","family","friendship","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["grief","madness-psychosis","suicide","trauma-shell-shock","nursing-caregiving","disability-deformity","death-dying"],"blurb":"This volume gathers three Euripides plays about what the Trojan War left behind: The Trojan Women and Iphigenia in Tauris in Gilbert Murray's rhyming verse, and Hecuba in Michael Wodhull's blank verse of 1782. The Trojan Women opens on the smoking ruins of Troy.","lessonTitles":["The defeated see what victors miss","Hope and the will to live after loss","Friendship stronger than fear","Persuasion, power and justice"],"comparisons":["the-iliad","euripides-iphigenia-in-aulis-and-other-plays","the-oresteia","medea-and-other-plays","the-bacchae-and-other-plays","the-aeneid"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/euripides-trojan-women-and-other-plays.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBooks #10096 (The Trojan Women, tr. Gilbert Murray, 1905), #5063 (Iphigenia in Tauris, tr. Gilbert Murray, 1910) and #77336 (Hecuba, tr. Michael Wodhull, in Hecuba and Other Plays, ed. 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At first he is unused in the nursery; the wise Skin Horse explains that Real is not how you are made but what happens when a child loves you for a long time.","lessonTitles":["Realness takes time","Love can wear things out","Parting and hope"],"comparisons":["the-tale-of-peter-rabbit","black-beauty"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-velveteen-rabbit.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #11757","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11757","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-velveteen-rabbit","caption":"William Nicholson's illustration from the first edition of The Velveteen Rabbit (1922).","credit":"Margery Williams; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Velveteen Rabbit","title":"The Velveteen Rabbit pg 1","creator":"Margery Williams","date":"1922","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/The_Velveteen_Rabbit_pg_1.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Velveteen_Rabbit_pg_1.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://archive.org/details/velveteenrabbito1900bian","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-velveteen-rabbit.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":528,"height":720,"bytes":60749,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-velveteen-rabbit.json","url":"/works/the-velveteen-rabbit/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Long, patient love—not factory perfection—makes the rabbit Real.","vices":["indifference"]},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Becoming Real can hurt; the rabbit endures wear, fever-time parting, and the threat of the fire.","vices":["cowardice"]},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"The ending grants a living future beyond the rubbish heap and the infected-toys burning."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions","title":"The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions","author":"James Madison and Thomas Jefferson","year":"1798-1799","sortYear":1798,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","language-storytelling","leadership"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were the state legislatures' protests against the Alien and Sedition Acts, passed by a Federalist Congress and signed by President John Adams in June and July 1798 during the undeclared naval war with France. The Alien Friends Act let the President order dangerous aliens out of the country without trial; the Sedition Act made it a crime to publish false, scandalous and malicious writing against the government, Congress or the President.","lessonTitles":["Who judges the limits of a delegated power?","Free communication as the guardian of every other right","Jealousy, not confidence, in questions of power","Interposition and nullification"],"comparisons":["the-founding-documents","the-federalist-papers","the-anti-federalist-papers","madison-selected-writings","jefferson-selected-writings","jefferson-first-inaugural-address"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions.txt","source":"Virginia Resolutions: the Avalon Project, Yale Law School; Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799: Jonathan Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, vol. 4 (2nd ed., 1836), pp. 540-545, as transcribed on Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/virres.asp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"thomas-jefferson","caption":"Portrait of Thomas Jefferson.","credit":"Rembrandt Peale; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Thomas Jefferson","title":"Rembrandt Peale - Thomas Jefferson","creator":"Rembrandt Peale","date":"1800","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800)(cropped).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/galleries/presidential-portraits","localPath":"site/public/portraits/thomas-jefferson.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q11812; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":586,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions.json","url":"/works/virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions/","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Kentucky's ninth resolution counsels watchfulness over power, binding even trusted rulers with the chains of the Constitution."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Kentucky's sixth resolution insists that no person under the protection of the laws be removed on the President's suspicion without jury, public trial, confrontation of witnesses or counsel."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Both legislatures protested a federal law in the face of prosecutions of critics under the Sedition Act, while pledging their attachment to the Union."