Words worth knowing.

In the Bible, Aaron is the older brother of Moses and Miriam. He spoke for Moses before Pharaoh during the Exodus from Egypt, and God appointed him the first high priest of Israel. Christian writers often point to his priesthood as a picture that looks ahead to Christ, the great High Priest.

In the Bible, Abel is the second son of Adam and Eve. He was a shepherd whose offering pleased God, and his jealous older brother Cain killed him, the first murder in Scripture. The Book of Hebrews names Abel as a man of faith, and Augustine's City of God treats Cain and Abel as the start of the earthly and heavenly cities.

In the Bible, Abraham is the man God called to leave his homeland and journey to Canaan, the land God promised to his descendants. God made a covenant with him and promised that all nations would be blessed through his family. Abraham is the father of the Hebrew people, and the New Testament holds him up as a great example of faith.

In the Bible, Absalom is a son of King David, known for his good looks and long hair. He won the people's hearts and led a rebellion to take his father's throne. During the battle his head was caught in the branches of an oak tree, and he was killed by David's commander Joab. David mourned deeply for his son.

In Greek mythology, Achilles is the greatest warrior of the Greeks in the Trojan War and the hero of Homer's Iliad. He was the son of King Peleus and the sea-goddess Thetis. The Iliad tells of his anger at Agamemnon, his withdrawal from battle, and his return to fight Hector after his friend Patroclus was killed.

John Adams (1735-1826) was an American lawyer and patriot from Massachusetts who helped lead the colonies toward independence and signed the Declaration of Independence. He served as the first vice president and then as the second president of the United States (1797-1801). His Thoughts on Government and his many letters show his ideas about how a free republic should be built. Author page

Notable works: Thoughts on Government and Selected Letters; A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law (1765); Novanglus (1774-1775); A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America (1787-1788)

In Greek and Roman legend, Aeneas is a Trojan prince, the son of Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite (Venus to the Romans). He appears in Homer's Iliad and is the hero of Virgil's Aeneid, which tells how he escaped burning Troy carrying his father and journeyed to Italy. The Romans honored him as the ancestor of their people.

Aeschylus (c. 525-456 BC) was the earliest of the three great tragic playwrights of ancient Athens, followed by Sophocles and Euripides. He fought for Athens against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon. His surviving plays include The Persians and the Oresteia, a set of three plays that begins with the murder of King Agamemnon. Author page

Notable works: The Oresteia (458 BC); The Persians (472 BC); Seven Against Thebes (467 BC); The Suppliants; Prometheus Bound

Aesop was a storyteller of ancient Greece who, according to tradition, lived as a slave in the 500s BC. Hundreds of short fables are credited to him, usually with animals as characters and a lesson at the end, such as The Tortoise and the Hare. Little is certainly known about his life, but his fables have been retold and taught for over two thousand years. Author page

Notable works: Aesop's Fables

In Greek mythology, Agamemnon is the king of Mycenae and the brother of Menelaus, and he led the Greek army against Troy. In Homer's Iliad, his quarrel with Achilles over a captive woman sets the story in motion. Aeschylus's play Agamemnon tells how he was killed by his wife Clytemnestra when he returned home from the war.

In Greek mythology, Ajax, son of Telamon, is a giant warrior in the Trojan War, famous for his strength and his huge shield. In Homer's Iliad he was second only to Achilles among the Greek fighters and fought Hector in single combat. Sophocles' play Ajax tells of his tragic end after he lost the armor of Achilles to Odysseus.

Alcibiades (c. 450-404 BC) was an Athenian general and statesman who grew up in the household of Pericles and was a companion of Socrates. During the Peloponnesian War he changed sides more than once, serving Athens, Sparta, and Persia. He appears in Plato's Symposium, and Plutarch wrote a famous Life of him.

Alfred the Great (c. 849-899) was king of Wessex in southern England. He defended his kingdom against Viking invaders from Denmark, winning a key victory at the Battle of Edington in 878. He also loved learning, founded schools, and had important Latin books, such as Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, translated into Old English so more of his people could read them.

