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Quotation from Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer by Supreme Court of the United States

“When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority, or in which its distribution is uncertain.”

Supreme Court of the United States

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, Concurrence of Justice Jackson, category 2 (U.S. Reports text (Wikisource))

Portrait of Supreme Court of the United States

Jackson's middle category, where the boundary between executive and legislative power is unsettled.

Citation: "When the President acts in absence of either a congressional grant or denial of authority, he can only rely upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have concurrent authority, or in which its distribution is uncertain." — Supreme Court of the United States, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, Concurrence of Justice Jackson, category 2 (U.S. Reports text (Wikisource)). (id youngstown-sheet-and-tube-v-sawyer-q3)

Portrait: HugoLaFayetteBlack, Harris & Ewing photography firm, Public domain.

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