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"virginia-declaration-of-rights","title":"The Virginia Declaration of Rights","author":"George Mason","year":"1776","sortYear":1776,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","power-politics","faith-religion","virtue-ethics","war-violence"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention at Williamsburg on 12 June 1776, three weeks before the Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence. On 15 May 1776 the same convention had instructed Virginia's delegates in Congress to propose independence and appointed a committee to prepare a declaration of rights and a plan of government.","lessonTitles":["Magistrates as trustees and servants","Fair trials before liberty can be taken","Virtue as the keeper of free government","From toleration to free exercise"],"comparisons":["the-founding-documents","virginia-statute-for-religious-freedom","madison-selected-writings","magna-carta","commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england","second-treatise-of-government"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/virginia-declaration-of-rights.txt","source":"The Avalon Project, Yale Law School","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/virginia.asp","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"george-mason","caption":"Portrait of George Mason.","credit":"After John Hesselius; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"George Mason","title":"George Mason","creator":"After John Hesselius","date":"1750","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/George_Mason.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Mason.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://web9r.durango.k12.co.us/grants/teachingamhistory/images/george_mason.jpg ([1])","localPath":"site/public/portraits/george-mason.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q532329 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":617,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/virginia-declaration-of-rights.json","url":"/works/virginia-declaration-of-rights/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Section VIII guarantees an accused man notice of the charge, confrontation of witnesses and a speedy trial by an impartial jury before he can lose his liberty."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Section XV names moderation, temperance and frugality among the habits without which no free government can be preserved."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Section XVI closes by declaring it the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity toward one another."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Section V sends lawmakers back to private life at fixed periods so that power will not harden into a separate interest."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"virginia-statute-for-religious-freedom","title":"The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom","author":"Thomas Jefferson","year":"1777 (enacted 1786)","sortYear":1786,"era":"18th-century","genre":"political-theory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–12","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","justice-law","power-politics","virtue-ethics"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"An Act for establishing religious Freedom is a law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, passed by the General Assembly on 16 January 1786. 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It is a travel book before it is an evolutionary treatise: Darwin describes landscapes, fossils, earthquakes, volcanoes, coral reefs, animals, plants, Indigenous peoples, imperial violence, slavery, disease, and the practical hardships of field observation.","lessonTitles":["The Voyage of the Beagle teaches historical caution","The Voyage of the Beagle links evidence and authority","The Voyage of the Beagle complicates mind and body","The Voyage of the Beagle warns against easy progress stories"],"comparisons":["on-the-origin-of-species","the-descent-of-man","heart-of-darkness","gullivers-travels"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-voyage-of-the-beagle.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #3704","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3704","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-voyage-of-the-beagle","caption":"Early edition of The Voyage of the Beagle (1905).","credit":"Charles Darwin; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Voyage of the Beagle","title":"The Voyage of the Beagle","creator":"Charles Darwin","date":"1905","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle.png","institution":"","creditLine":"https://archive.org/details/bwb_KU-599-443/page/n9/mode/2up","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-voyage-of-the-beagle.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":371,"height":611,"bytes":20125,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-voyage-of-the-beagle.json","url":"/works/the-voyage-of-the-beagle/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader","title":"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader","author":"C. 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Book One, The Coming of the Martians, opens with astronomers seeing jets of gas leap from the surface of Mars.","lessonTitles":["Complacency before the unknown","Two ways of breaking down","Humility before the smallest things","The fragile order of a city"],"comparisons":["frankenstein","on-the-origin-of-species","twenty-thousand-leagues-under-the-sea","the-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde","gullivers-travels","the-voyage-of-the-beagle"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-war-of-the-worlds.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #36, The War of the Worlds","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"h-g-wells","caption":"Portrait of H. G. Wells.","credit":"George Charles Beresford; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"H. G. Wells","title":"H.G. 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This may be due to recogn","localPath":"site/public/portraits/h-g-wells.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q42511 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":515,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/the-war-of-the-worlds.json","url":"/works/the-war-of-the-worlds/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"The narrator keeps watching, reasoning and moving on through the fortnight in the ruined house at Sheen and the walk through dead London."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"The epilogue accepts that the earth is no secure abiding place and that humanity was saved by bacteria, not by its own devices.","vices":["pride"]},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"The brother defends Mrs. Elphinstone and her sister-in-law from robbers and brings them safely to the coast."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The narrator sees through the artilleryman's boasts on Putney Hill and refuses to waste his strength on a scheme that is all talk."