Ambrose of Milan (c. 340-397) was bishop of Milan and one of the great early Fathers of the Church. He was a powerful preacher and wrote hymns still sung today. In his Confessions, Augustine describes how Ambrose's sermons helped lead him to faith in Christ, and Ambrose baptized Augustine in 387.

In ancient Egyptian religion, Ammon, or Amun, was a chief god worshiped especially at the city of Thebes. The Greeks and Romans identified him with Zeus, or Jupiter, and called him Zeus Ammon. His famous oracle at the Siwa oasis in the Egyptian desert was visited by Alexander the Great.

In the Bible, Amos is a prophet from the town of Tekoa in Judah who worked as a shepherd and a tender of fig trees before God called him. He preached to the northern kingdom of Israel, warning against injustice to the poor and empty worship. His messages are collected in the Old Testament book that bears his name.

Anaxagoras (c. 500-428 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Clazomenae in Asia Minor who taught in Athens and was a friend of Pericles. He taught that Mind sets the world in order, and he said the sun was a fiery stone rather than a god. Plato and Aristotle discussed his ideas, and he was later charged with impiety and left Athens.

In Greek mythology, Andromache is the wife of the Trojan hero Hector and mother of their young son Astyanax. In Homer's Iliad, her farewell to Hector at the walls of Troy is one of the most famous scenes in the poem. After Troy fell she was taken captive, and Euripides wrote a tragedy about her later life.

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (AD 121-180) was a Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and the adopted son of the emperor Antoninus Pius, who also bore the name. He was a follower of Stoic philosophy and wrote the Meditations, a private notebook of thoughts on duty, self-control, and virtue. Christian and later writers often mention him as the philosopher-emperor.

Mark Antony (c. 83-30 BC) was a Roman general and politician and a close ally of Julius Caesar. After Caesar's murder he joined Octavian and Lepidus to rule Rome, and Cicero attacked him in fierce speeches. He later allied with Cleopatra of Egypt and was defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. Shakespeare portrays him in Julius Caesar.

In Greek mythology, Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty, called Venus by the Romans. When the Trojan prince Paris chose her as the most beautiful goddess, she promised him Helen, which led to the Trojan War. In Homer's Iliad she sides with the Trojans and protects her son Aeneas in battle.

In Greek and Roman mythology, Apollo is the god of music, poetry, healing, and prophecy, later linked with the sun. He is the son of Zeus and Leto and the twin brother of Artemis, and his most famous oracle was at Delphi. At the start of Homer's Iliad, he sends a plague on the Greek camp, and he sides with the Trojans in the war.

Apuleius (born c. AD 124) was a Roman writer and Platonist philosopher from Madauros in North Africa. He is best known for The Golden Ass, a comic Latin novel about a man turned into a donkey, which includes the story of Cupid and Psyche. Augustine, who grew up in the same region, discusses Apuleius's ideas about spirits at length in City of God. Author page

Notable works: The Golden Ass; Apology (c. AD 158-159); Florida

Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and a leading theologian and philosopher of the Middle Ages. In works such as the Summa Theologiae, he brought together Christian teaching and the philosophy of Aristotle, showing how faith and reason work in harmony. The Catholic Church honors him as a saint and Doctor of the Church. Author page

Notable works: Summa Theologica (1265-1274); Summa contra Gentiles (c. 1259-1265); On Being and Essence; De Regno

Aristophanes (c. 446-c. 386 BC) was a comic playwright of ancient Athens. His plays, such as The Clouds, The Birds, The Frogs, and Lysistrata, used humor and fantasy to poke fun at the leaders, thinkers, and poets of his day. The Clouds famously mocks Socrates, and Plato includes Aristophanes as a speaker in his Symposium. Author page

Notable works: Lysistrata and Other Plays; The Wasps (422 BC); The Birds (414 BC); The Frogs (405 BC)

Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and scientist who studied under Plato in Athens and later tutored the young Alexander the Great. He founded a school called the Lyceum and wrote on logic, ethics, politics, poetry, the soul, and the natural world. Medieval Christian thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas valued his work so highly that they called him simply the Philosopher. Author page

Notable works: The Nicomachean Ethics; Politics; De Anima; Metaphysics; Poetics; Rhetoric; Physics

In C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia, Aslan is the great lion, the son of the Emperor-beyond-the-Sea and the true king of Narnia. He sings Narnia into being in The Magician's Nephew, and in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe he gives his life in Edmund's place and rises again. Many readers see him as a picture of Christ.

