Great Lives

Heraclitus

fl. c. 500 BC · Greek philosopher of Ephesus who taught that everything is in constant change, known from surviving fragments.

Heraclitus lived in the Greek city of Ephesus, on the coast of Asia Minor (now western Turkey), around 500 BC. Ancient writers say he came from an aristocratic family and gave up a hereditary position to his brother, but most stories about his life were written much later and are not reliable. He wrote a single book, which has been lost; what survives are about a hundred short sayings, or fragments, quoted by later authors. They are often puzzling and paradoxical, which earned him the nickname 'the Obscure'. Heraclitus taught that the world is always changing, an idea later summed up in the saying that you cannot step into the same river twice, and that opposites such as day and night, or war and peace, are bound together. He described fire as the basic element of the world and spoke of a Logos, an underlying order or reason that governs all things, which most people fail to understand. His ideas influenced Plato, the Stoics and many later philosophers.

Heraclitus is also an author in the library: author page and works.

Faith: Faith not well documented beyond the Greek religion of his time; he wrote of the logos ordering the world. Source: Wikipedia

Key dates

  • c. 500 BC Active in Ephesus
  • 5th century BC His book circulates among Greek thinkers
  • Later antiquity Fragments quoted by authors such as Plato and Clement

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Grades 9–12

More lives

Aristotle · Cicero · Confucius · Epictetus · Epicurus · Kautilya (Chanakya)

Notes: His dates are approximate; little is reliably known of his life.