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-warden","title":"The Warden","author":"Anthony Trollope","year":"1855","sortYear":1855,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","faith-religion","class-society","money-wealth","virtue-ethics","death-mortality","power-politics","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["aging-senescence","nursing-caregiving","asylum-institution","medical-ethics","melancholia-depression","mind-body"],"blurb":"The Warden is a quiet institutional novel about conscience, reform and the human cost of public righteousness. 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Smith's answer is that wealth is not a store of gold and silver but the annual produce of a nation's labour, and that it grows chiefly through the division of labour, the accumulation of capital and the freedom to trade.","lessonTitles":["Specialization multiplies what labour can produce","Exchange works through interest, not only benevolence","Watch the interests of the producer","A system of natural liberty still needs a sovereign","The wealth of a people, not of its treasury"],"comparisons":["the-federalist-papers","the-communist-manifesto","the-spirit-of-the-laws","on-liberty","a-christmas-carol"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-wealth-of-nations.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #3300","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3300","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-wealth-of-nations","caption":"Early edition of The Wealth of Nations.","credit":"Gerhard Streminger; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Wealth of Nations","title":"Wealth of Nations","creator":"Gerhard Streminger","date":"Unknown date","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Wealth_of_Nations.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wealth_of_Nations.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://members.aon.at/gstremin/zeit_smith.htm","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-wealth-of-nations.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":376,"height":450,"bytes":13627,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-wealth-of-nations.json","url":"/works/the-wealth-of-nations/","virtues":[{"virtue":"industry","reason":"The pin factory and the account of parsimony in Book II make diligent, well-directed labour and saving the sources of national wealth."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Smith's natural liberty operates only within the laws of justice, and he condemns monopolies that let producers profit at the public's expense."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Book II praises the frugal man who saves and invests, and Book V ends by urging Britain to fit its designs to its real circumstances."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Book I, ch. viii insists that those who feed, clothe and lodge the nation deserve to be tolerably fed, clothed and lodged themselves."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-wind-in-the-willows","title":"The Wind in the Willows","author":"Kenneth Grahame","year":"1908","sortYear":1908,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["friendship","home-exile","nature-landscape","virtue-ethics","travel-journey"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["alcohol"],"blurb":"The Wind in the Willows (1908) follows Mole’s break into the sunlight, Rat’s river manners, Badger’s solid hospitality, and Toad’s reckless motorcar mania among the English riverbank and Wild Wood. Kenneth Grahame writes animal characters who keep human foibles without losing the feel of water, willow, and snow.","lessonTitles":["Home as a virtue","Pride goes motorcar-ing","Adventure and awe"],"comparisons":["winnie-the-pooh","the-secret-garden"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-wind-in-the-willows.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #289","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/289","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-wind-in-the-willows","caption":"Early edition of The Wind in the Willows (1908).","credit":"W. Graham Robertson/Kenneth Grahame; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Wind in the Willows","title":"The Wind in the Willows cover","creator":"W. Graham Robertson/Kenneth Grahame","date":"1908-10-08","medium/type":"book cover / title page","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/The_Wind_in_the_Willows_cover.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Wind_in_the_Willows_cover.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/289/289-h/289-h.htm","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-wind-in-the-willows.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":460,"height":720,"bytes":84984,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-wind-in-the-willows.json","url":"/works/the-wind-in-the-willows/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Rat, Mole, and Badger rescue and reform Toad together.","vices":["disloyalty"]},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Toad’s mania shows appetite without measure; friends urge restraint.","vices":["intemperance"]},{"virtue":"piety","reason":"Awe before the river’s mystery treats creation with reverence."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-wise-woman","title":"The Wise Woman (A Double Story)","author":"George MacDonald","year":"1875","sortYear":1875,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novella","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["virtue-ethics","childhood","family","identity-self","faith-religion","the-supernatural","education"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["mind-body","nursing-caregiving","dreams-nightmares","suicide","hysteria"],"blurb":"The Wise Woman is George MacDonald's fairy-tale parable of two spoiled little girls in an odd country where everyone wants what he has not got. Princess Rosamond, whose name means Rose of the World, has been given everything she cried for, including a silver disc to stand in for the moon, and has grown into a raging, greedy child who beats her pets and has nearly killed her nurse.","lessonTitles":["A mood is not a change of heart","Two kinds of selfishness","Hard love","A princess over herself"],"comparisons":["the-princess-and-curdie","the-secret-garden","the-pilgrims-progress","through-the-looking-glass","the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-wise-woman.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #5676","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5676","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-wise-woman","caption":"Portrait of George MacDonald.","credit":"William Jeffrey (1826-1877); Public domain.","media":{"subject":"George MacDonald","title":"George MacDonald 1860s","creator":"William Jeffrey (1826-1877)","date":"1860s","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/George_MacDonald_1860s.