Athanasius of Alexandria (c. AD 296-373) was bishop of Alexandria in Egypt and a leading defender of the teaching that Christ is fully God, against the Arian teaching that he was not. He was sent into exile several times for his beliefs. His writings, including On the Incarnation and his Life of Antony, shaped the early creeds and the stories of the early saints.

In Greek mythology, Atlas is a Titan who fought against Zeus and the Olympian gods. After the Titans lost, Zeus punished him by making him hold up the sky on his shoulders forever. In one famous story, the hero Heracles briefly takes the sky from him. Writers often mention Atlas when they describe someone carrying a heavy burden.

Augustine of Hippo (AD 354-430) was a bishop in North Africa and a theologian whose writings shaped the Western Church. In his Confessions he tells how he turned to God after years of searching. In The City of God he compares the earthly city with the heavenly one. Philosophers and theologians for centuries after him read and argued with his ideas. Author page

Notable works: Confessions (c. AD 397-400); City of God (AD 413-426); On the Trinity; On Christian Doctrine; Enchiridion; Homilies on the Gospel of John

Augustus (63 BC-AD 14), born Gaius Octavius, was the adopted heir of Julius Caesar and became the first emperor of Rome. He ended years of civil war and began a long period of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. The Gospel of Luke says Jesus was born during his reign, and writers such as Virgil and Horace worked in his time.

Jane Austen (1775-1817) was an English novelist who wrote Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, Emma, Mansfield Park, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion. Her books follow the families and courtships of country life in England with wit and close attention to character. Later novelists often looked to her work as a model. Author page

Notable works: Pride and Prejudice (1813); Sense and Sensibility (1811); Emma (1815); Mansfield Park (1814); Persuasion (1817); Northanger Abbey (1817); Love and Freindship (1790 (published 1922))

In Roman mythology, Bacchus is the god of wine, grapes, and festive celebration. The Greeks called him Dionysus. In the myths he is the son of Jupiter (Zeus) and Semele, a mortal princess of Thebes. He appears often in Ovid's Metamorphoses and in Greek plays such as Euripides' The Bacchae, and later writers mention him whenever they talk about wine or feasting.

In the Bible, Bartholomew is one of the twelve apostles chosen by Jesus. He is named in the lists of the apostles in the Gospels and in Acts. Christian tradition often identifies him with Nathanael, whom Philip brought to Jesus. He is honored as a saint, and his feast day gave its name to later events and fairs.

Basil the Great (c. AD 330-379) was bishop of Caesarea in what is now Turkey and one of the great leaders of the early Church. He defended the Nicene teaching about the Trinity and wrote rules for monks that are still used in the East. He also built a large center to care for the poor and sick, which is why later Christians remembered him for his charity.

Benedict of Nursia (c. AD 480-c. 547) was an Italian monk who founded the monastery of Monte Cassino. He wrote the Rule of Saint Benedict, a guide for monastic life built around prayer, work, and community. His Rule spread across Europe, and Benedictine monasteries helped preserve learning and books through the Middle Ages. Author page

Notable works: The Rule of St Benedict (c. 530)

George Berkeley (1685-1753) was an Irish philosopher and bishop in the Church of Ireland. He taught that the things we perceive exist as ideas in minds, and that God keeps the world in being. Philosophers like David Hume and Immanuel Kant responded to his arguments about knowledge and perception. Author page

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) was an Italian writer and scholar of Florence. His best-known work, The Decameron, is a collection of one hundred tales told by young people who flee the plague. He admired Dante and Petrarch and helped revive the study of ancient Greek and Latin writers. Later authors, including Chaucer and Shakespeare, borrowed stories from him.

