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Quotation from Wickard v. Filburn by Supreme Court of the United States
“But even if appellee's activity be local and though it may not be regarded as commerce, it may still, whatever its nature, be reached by Congress if it exerts a substantial economic effect on interstate commerce and this irrespective of whether such effect is what might at some earlier time have been defined as 'direct' or 'indirect.'”
Wickard v. Filburn, Opinion of the Court (Jackson, J.) (U.S. Reports text (Wikisource))
The substantial-effects test that became the core holding of the case.
Citation: "But even if appellee's activity be local and though it may not be regarded as commerce, it may still, whatever its nature, be reached by Congress if it exerts a substantial economic effect on interstate commerce and this irrespective of whether such effect is what might at some earlier time have been defined as 'direct' or 'indirect.'" — Supreme Court of the United States, Wickard v. Filburn, Opinion of the Court (Jackson, J.) (U.S. Reports text (Wikisource)). (id wickard-v-filburn-q3)
Portrait: Roberthjackson, Harris & Ewing, Public domain.