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_MacDonald_1860s.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw04113/George-MacDonald","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-wise-woman.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":469,"height":712,"bytes":58735,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-wise-woman.json","url":"/works/the-wise-woman/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"In the forest trial Rosamond masters her envy of the flower-child's pony and blesses the child's gift instead."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Rosamond admits that the pony hurt her no more than she deserved, because she had taken liberties with him."},{"virtue":"industry","reason":"Driven at first by hunger, Rosamond dusts, sweeps, waters the heather bed and washes herself before the food appears."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Trusting the wise woman's promise, Rosamond runs straight through the pack of wolves and hyenas to reach the cottage."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"In the throne room Rosamond runs between the soldiers and the shepherd's family and calls the shepherdess her good, kind mistress."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-witch-of-blackbird-pond","title":"The Witch of Blackbird Pond","author":"Elizabeth George Speare","year":"1958","sortYear":1958,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","justice-law","home-exile","coming-of-age","isolation-alienation","friendship","education","love-desire"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["fever-infection","plague-epidemic","disability-deformity","physicians-doctors","death-dying"],"blurb":"The Witch of Blackbird Pond is a historical novel in twenty-one chapters set in Connecticut Colony in 1687 and 1688. Katherine Tyler, called Kit, is sixteen and has grown up in freedom and comfort on her grandfather's plantation in Barbados.","lessonTitles":["Fear makes a scapegoat","Learning to belong","Reading as a gift","Faith in different forms"],"comparisons":["the-scarlet-letter","the-bronze-bow","the-sign-of-the-beaver","johnny-tremain","the-pilgrims-progress"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"the-witch-of-blackbird-pond","caption":"The Buttolph-Williams House (c. 1711) in Wethersfield, Connecticut, the novel's setting.","credit":"Everett H. Keeler; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"The Witch of Blackbird Pond","title":"Buttolph-Williams House","creator":"Everett H. Keeler","date":"1938-08","medium/type":"photograph / image","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Buttolph-Williams_House.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buttolph-Williams_House.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Library of Congress, Prints and Photograph Division HABS: CONN,2-WETH,6-1","localPath":"site/public/portraits/the-witch-of-blackbird-pond.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":720,"height":500,"bytes":109045,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/the-witch-of-blackbird-pond.json","url":"/works/the-witch-of-blackbird-pond/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Kit runs through the dark to warn Hannah Tupper and helps her escape the mob, knowing it may bring suspicion on herself."},{"virtue":"charity","reason":"Kit spends her stolen hours at Hannah's cottage teaching Prudence Cruff to read when everyone else thinks the child cannot learn."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Nat Eaton brings Prudence to Kit's examination and takes Hannah away on the Dolphin."},{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Kit, who arrived with seven trunks of silk gowns, learns to card wool, make candles and work beside her cousins as one of the household."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Matthew Wood refuses to join the mob against Hannah and stands by Kit before the magistrates."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-woman-in-white","title":"The Woman in White","author":"Wilkie Collins","year":"1859–60","sortYear":1860,"era":"19th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["crime-punishment","identity-self","marriage","justice-law","madness-mind","money-wealth","gender-women","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["asylum-institution","hypochondria","neurosis-anxiety","fever-infection","physicians-doctors","nursing-caregiving","pharmacology-poisons","medical-ethics","madness-psychosis","death-dying"],"blurb":"Walter Hartright, a young London drawing-master, is engaged through his Italian friend Professor Pesca to teach watercolour at Limmeridge House in Cumberland. Walking home across Hampstead Heath late on the night before he leaves, he is touched on the shoulder by a woman dressed entirely in white who asks the way to London and speaks fondly of Limmeridge; soon after, two men in a chaise ask a policeman whether he has seen a woman escaped from an asylum.","lessonTitles":["Evidence told by witnesses","Marian's courage","Identity and its proofs","The clever criminal"],"comparisons":["the-moonstone","jane-eyre","bleak-house","a-tale-of-two-cities","the-hound-of-the-baskervilles"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-woman-in-white.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #583, The Woman in White","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/583","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"wilkie-collins","caption":"Portrait of Wilkie Collins.","credit":"Rudolf Lehmann; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Wilkie Collins","title":"(William) Wilkie Collins by Rudolph Lehmann","creator":"Rudolf Lehmann","date":"1880","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/%28William%29_Wilkie_Collins_by_Rudolph_Lehmann.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(William)_Wilkie_Collins_by_Rudolph_Lehmann.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. This may be due to recogn","localPath":"site/public/portraits/wilkie-collins.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q210740 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":574,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/the-woman-in-white.json","url":"/works/the-woman-in-white/","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Marian lies on the verandah roof in a storm to overhear Fosco and Sir Percival, at the cost of a dangerous fever."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Marian finds Laura in the asylum, bribes the nurse to free her, and lives with her in hiding until her name is restored."