Boethius (c. AD 477-524) was a Roman statesman and Christian philosopher who served the Gothic king Theodoric in Italy. He was accused of treason, imprisoned, and executed. In prison he wrote The Consolation of Philosophy, in which Lady Philosophy teaches him about fortune, happiness, and God. It was one of the most widely read books of the Middle Ages. Author page

Notable works: The Consolation of Philosophy (c. 524); Theological Tractates; On the Principles of Music

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) was a German Lutheran pastor and theologian who opposed Adolf Hitler and the Nazi government. He helped lead the Confessing Church, which refused to let the Nazis control it. He was arrested and executed shortly before the war ended. His Letters and Papers from Prison and The Cost of Discipleship are still widely read. Author page

Notable works: The Cost of Discipleship (1937); Life Together (1939); Letters and Papers from Prison (1951); Ethics (1949); Sanctorum Communio (1930)

Marcus Junius Brutus (c. 85-42 BC) was a Roman senator and one of the leaders of the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar in 44 BC. He said he acted to protect the Roman Republic. He was defeated by Mark Antony and Octavian at the Battle of Philippi and took his own life. Shakespeare's Julius Caesar made him one of history's best-known Romans.

John Bunyan (1628-1688) was an English Puritan preacher and writer. He spent about twelve years in prison for preaching without a license. During that time he worked on The Pilgrim's Progress, an allegory of Christian's journey from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City. It became one of the most widely read books in English, and later writers often refer to it. Author page

Notable works: The Pilgrim's Progress (1678); Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666); The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680); The Holy War (1682)

Edmund Burke (1729-1797) was an Irish-born statesman and writer who served in the British Parliament. He was sympathetic to the American colonists. In Reflections on the Revolution in France he argued that society should be reformed carefully and should respect its inherited traditions. Thomas Paine answered him in Rights of Man, and their debate is still studied today. Author page

Notable works: The Burke-Paine Debate on the French Revolution (1790-1791); Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790); A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757); Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents (1770); Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies (1775); An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791); Letters on a Regicide Peace (1795-1797)

George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824) was an English Romantic poet. He became famous for long poems such as Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He traveled widely in Europe and died in Greece while supporting the Greek fight for independence. His fame and dramatic life made him a figure that many later novelists and poets mentioned.

In Greek mythology, Cadmus is a Phoenician prince and the brother of Europa. While searching for his lost sister, he killed a dragon and sowed its teeth, and armed warriors sprang up from the ground. He then founded the city of Thebes. The Greeks also said he brought them the alphabet. Ovid tells his story in the Metamorphoses.

Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who conquered Gaul and wrote accounts of his wars. He won a civil war and became dictator of Rome, and he was assassinated by a group of senators in 44 BC. Later emperors took his name, Caesar, as a title. That is why the word appears in the Gospels and in many later writings. Author page

Notable works: The Conquest of Gaul; The Civil War

In the Bible, Cain is the eldest son of Adam and Eve. Out of jealousy he killed his younger brother Abel, the first murder in the Bible, and God sent him away to wander the earth with a protective mark. Writers from Augustine to the Beowulf poet use Cain as a picture of envy and of sin spreading through the world.

Caligula (AD 12-41) was the third emperor of Rome, ruling from AD 37 until he was killed by his own guards in AD 41. Ancient historians describe his reign as cruel and wildly wasteful. Later writers often use his name as a byword for a ruler who has unchecked power and abuses it.

John Calvin (1509-1564) was a French theologian and one of the leading figures of the Protestant Reformation. He led the church in Geneva, Switzerland, and wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion. His teachings shaped Reformed and Presbyterian churches and the Puritans, which is why his name appears often in early American and Protestant writings. Author page

Notable works: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536); Reply to Sadoleto (1539); Commentary on Romans (1540); Short Treatise on the Lord's Supper (1541)

Gaius Cassius Longinus (died 42 BC) was a Roman senator and soldier who, with Brutus, led the plot to kill Julius Caesar in 44 BC. He and Brutus were later defeated by Mark Antony and Octavian at the Battle of Philippi, where Cassius took his own life. He is a major character in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.

