{
  "title": "Virtue in Stone — sources and image licenses",
  "generated": "2026-11-10",
  "notes": "Facts and inscriptions were checked against official museum, heritage, and government pages. Related library works were confirmed present in the live works index on 2026-11-10. Photographs of public sculptures are public-domain or Creative Commons images from Wikimedia Commons, hosted locally under new /media filenames. Portraits for new Great Lives entries are public-domain images hosted under /great-lives/img/. No X images were used. Quotes are limited to verified monument inscriptions, the NPS texts of Lincoln’s speeches already in the library, and one Twain sentence checked in the Project Gutenberg text of A Tramp Abroad, chapter XXVI.",
  "skipped": [
    {
      "monument": "Leonidas monument, Thermopylae (Vasos Falireas/Phalereus, 1955)",
      "reason": "Sculpture still in copyright; a hostable photograph could not be used. The ancient so-called Leonidas of Sparta is of uncertain identification and was not substituted."
    },
    {
      "monument": "Hachikō, Shibuya (Takeshi Andō, 1948)",
      "reason": "Sculpture still in copyright; Wikimedia Commons treats Japanese freedom of panorama as not acceptable for this work."
    },
    {
      "monument": "Christ of the Abyss (Guido Galletti, d. 1977)",
      "reason": "Sculpture still in copyright in Italy."
    },
    {
      "monument": "Marine Corps War Memorial / Iwo Jima (Felix de Weldon, d. 2003)",
      "reason": "Sculpture still in copyright."
    },
    {
      "monument": "Scottish National War Memorial",
      "reason": "A building complex rather than a single monument; not selected once the ten copyright-safe entries were complete."
    }
  ],
  "greatLives": {
    "alreadyExisted": [
      "joan-of-arc",
      "abraham-lincoln",
      "william-wilberforce",
      "alfred-the-great",
      "marcus-aurelius",
      "michelangelo",
      "leonidas",
      "florence-nightingale"
    ],
    "added": [
      "robert-gould-shaw",
      "edith-cavell",
      "bertel-thorvaldsen",
      "augustus-saint-gaudens",
      "daniel-chester-french",
      "emmanuel-fremiet",
      "auguste-rodin"
    ],
    "notCreated": [
      {
        "name": "Swiss Guards",
        "reason": "A group, not an individual life."
      },
      {
        "name": "the 54th Massachusetts Infantry as a body",
        "reason": "A group; Robert Gould Shaw has a life page."
      },
      {
        "name": "the six burghers of Calais",
        "reason": "A group."
      },
      {
        "name": "Greyfriars Bobby",
        "reason": "A dog; treated like a group for the purpose of Great Lives."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lukas Ahorn, William Brodie, Samuel Joseph, Hamo Thornycroft, Sir George Frampton, Henry Bacon",
        "reason": "Sculptors or architect named on the monument entries; lives were added for the principal sculptors Thorvaldsen, Frémiet, Saint-Gaudens, French, and Rodin."
      }
    ]
  },
  "monuments": [
    {
      "slug": "lion-of-lucerne",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "Commemorates Swiss Guards killed defending the Tuileries on 10 August 1792; designed by Thorvaldsen; carved by Lukas Ahorn; dedicated 10 August 1821; inscription HELVETIORUM FIDEI AC VIRTUTI, 'To the loyalty and bravery of the Swiss.'",
          "source": "Lucerne Tourism, Lion Monument; also Löwendenkmal Luzern history/timeline",
          "url": "https://www.luzern.com/en/the-city/sights/top-sights/lion-monument"
        },
        {
          "claim": "Twain: 'the most mournful and moving piece of stone in the world.'",
          "source": "Mark Twain, A Tramp Abroad, chapter XXVI (Project Gutenberg ebook 119)",
          "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/119"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/lion-of-lucerne.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Monument.jpg",
        "photographer": "Gürkan Sengün",
        "date": "13 April 2009",
        "license": "Public domain",
        "width": 1600,
        "height": 1200
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "joan-of-arc-paris",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "Equestrian Joan of Arc by Emmanuel Frémiet, Place des Pyramides; inaugurated 1874; present figure 1899; pedestal by Paul Abadie; historic monument PA00086007.",
          "source": "French Ministry of Culture, Mérimée / POP notice PA00086007",
          "url": "https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00086007"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/virtue-in-stone/joan-of-arc-paris.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc_Emmanuel_Fremiet.jpg",
        "photographer": "Jastrow",
        "date": "11 March 2007",
        "license": "Public domain",
        "width": 877,
        "height": 1600
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "greyfriars-bobby",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "William Brodie statue and fountain, unveiled 14 November 1873; inscription 'A tribute to the affectionate fidelity of Greyfriars Bobby'; listed building LB27899.",