},{"virtue":"justice","reason":"Walter spends months gathering evidence so that Laura's identity can be proved before the people who denied it."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"Laura keeps her promise to her dying father and marries Sir Percival, telling him honestly beforehand that she loves another."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"the-wonderful-wizard-of-oz","title":"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz","author":"L. Frank Baum","year":"1900","sortYear":1900,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"3–5","minGrade":3,"maxGrade":5,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["home-exile","friendship","travel-journey","identity-self","childhood","the-supernatural","heroism"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["opium-laudanum","sleep-insomnia","disability-deformity","quackery-charlatans"],"blurb":"Dorothy lives on the grey Kansas prairie with her Uncle Henry, her Aunt Em and her little black dog Toto. When a cyclone strikes, Aunt Em and Uncle Henry reach the cellar, but Dorothy runs back for Toto, and the house is carried away with the two of them inside.","lessonTitles":["You may already have what you are seeking","Real courage","There is no place like home","Things are not always what they seem"],"comparisons":["alices-adventures-in-wonderland","the-pilgrims-progress","peter-pan","the-phantom-tollbooth","the-adventures-of-pinocchio"],"quoteCount":7,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/the-wonderful-wizard-of-oz.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #55","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"the-wonderful-wizard-of-oz","caption":"W. W. 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Both are in dactylic hexameter, the meter of Homer, and both begin with the Muses.","lessonTitles":["Order won out of conflict","Work as the road to goodness","Justice and the crooked judges","Hope, decline and the human condition"],"comparisons":["homeric-hymns","apollodorus-library","metamorphoses","the-republic","bulfinch-age-of-fable","the-bible"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/hesiod-theogony-and-works-and-days.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #348","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/348","translator":"Hugh G. 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Scott Fitzgerald","year":"1920","sortYear":1920,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"mature themes: drinking, romance"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["coming-of-age","identity-self","education","love-desire","faith-religion","doubt-meaning","ambition","money-wealth"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["alcohol","neurosis-anxiety","altered-states","death-dying","melancholia-depression","surgery"],"blurb":"Amory Blaine, the only son of the wealthy, eccentric Beatrice Blaine and her ineffectual husband Stephen, is raised in luxury, travels with his mother, and grows up handsome, clever and sure of his own superiority. After two years in Minneapolis and a spell at a New England boarding school, where he is unpopular and then a football hero, he goes to Princeton, drawn by its glamour.","lessonTitles":["Personality and personage","Love and money","Faith remembered","A generation's restlessness"],"comparisons":["the-great-gatsby","the-picture-of-dorian-gray","jude-the-obscure","confessions","a-farewell-to-arms"],"quoteCount":8,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/this-side-of-paradise.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg eBook #805, This Side of Paradise","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/805","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"f-scott-fitzgerald","caption":"Portrait of F. Scott Fitzgerald.","credit":"Nickolas Muray; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"F. Scott Fitzgerald","title":"F. 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Chernow's central aim is to replace the remote, marble figure of patriotic legend with a man of strong passions, ambition and a fierce temper, held in check by a lifelong discipline of self-command.","lessonTitles":["Self-command over a strong temper","Power surrendered","Perseverance through defeat","Slavery at Mount Vernon"],"comparisons":["washington-farewell-address-and-selected-letters","newburgh-address","mccullough-john-adams","the-federalist-papers","plutarch-lives","personal-memoirs"],"quoteCount":0,"portrait":{"ref":"george-washington","caption":"Portrait of George Washington (1803).","credit":"Gilbert Stuart; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"George Washington","title":"George Washington","creator":"Gilbert Stuart","date":"1803","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"https://www.clarkart.edu/ArtPiece/Detail/George-Washington","localPath":"site/public/portraits/george-washington.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q23; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":592,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/chernow-washington.json","url":"/works/chernow-washington/","virtues":[{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"Chernow shows Washington governing a fierce temper through decades of deliberate self-command."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"He holds the Continental Army together through the retreats of 1776 and the winter at Valley Forge."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"He resigns his commission at Annapolis in 1783 and later declines a third term as president."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"At Newburgh in 1783 he defuses an officers' conspiracy with a personal appeal rather than force."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"watership-down","title":"Watership Down","author":"Richard Adams","year":"1972","sortYear":1972,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"6–8","minGrade":6,"maxGrade":8,"note":"animal violence"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["leadership","home-exile","travel-journey","animals","power-politics","language-storytelling","nature-landscape","friendship"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["dreams-nightmares","altered-states","war-wounds","trauma-shell-shock","pharmacology-poisons"],"blurb":"Watership Down is the epic of a small band of rabbits who leave their home to found a new one. In the Sandleford warren in Berkshire, a small, nervous rabbit named Fiver, who has visions, sees the field covered in blood and begs his brother Hazel to warn the Chief Rabbit, the Threarah, who dismisses them.","lessonTitles":["Leadership that listens","The comfortable trap","Order and freedom","Stories that hold a people together"],"comparisons":["the-aeneid","the-odyssey","animal-farm","the-wind-in-the-willows","the-lord-of-the-rings","the-jungle-book"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"watership-down","caption":"Portrait of Richard Adams.","credit":"AndrewRH; CC BY-SA 3.0.","media":{"subject":"Richard Adams","title":"Richard Adams 20081116","creator":"AndrewRH","date":"2008","medium/type":"portrait","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Richard_Adams_20081116.