Lucius Sergius Catilina, known as Catiline (c. 108-62 BC), was a Roman nobleman who plotted to overthrow the Roman Republic in 63 BC. The consul Cicero exposed the plot in a famous series of speeches to the Senate. Catiline died in battle the next year. Later writers use his name as an example of a dangerous conspirator.

Cato is the name of two famous Roman statesmen. Cato the Elder (234-149 BC) was known for his strict morals and for urging Rome to destroy Carthage. His great-grandson, Cato the Younger (95-46 BC), defended the Roman Republic against Julius Caesar. Both became lasting examples of Roman virtue for later writers, including the American founders.

In Roman mythology, Ceres is the goddess of grain, farming, and the harvest, matching the Greek goddess Demeter. In the stories she is the mother of Proserpina, and her grief when her daughter is taken to the underworld explains the change of seasons. Poets often use her name to stand for crops and the harvest.

Charlemagne (c. AD 742-814), also called Charles the Great, was king of the Franks. On Christmas Day in AD 800 the pope crowned him emperor. He united much of western Europe, supported the Church, and encouraged schools and the copying of books. He became a hero of medieval legend, which is why he appears in so many later works.

Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400) was an English poet, often called the father of English literature. His best-known work, The Canterbury Tales, tells of pilgrims who share stories on their way to Canterbury. He wrote in the English of his day rather than in French or Latin, which helped make English a respected language for poetry. Author page

Notable works: The Canterbury Tales (c. 1387-1400); Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385); The Book of the Duchess (c. 1368-1372); The House of Fame (c. 1379-1380); The Parliament of Fowls (c. 1380-1382); The Legend of Good Women (c. 1386)

G. K. Chesterton (1874-1936) was an English writer, poet, journalist, and Christian thinker known for his wit and his love of paradox. He wrote the poem Lepanto, the Father Brown detective stories, and books such as Orthodoxy. He also wrote warm essays about other authors, including Dickens and George MacDonald. Author page

Notable works: Orthodoxy (1908); The Everlasting Man (1925); The Innocence of Father Brown (1911); The Man Who Was Thursday (1908); Heretics (1905); Lepanto (1911); The Ballad of the White Horse (1911)

John Chrysostom (c. AD 347-407) was a preacher of the early Church and archbishop of Constantinople. His name, Chrysostom, was a title meaning 'golden-mouthed', given to him for his powerful sermons. He is honored as a saint and a Doctor of the Church, and his sermons on the Bible are still read today. Author page

Notable works: Homilies on the Statues (AD 387); On the Priesthood; Homilies on Matthew

Winston Churchill (1874-1965) was a British statesman who served as prime minister during most of World War II and again in the 1950s. His bold speeches encouraged Britain to keep fighting Nazi Germany when it stood almost alone. He was also a historian and writer and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953. Author page

Notable works: The River War (1899); My Early Life (1930); We Shall Fight on the Beaches (1940); Their Finest Hour (1940); The Second World War (1948-1953); A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956-1958)

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, and philosopher, and the most famous orator of ancient Rome. As consul he exposed Catiline's plot, and he spoke out to defend the Republic. His speeches, letters, and writings on friendship and duty became models of Latin style and were studied for centuries. Author page

Notable works: First Oration Against Catiline (63 BC); On Duties (44 BC); On the Republic; Tusculan Disputations (45 BC); On Friendship (44 BC); On Old Age (44 BC); Philippics (44-43 BC)

In Greek mythology, Circe is an enchantress who lives on an island. In Homer's Odyssey she turns Odysseus's men into pigs. With help from the god Hermes, Odysseus resists her magic and makes her change his men back. Later writers often use her as a picture of temptation that turns people into beasts.

Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) was a Prussian general and military thinker who fought in the wars against Napoleon. His book On War, published after his death, explains how war connects to politics and why it is uncertain. It is still one of the most studied books on strategy and military history. Author page

Notable works: On War (1832); Principles of War (1812)

Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC) was the last queen of ancient Egypt. She formed alliances with Julius Caesar and then Mark Antony. After Octavian defeated her and Antony, she took her own life and Egypt became part of the Roman Empire. Her story has inspired many writers, including Shakespeare.

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian-born explorer who sailed for the king and queen of Spain. In 1492 he crossed the Atlantic Ocean looking for a sea route to Asia and reached islands in the Caribbean instead. His voyages opened lasting contact between Europe and the Americas.

Constantine the Great (c. AD 272-337) was the first Roman emperor to become a Christian. He ended the persecution of Christians, called the Council of Nicaea in AD 325, and founded the city of Constantinople as a new capital. His reign marks a major turning point in the history of the Church and the Roman world.

Marcus Licinius Crassus (c. 115-53 BC) was a Roman general and politician, famous as the richest man in Rome. He put down the slave revolt led by Spartacus and later joined Julius Caesar and Pompey in an alliance known as the First Triumvirate. He was killed after his army was defeated by the Parthians at Carrhae.

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) was an English general and Puritan leader. He led the Parliament side to victory in the English Civil War against King Charles I. After the king was executed, Cromwell ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death.

In Daniel Defoe's 1719 novel, Robinson Crusoe is an English sailor who is shipwrecked and lives for many years on a lonely island. He builds a shelter, grows food, reads the Bible, and later rescues a man he names Friday. His story of courage and survival made him one of the best-known characters in literature.

In Roman mythology, Cupid is the god of love and the son of Venus, matching the Greek god Eros. He is usually shown as a winged boy with a bow, and in the stories anyone struck by his arrows falls in love. Poets and playwrights, including Shakespeare, often mention him when writing about love.

In Greek mythology, the Cyclopes are a race of huge giants who each have a single eye in the middle of the forehead. The best known is Polyphemus, who traps Odysseus and his men in a cave in Homer's Odyssey until Odysseus blinds him and escapes. Later writers, including Ovid in the Metamorphoses, often mention the Cyclops as a picture of brute strength.

Cyprian of Carthage (died AD 258) was a bishop of Carthage in North Africa and an important early Christian writer. He guided his church through times of persecution and wrote about the unity of the Church. He died as a martyr under the Roman emperor Valerian. Later Christian writers such as Augustine honored him as a faithful teacher and saint.

Cyrus the Great (died 530 BC) founded the Persian Empire, one of the largest empires of the ancient world. After he conquered Babylon in 539 BC, he allowed the Jewish exiles to return home and rebuild the temple in Jerusalem, as the books of Ezra and Isaiah record. Ancient historians and later writers often held him up as a model ruler.

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) was an Italian poet from Florence. His great poem, the Divine Comedy, describes an imagined journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, guided first by the Roman poet Virgil and then by Beatrice. Many later writers quote it or refer to it. Author page

Notable works: The Divine Comedy (c. 1308-1321); La Vita Nuova (c. 1294); Convivio (c. 1304-1307); De Vulgari Eloquentia (c. 1302-1305); De Monarchia (c. 1312-1313)

Darius I, called Darius the Great (c. 550-486 BC), was a king of the Persian Empire. He organized the empire into provinces, built roads, and began the great palace city of Persepolis. His army invaded Greece and was defeated by the Athenians at Marathon in 490 BC. The Bible's book of Ezra records that he allowed the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem to continue.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was an English naturalist who studied plants and animals on a long voyage aboard the ship HMS Beagle. In 1859 he published On the Origin of Species, which set out his theory of evolution by natural selection. His ideas were widely debated, and many later writers in science, philosophy, and medicine respond to them. Author page

Notable works: On the Origin of Species (1859); The Voyage of the Beagle (1839); The Descent of Man (1871); The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)