Great Lives

Xenophon

c. 430–354 BC · Athenian soldier, historian and student of Socrates who led the Ten Thousand home from Persia and told the story in his Anabasis.

Xenophon was born around 430 BC in Erchia, a district of Athens, the son of Gryllus, from an aristocratic family. Like many wealthy young Athenians, he spent time with the philosopher Socrates, and he probably served in the Athenian cavalry. As a young man he joined a force of Greek soldiers hired by the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger, who was trying to seize the Persian throne. After Cyrus was killed at the Battle of Cunaxa, the Greeks, known as the Ten Thousand, were stranded deep in enemy territory, and Xenophon, then about thirty, was elected one of their leaders. He helped guide them on a long march north until they reached the Black Sea. His book Anabasis tells this story. Xenophon later became associated with Sparta and was given an estate at Scillus, where he lived for many years. He wrote the Hellenica, a history of Greece continuing from where Thucydides had stopped; the Cyropaedia, about Cyrus the Great; and dialogues about Socrates, including the Memorabilia. He died around 354 BC, probably in Corinth.

Xenophon is also an author in the library: author page and works.

Faith: Faith not well documented beyond Greek religion. Source: Wikipedia

Xenophon: later Roman bust, c. AD 120, not a contemporary likeness. Photo: Carole Raddato (2020).
Xenophon: later Roman bust, c. AD 120, not a contemporary likeness. Photo: Carole Raddato (2020). Source · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Existing site web derivative; no new image changes in this update.

Key dates

  • c. 430 BC Born in Athens
  • 401 BC Battle of Cunaxa; elected a leader of the Ten Thousand
  • c. 354 BC Dies, probably in Corinth

Record-breaker

Firsts and records, worded as the sources give them ("first known", "at the time").

  • His writings on warfare are believed to be among the first to describe flanking moves and feints. (Source: Xenophon (Wikipedia))

Read about them

Grades 9–12

More lives

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Notes: Birth year approximate; death year 355 or 354 BC.