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Adams_20081116.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Own work","localPath":"site/public/portraits/watership-down.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":498,"height":720,"bytes":66502,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/watership-down.json","url":"/works/watership-down/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"Hazel heeds Fiver's warning and leads the band away from Sandleford and later from Cowslip's warren."},{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Bigwig holds the narrow run against Woundwort himself during the siege of the Honeycomb."},{"virtue":"magnanimity","reason":"Hazel offers Woundwort a shared peace between the warrens before the attack, and the final settlement spares Efrafa."},{"virtue":"friendship","reason":"Fiver follows his dream to find his wounded brother in the drain after the Nuthanger raid."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"we","title":"We","author":"Yevgeny Zamyatin","year":"written 1920–1921; first published (English) 1924","sortYear":1924,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"novel","originalLanguage":"Russian","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":"sexual themes"},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["utopia-dystopia","technology-modernity","power-politics","science-knowledge","identity-self","love-desire","madness-mind","language-storytelling"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["madness-psychosis","obsession-monomania","dreams-nightmares","surgery","medical-ethics","sexuality-medicalized","public-health-sanitation","mind-body","psychology-unconscious","pharmacology-poisons"],"blurb":"We is presented as the diary or record of D-503, mathematician and builder of the spaceship Integral in the OneState, a glass-walled totalitarian society ruled by the Benefactor. Citizens, called Numbers, live by tables of hours, regulated labor, monitored sex, prescribed walks and transparent architecture.","lessonTitles":["A perfect system may define humanity as illness","Transparency can be surveillance","Desire creates a self","Writing can both awaken and betray"],"comparisons":["the-new-york-trilogy","the-bhagavad-gita","frankenstein","the-master-and-margarita"],"quoteCount":0,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/we.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #61963","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61963","translator":"Gregory Zilboorg","translationYear":1924},"portrait":{"ref":"yevgeny-zamyatin","caption":"Portrait of Yevgeny Zamyatin.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Yevgeny Zamyatin","title":"Zamjatin","creator":"Unknown author","date":"2009-12-20","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Zamjatin.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zamjatin.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://orwell.ru/people/zamyatin/img/ez01w.jpg","localPath":"site/public/portraits/yevgeny-zamyatin.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q204868; Commons image metadata verified through imageinfo.","width":505,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/we.json","url":"/works/we/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/117441010949","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"we-hold-these-truths","title":"We Hold These Truths","author":"John Courtney Murray","year":"1960","sortYear":1960,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"essays","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":["classical-12th"],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["faith-religion","justice-law","power-politics","doubt-meaning","education"],"medicalRelevance":"medium","medicalTags":["medical-ethics","public-health-sanitation"],"blurb":"We Hold These Truths collects John Courtney Murray's essays on the American constitutional experiment, natural law, religious liberty, pluralism, and the conditions of civil conversation. Murray argues that the American order depends on moral truths that public argument must continue to articulate, not merely procedural agreement or private preference.","lessonTitles":["We Hold These Truths: formed attention","We Hold These Truths: order and disorder","We Hold These Truths: body and soul"],"comparisons":["dignitatis-humanae","the-founding-documents"],"quoteCount":0,"path":"content/works/we-hold-these-truths.json","url":"/works/we-hold-these-truths/","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches","title":"We Shall Fight on the Beaches","author":"Winston Churchill","year":"1940","sortYear":1940,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"oratory","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["war-violence","leadership","heroism","stoicism-endurance","power-politics","home-exile"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"On 4 June 1940, less than four weeks after becoming prime minister, Winston Churchill reported to the House of Commons on the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk. German armored columns had broken through the Ardennes in mid-May, driven to the Channel, and cut off British, French, and Belgian armies in a shrinking pocket on the coast.","lessonTitles":["Honesty before encouragement","Gratitude for many hands","Resolve that looks beyond itself"],"comparisons":["their-finest-hour","elizabeth-speech-at-tilbury","st-crispins-day-speech","the-river-war"],"quoteCount":2,"portrait":{"ref":"we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches","caption":"Portrait of Winston Churchill.","credit":"Unknown; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Winston Churchill","title":"The Roaring Lion","creator":"Unknown","date":"30 December 1941","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Flickr: Sir Winston Churchill","localPath":"site/public/portraits/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Selected from Wikimedia Commons / Wikipedia; license verified via imageinfo extmetadata.","width":565,"height":720,"bytes":21222,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches.json","url":"/works/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches/","ebayExampleUrl":"","virtues":[{"virtue":"fortitude","reason":"Churchill vows to fight on every ground and never surrender after the loss of nearly all the army's equipment.","vices":["cowardice"]},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"He warns Parliament that wars are not won by rescues and sets out the real losses before any call to resolve."