          "source": "Historic Environment Scotland, listed building LB27899",
          "url": "https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designations/LB27899"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/virtue-in-stone/greyfriars-bobby.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greyfriars_Bobby_Memorial_Fountain_-_Edinburgh.jpg",
        "photographer": "Sumit Surai",
        "date": "19 December 2017",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "width": 1600,
        "height": 1524
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "shaw-memorial",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "Bostonians commissioned Augustus Saint-Gaudens; memorial dedicated in 1897; honors Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts; among the finest works of American public art.",
          "source": "National Park Service, Robert Gould Shaw and Massachusetts 54th Regiment Memorial",
          "url": "https://www.nps.gov/places/robert-gould-shaw-and-massachusetts-54th-regiment-memorial.htm"
        },
        {
          "claim": "Latin inscription OMNIA RELINQUIT SERVARE REMPUBLICAM, motto of the Society of the Cincinnati; English sense 'He relinquished everything to serve the republic.'",
          "source": "Widely recorded on the memorial and in catalogues of the Shaw Memorial (including the National Gallery of Art’s related Shaw Memorial)"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/virtue-in-stone/shaw-memorial.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial,_Boston_Common,_Boston,_Massachusetts.jpg",
        "photographer": "Christian David",
        "date": "21 April 2026",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "width": 1200,
        "height": 1600
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "lincoln-memorial",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "Dedicated 30 May 1922 by leaders including Taft, Harding, Coolidge, and Robert Lincoln; statue by Daniel Chester French (19 feet); architecture by Henry Bacon.",
          "source": "National Park Service, The Making of the Lincoln Memorial",
          "url": "https://www.nps.gov/linc/learn/historyculture/the-making-of-the-lincoln-memorial.htm"
        },
        {
          "claim": "Interior inscriptions: Gettysburg Address (south), Second Inaugural (north), and behind the statue: IN THIS TEMPLE AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN IS ENSHRINED FOREVER.",
          "source": "National Park Service, Lincoln Memorial Inscriptions",
          "url": "https://www.nps.gov/linc/learn/historyculture/inscriptions.htm"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/virtue-in-stone/lincoln-memorial.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial_Statue_by_Daniel_Chester_French,_Washington,_D.C_LCCN2010630879.tif",
        "photographer": "Carol M. Highsmith",
        "date": "3 May 2006",
        "credit": "Library of Congress, LCCN 2010630879",
        "license": "Public domain",
        "width": 1141,
        "height": 1600
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "wilberforce-westminster",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "Born 24 August 1759; died 29 July 1833; buried in the north transept 3 August 1833; seated statue by Samuel Joseph set up in the north choir aisle in 1840; full inscription published by the Abbey, including the clause on removing the guilt of the African slave trade.",
          "source": "Westminster Abbey, William Wilberforce & family",
          "url": "https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/william-wilberforce-family"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/virtue-in-stone/wilberforce-westminster.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wilberforce_statue,_Westminster_Abbey.jpg",
        "photographer": "14GTR",
        "date": "26 July 2022",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "width": 1067,
        "height": 1600
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "alfred-winchester",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "Bronze by Hamo Thornycroft, 1901 (signed 1900), The Broadway, Winchester; Grade II, list entry 1167789.",
          "source": "Historic England, list entry 1167789",
          "url": "https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1167789"
        },
        {
          "claim": "Inscription: ÆLFRED; plaque TO THE FOUNDER OF THE KINGDOM AND NATION / D. OCTOBER DCCCCI, with further lines for the September 1901 millenary, the Earl of Rosebery, Thornycroft, and Mayor Alfred Bowker. Pedestal death date 901 vs modern scholarship 899.",
          "source": "Art UK, Alfred the Great (849 AD–899 AD)",
          "url": "https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/alfred-the-great-849-ad899-ad-308726"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/virtue-in-stone/alfred-winchester.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Winchester-alfred-wyrdlight.jpg",
        "photographer": "Antony McCallum (WyrdLight)",
        "date": "2006",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "width": 1066,
        "height": 1600