},{"virtue":"hope","reason":"He looks beyond a possibly subjugated island to the Empire and the New World coming to the rescue under Providence."},{"virtue":"honor","reason":"He gives public credit to the Navy, merchant seamen, rearguard, and RAF pilots who made the rescue possible."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"webb-v-united-states","title":"Webb v. United States","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1919","sortYear":1919,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","illness-body","crime-punishment","power-politics","science-knowledge"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["addiction","opium-laudanum"],"blurb":"The Harrison Narcotic Act, signed on 17 December 1914, was written as a revenue law. Anyone who imported, manufactured, sold or dispensed opium, coca leaves or their derivatives had to register with the collector of internal revenue and pay a special tax, and sales had to be made on official order forms.","lessonTitles":["A tax law that governs medicine","What makes an order a prescription?","Deciding by reference to another case","Maintenance and cure"],"comparisons":["linder-v-united-states","robinson-v-california","mcculloch-v-maryland","hippocratic-writings","gonzales-v-raich"],"quoteCount":5,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/webb-v-united-states.txt","source":"Webb v. United States, 249 U.S. 96 (1919), U.S. Reports text via Legal Information Institute (Cornell)","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/249/96","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-william-r-day","caption":"Portrait of William R. Day.","credit":"Unknown author; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"William R. Day","title":"William Rufus Day cph.3b31004","creator":"Unknown author","date":"1910","medium/type":"portrait","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/William_Rufus_Day_cph.3b31004.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Rufus_Day_cph.3b31004.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3b31004.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached wo","localPath":"site/public/portraits/justice-william-r-day.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q707528 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":515,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/webb-v-united-states.json","url":"/works/webb-v-united-states/","virtues":[{"virtue":"justice","reason":"The Court refuses to let a label stand in for substance, holding that an order sold to sustain a habit is not a prescription merely because a physician signed it."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"The appeals court, uncertain how to apply a new and contested statute, asked the Supreme Court for guidance instead of guessing."},{"virtue":"temperance","reason":"The certified facts set the aim of breaking a habit against the practice of feeding it, a contrast at the heart of the classical virtue of self-mastery."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"west-coast-hotel-v-parrish","title":"West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1937","sortYear":1937,"era":"early-20th-century","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","money-wealth","class-society","gender-women","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Washington State's 1913 Minimum Wages for Women act declared that inadequate wages and unsanitary conditions harmed the health and morals of women and minors, and it created an Industrial Welfare Commission to fix wages sufficient for their decent maintenance. Elsie Parrish worked as a chambermaid at the Cascadian Hotel in Wenatchee, owned by the West Coast Hotel Company.","lessonTitles":["Liberty versus freedom of contract","Overruling a precedent","Wages, the employer and the community","Protecting women or treating them equally"],"comparisons":["lochner-v-new-york","nlrb-v-jones-and-laughlin-steel","wickard-v-filburn","the-wealth-of-nations","the-federalist-papers"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/west-coast-hotel-v-parrish.txt","source":"West Coast Hotel Co. v. 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Barnette, 319 U.S. 624, decided on Flag Day, 14 June 1943, held that no state may compel public school pupils to salute the flag and recite the pledge of allegiance.","lessonTitles":["Changing the question","Rights withdrawn from the vote","Unity by persuasion or by force","The judge's private views and public duty"],"comparisons":["minersville-school-district-v-gobitis","tinker-v-des-moines","virginia-statute-for-religious-freedom","the-founding-documents","on-liberty","wisconsin-v-yoder"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/west-virginia-v-barnette.txt","source":"West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943), U.S. Reports text via Wikisource","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-robert-jackson","caption":"Portrait of Robert H. Jackson.","credit":"Harris & Ewing; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Robert H. 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The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell is a short book based on public lectures that Erwin Schrödinger gave at Trinity College Dublin in February 1943, under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.","lessonTitles":["Asking a large question well","Information in matter","Order sustained against decay","Science and the self"],"comparisons":["mendel-experiments-in-plant-hybridisation","on-the-origin-of-species","heisenberg-physics-and-philosophy","eddington-the-nature-of-the-physical-world","the-bhagavad-gita"],"quoteCount":1,"portrait":{"ref":"erwin-schrodinger","caption":"Portrait of Erwin Schrödinger (1933).","credit":"Unknown photographer; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Erwin Schrödinger","title":"Erwin Schrödinger - Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe (1-E-939)","creator":"Unknown photographer","date":"1933","medium/type":"illustration","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_-_Narodowe_Archiwum_Cyfrowe_%281-E-939%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_-_Narodowe_Archiwum_Cyfrowe_(1-E-939).jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe - Sygnatura 1-E-939 (Original picture)","localPath":"site/public/portraits/erwin-schrodinger.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":true,"notes":"Wikidata Q9130 P18 image; license verified via Commons imageinfo extmetadata.","width":521,"height":720}},"path":"content/works/schrodinger-what-is-life.json","url":"/works/schrodinger-what-is-life/","virtues":[{"virtue":"humility","reason":"Schrödinger opens by admitting he writes as an outsider to biology and marks his Epilogue as personal belief rather than science."},{"virtue":"prudence","reason":"He narrows a vast question into precise problems of gene size, stability and thermodynamics that could be tested."}],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"kennedy-when-baghdad-ruled-the-muslim-world","title":"When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty","author":"Hugh Kennedy","year":"2005","sortYear":2005,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"history","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":true,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"10–12","minGrade":10,"maxGrade":12,"note":"Modern narrative history of the Abbasid court."},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","colonialism-empire","art-creation","family","leadership","faith-religion","money-wealth"],"medicalRelevance":"low","medicalTags":["physicians-doctors","ancient-medicine"],"blurb":"Hugh Kennedy's When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World is a narrative history of the Abbasid caliphate at the height of its power, from the revolution that brought the dynasty to the throne in 750 to the anarchy of the later ninth century at Samarra, after which effective power slipped away from the caliphs. 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Mr. Lockwood, a tenant at Thrushcross Grange, becomes curious about his landlord Heathcliff and the strange household at Wuthering Heights.","lessonTitles":["Love can be inseparable from violence","Childhood injury can organize generations","Narration is not neutral care","Houses remember bodies"],"comparisons":["frankenstein","the-nibelungenlied","the-scarlet-letter","troilus-and-criseyde","the-tenant-of-wildfell-hall"],"quoteCount":3,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/wuthering-heights.txt","source":"Project Gutenberg #768","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/768","translator":null,"translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"emily-bronte","caption":"Portrait of Emily Brontë.","credit":"Branwell Brontë; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Emily Brontë","title":"Emily Brontë","creator":"Branwell Brontë","date":"circa 1833","medium/type":"photograph","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","sourceUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Emily_Bront%C3%AB_cropped.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original","filePage":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emily_Bront%C3%AB_cropped.jpg","institution":"","creditLine":"http://www.abm-enterprises.net/emily.htm","localPath":"site/public/portraits/emily-bronte.jpg","isPosthumousOrImagined":false,"notes":"Wikidata Q80137; Commons P18 image verified through imageinfo metadata.","width":467,"height":720,"optimized":true}},"path":"content/works/wuthering-heights.json","url":"/works/wuthering-heights/","ebayExampleUrl":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/267434428646","virtues":[],"status":"ready"},{"slug":"youngberg-v-romeo","title":"Youngberg v. Romeo","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1982","sortYear":1982,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"9–12","minGrade":9,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["justice-law","illness-body","madness-mind","isolation-alienation","power-politics"],"medicalRelevance":"high","medicalTags":["asylum-institution"],"blurb":"Nicholas Romeo, a man with a profound intellectual disability who could not speak and needed help with the most basic tasks, lived with his parents in Philadelphia until his father died in May 1974. His mother, unable to care for him or to manage his outbursts, asked a county court to admit him to a state facility, and in June 1974 he was committed to the Pennsylvania institution known as Pennhurst State School and Hospital.","lessonTitles":["Liberty that survives commitment","Deference to professionals","Deciding only what the record requires"],"comparisons":["oconnor-v-donaldson","olmstead-v-lc","addington-v-texas","buck-v-bell"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/youngberg-v-romeo.txt","source":"Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307 (1982), U.S. Reports text via Legal Information Institute (Cornell)","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/457/307","translator":"","translationYear":null},"portrait":{"ref":"justice-lewis-powell","caption":"Portrait of Lewis F. Powell Jr..","credit":"Color negative by Robert S. Oakes; Public domain.","media":{"subject":"Lewis F. 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Sawyer","author":"Supreme Court of the United States","year":"1952","sortYear":1952,"era":"postwar-contemporary","genre":"court-decision","originalLanguage":"English","copyrighted":false,"curricula":[],"readingLevel":{"gradeBand":"11–12","minGrade":11,"maxGrade":12,"note":""},"hasStudent":true,"themes":["power-politics","justice-law","leadership","war-violence","money-wealth"],"medicalRelevance":"none","medicalTags":[],"blurb":"Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v.","lessonTitles":["Who makes the law in an emergency","Power that rises and falls with Congress","The emergency as a reason for power","Experience and constitutional judgment"],"comparisons":["the-federalist-papers","the-spirit-of-the-laws","united-states-v-nixon","korematsu-v-united-states","the-anti-federalist-papers","the-founding-documents"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/youngstown-sheet-and-tube-v-sawyer.txt","source":"Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. 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Ohio responded with several programs, including community (charter) schools, magnet schools and a Pilot Project Scholarship Program.","lessonTitles":["Whose choice directs the money?","Measuring genuine options","Education and opportunity","Religion and social peace"],"comparisons":["everson-v-board-of-education","lemon-v-kurtzman","pierce-v-society-of-sisters","brown-v-board-of-education","the-wealth-of-nations"],"quoteCount":6,"fullText":{"path":"content/texts/zelman-v-simmons-harris.txt","source":"Zelman v. 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