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "edith-cavell-london",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "Memorial by Sir George Frampton, St Martin’s Place; unveiled 17 March 1920 by Queen Alexandra; inscriptions HUMANITY, SACRIFICE, DEVOTION, FORTITUDE, FOR KING AND COUNTRY, FAITHFUL UNTO DEATH, EDITH CAVELL / BRUSSELS / DAWN / OCTOBER 12TH / 1915; 1924 addition PATRIOTISM IS NOT ENOUGH / I MUST HAVE NO HATRED OR / BITTERNESS FOR ANYONE.",
          "source": "English Heritage, Edith Cavell Memorial",
          "url": "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/london-statues-and-monuments/edith-cavell/"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/virtue-in-stone/edith-cavell-london.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:London_Edith_Cavell_Memorial_02.jpg",
        "photographer": "Ad Meskens",
        "date": "22 September 2019",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "width": 1140,
        "height": 1600
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "burghers-of-calais",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "Rodin; six named burghers of 1347; final version completed 1889; unveiled in Calais 3 June 1895.",
          "source": "Musée Rodin, Monument to the Burghers of Calais",
          "url": "https://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/musee/collections/oeuvres/monument-burghers-calais"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/virtue-in-stone/burghers-of-calais.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Bourgeois_de_Calais_devant_l'hôtel_de_ville.jpg",
        "photographer": "Jörg Braukmann",
        "date": "11 July 2019",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "width": 1407,
        "height": 1600
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "marcus-aurelius-capitoline",
      "facts": [
        {
          "claim": "Bronze equestrian, 161–180 AD, perhaps 176 or 180; inv. MC3247; no ancient literary mention or cited inscription; moved to the Capitoline in 1538; Senate commissioned Michelangelo the following year to redesign the piazza; original in the Palazzo dei Conservatori.",
          "source": "Musei Capitolini, Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius",
          "url": "https://www.museicapitolini.org/en/opera/statua-equestre-di-marco-aurelio"
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "hosted": "/media/virtue-in-stone/marcus-aurelius-capitoline.jpg",
        "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equestrian_statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome,_Italy_-_DSC05879.jpg",
        "photographer": "Daderot",
        "date": "15 April 2019",
        "license": "Public domain",
        "width": 1600,
        "height": 1067,
        "note": "Photograph of the ancient original indoors, not the later outdoor copy."
      }
    }
  ],
  "portraits": [
    {
      "slug": "robert-gould-shaw",
      "hosted": "/great-lives/img/robert-gould-shaw.jpg",
      "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lt._Robert_G._Shaw,_standing,_facing_front_LCCN2010647753_(cropped).jpg",
      "creator": "Unknown photographer (Gladstone Collection, Library of Congress)",
      "date": "1861",
      "license": "Public domain"
    },
    {
      "slug": "edith-cavell",
      "hosted": "/great-lives/img/edith-cavell.jpg",
      "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edith_Cavell.jpg",
      "creator": "Unknown photographer",
      "date": "c. 1915 (image itself undated on Commons; historically a wartime portrait)",
      "license": "Public domain"
    },
    {
      "slug": "bertel-thorvaldsen",
      "hosted": "/great-lives/img/bertel-thorvaldsen.jpg",
      "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_Portræt_af_Bertel_Thorvaldsen_-_1820_-_B454.JPG",
      "creator": "Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg",
      "date": "1820",
      "license": "Public domain"
    },
    {
      "slug": "augustus-saint-gaudens",
      "hosted": "/great-lives/img/augustus-saint-gaudens.jpg",
      "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Augustus_Saint_Gaudens_MET_SFewsaintgaudens.jpg",
      "creator": "Anders Zorn",
      "date": "1897",
      "license": "Public domain"
    },
    {
      "slug": "daniel-chester-french",
      "hosted": "/great-lives/img/daniel-chester-french.jpg",
      "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Chester_French_cph.3b20876.jpg",
      "creator": "Pirie MacDonald",
      "date": "1913",
      "license": "Public domain"
    },
    {
      "slug": "emmanuel-fremiet",
      "hosted": "/great-lives/img/emmanuel-fremiet.jpg",
      "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Frémiet_in_the_1870s_(cropped).jpg",
      "creator": "Nadar",
      "date": "c. 1875",
      "license": "Public domain"
    },
    {
      "slug": "auguste-rodin",
      "hosted": "/great-lives/img/auguste-rodin.jpg",
      "commons": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Auguste_Rodin_fotografato_da_Nadar_nel_1891.jpg",
      "creator": "Nadar",
      "date": "1891",
      "license": "Public domain"
    }
  ]
}